Pacific Northwest English (English Wikipedia)

"Your Chinook Wawa Word of the Day: Skookum". Cascadia Department of Bioregion. March 3, 2019. Archived from the original on January 11, 2022. Retrieved May 31, 2023.

cla-acl.ca

Swan, Julia Thomas (2016). "Canadian English in the Pacific Northwest: A Phonetic Comparison of Vancouver, BC and Seattle, WA" (PDF). Actes du congrès annuel de l'Association canadienne de linguistique.

daredictionary.com

"Cougar". Dictionary of American Regional English. Harvard University Press. 2013.

doi.org

Becker, Kara; Aden, Anna; Best, Katelyn; Jacobson, Haley (2016). "Variation in West Coast English: The Case of Oregon" (PDF). Publication of the American Dialect Society. 101 (1): 107–134. doi:10.1215/00031283-3772923.
Wassink, A. (2015). "Sociolinguistic Patterns in Seattle English". Language Variation and Change. 27 (1): 31–58. doi:10.1017/S0954394514000234. S2CID 145482971.
Freeman, Valerie (May 3, 2021). "Vague eggs and tags: Prevelar merger in Seattle". Language Variation and Change. 33 (1): 57–80. doi:10.1017/S0954394521000028. ISSN 0954-3945. S2CID 235538666.
Swan, Julia Thomas (February 1, 2020). "Bag Across the Border: Sociocultural Background, Ideological Stance, and BAG Raising in Seattle and Vancouver". American Speech. 95 (1): 46–81. doi:10.1215/00031283-7587892. ISSN 0003-1283. S2CID 182889117.
Stanley (2020:106, 109) Stanley, Joseph A. (December 1, 2020). "6. The Absence of a Religiolect Among Latter-Day Saints in Southwest Washington". The Publication of the American Dialect Society. 105 (1): 95–122. doi:10.1215/00031283-8820642. S2CID 229413823.

dukeupress.edu

read.dukeupress.edu

Swan, Julia Thomas (February 1, 2020). "Bag Across the Border: Sociocultural Background, Ideological Stance, and BAG Raising in Seattle and Vancouver". American Speech. 95 (1): 46–81. doi:10.1215/00031283-7587892. ISSN 0003-1283. S2CID 182889117.

joeystanley.com

Stanley, Joseph (October 6, 2017). "THE LINGUISTIC EFFECTS OF A CHANGING TIMBER INDUSTRY: LANGUAGE CHANGE IN COWLITZ COUNTY, WA" (PDF).

joshkatz.co

Katz, Joshua. "Dialect Survey". Josh Katz. Archived from the original on December 5, 2020.

kuow.org

Raftery, Isolde (December 23, 2014). A brief history of words unique to the Pacific Northwest. KUOW. Archived from the original on September 21, 2015. Duff = The decaying vegetable matter, especially needles and cones, on a forest floor.
Fish wheel = A wheel with nets, put in a stream to catch fish; sometimes used to help fish over a dam or waterfall.

loc.gov

lccn.loc.gov

Wolfram & Ward (2005:140) Wolfram, Walt; Ward, Ben, eds. (2005). American Voices: How Dialects Differ from Coast to Coast (1st ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 140, 234–236. ISBN 978-1-4051-2109-5. LCCN 2005017255. OCLC 56911940. OL 16950865W.

openlibrary.org

Wolfram & Ward (2005:140) Wolfram, Walt; Ward, Ben, eds. (2005). American Voices: How Dialects Differ from Coast to Coast (1st ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 140, 234–236. ISBN 978-1-4051-2109-5. LCCN 2005017255. OCLC 56911940. OL 16950865W.

pbs.org

Do You Speak American? § Pacific Northwest. PBS. Archived from the original on July 23, 2015. As Portlanders continue to front their back vowels, they will continue to go to the coast (geow to the ceowst), not the beach or the shore, as well as to microbrews, used clothing stores (where the clothes are not too spendy (expensive), bookstores (bik‑stores) and coffee shops (both words pronounced with the same vowel).

pdx.edu

pds.pdx.edu

Ward (2003:87): "lexical studies have suggested that the Northwest in particular forms a unique dialect area (Reed 1957, Carver 1987, Wolfram and Shilling-Estes 1998). Yet the phonological studies that could in many ways reinforce what the lexical studies propose have so far been less confident in their predictions". Ward, Michael (2003). Portland Dialect Study: The Fronting of /ow, u, uw/ in Portland, Oregon (PDF). Portland State University. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 29, 2007.
Ward (2003:43–45) Ward, Michael (2003). Portland Dialect Study: The Fronting of /ow, u, uw/ in Portland, Oregon (PDF). Portland State University. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 29, 2007.
Ward (2003:93) Ward, Michael (2003). Portland Dialect Study: The Fronting of /ow, u, uw/ in Portland, Oregon (PDF). Portland State University. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 29, 2007.
Conn, Jeff (2002). An investigation into the western dialect of Portland Oregon. Paper presented at NWAV 31, Stanford, California. Archived from the original on November 21, 2015.
Ward (2003:44) Ward, Michael (2003). Portland Dialect Study: The Fronting of /ow, u, uw/ in Portland, Oregon (PDF). Portland State University. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 29, 2007.

redlog.net

dialect.redlog.net

Vaux, Bert and Scott Golder. 2003. The Harvard Dialect Survey. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Linguistics Department.

reed.edu

Becker, Kara; Aden, Anna; Best, Katelyn; Jacobson, Haley (2016). "Variation in West Coast English: The Case of Oregon" (PDF). Publication of the American Dialect Society. 101 (1): 107–134. doi:10.1215/00031283-3772923.

seattletimes.com

Champagne, Reid (February 8, 2013). "Solar neighborhood projects shine in 'sunbreak' Seattle". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on November 21, 2015. Retrieved May 29, 2013. [I]n this part of the world . . . sunshine is more frequently reported as 'sunbreaks'.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Wassink, A. (2015). "Sociolinguistic Patterns in Seattle English". Language Variation and Change. 27 (1): 31–58. doi:10.1017/S0954394514000234. S2CID 145482971.
Freeman, Valerie (May 3, 2021). "Vague eggs and tags: Prevelar merger in Seattle". Language Variation and Change. 33 (1): 57–80. doi:10.1017/S0954394521000028. ISSN 0954-3945. S2CID 235538666.
Swan, Julia Thomas (February 1, 2020). "Bag Across the Border: Sociocultural Background, Ideological Stance, and BAG Raising in Seattle and Vancouver". American Speech. 95 (1): 46–81. doi:10.1215/00031283-7587892. ISSN 0003-1283. S2CID 182889117.
Stanley (2020:106, 109) Stanley, Joseph A. (December 1, 2020). "6. The Absence of a Religiolect Among Latter-Day Saints in Southwest Washington". The Publication of the American Dialect Society. 105 (1): 95–122. doi:10.1215/00031283-8820642. S2CID 229413823.

sites.google.com

"Tolo Chapter History – University of Washington Mortar Board – Tolo Chapter". Archived from the original on August 18, 2021.

slideplayer.com

Arnold, Pillai, Tyler Kendall, Lew, Becker, Nagy, Bates, Wassink, Reed. "V[ɛ]ry v[e]ried vowel mergers in the Pacific Northwest - ppt download". slideplayer.com. Retrieved April 12, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

usc.edu

folklore.usc.edu

Horns, Stella (May 17, 2022). "Seattle High School Party Tradition: "Spodie" | USC Digital Folklore Archives". Archived from the original on October 26, 2022. Retrieved October 26, 2022.

washington.edu

students.washington.edu

Riebold, John M. (2014). Language Change Isn't Only Skin Deep: Inter-Ethnic Contact and the Spread of Innovation in the Northwest (PDF). Cascadia Workshop in Sociolinguistics 1 at University of Victoria. University of Washington. p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 23, 2015.
Riebold, John M. (2012). Please Merge Ahead: The Vowel Space of Pacific Northwestern English (PDF). Northwest Linguistics Conference 28. University of Washington. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 28, 2015.

web.archive.org

Riebold, John M. (2014). Language Change Isn't Only Skin Deep: Inter-Ethnic Contact and the Spread of Innovation in the Northwest (PDF). Cascadia Workshop in Sociolinguistics 1 at University of Victoria. University of Washington. p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 23, 2015.
Riebold, John M. (2012). Please Merge Ahead: The Vowel Space of Pacific Northwestern English (PDF). Northwest Linguistics Conference 28. University of Washington. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 28, 2015.
Ward (2003:87): "lexical studies have suggested that the Northwest in particular forms a unique dialect area (Reed 1957, Carver 1987, Wolfram and Shilling-Estes 1998). Yet the phonological studies that could in many ways reinforce what the lexical studies propose have so far been less confident in their predictions". Ward, Michael (2003). Portland Dialect Study: The Fronting of /ow, u, uw/ in Portland, Oregon (PDF). Portland State University. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 29, 2007.
Ward (2003:43–45) Ward, Michael (2003). Portland Dialect Study: The Fronting of /ow, u, uw/ in Portland, Oregon (PDF). Portland State University. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 29, 2007.
Ward (2003:93) Ward, Michael (2003). Portland Dialect Study: The Fronting of /ow, u, uw/ in Portland, Oregon (PDF). Portland State University. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 29, 2007.
Conn, Jeff (2002). An investigation into the western dialect of Portland Oregon. Paper presented at NWAV 31, Stanford, California. Archived from the original on November 21, 2015.
Ward (2003:44) Ward, Michael (2003). Portland Dialect Study: The Fronting of /ow, u, uw/ in Portland, Oregon (PDF). Portland State University. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 29, 2007.
Katz, Joshua. "Dialect Survey". Josh Katz. Archived from the original on December 5, 2020.
Raftery, Isolde (December 23, 2014). A brief history of words unique to the Pacific Northwest. KUOW. Archived from the original on September 21, 2015. Duff = The decaying vegetable matter, especially needles and cones, on a forest floor.
Fish wheel = A wheel with nets, put in a stream to catch fish; sometimes used to help fish over a dam or waterfall.
"Your Chinook Wawa Word of the Day: Skookum". Cascadia Department of Bioregion. March 3, 2019. Archived from the original on January 11, 2022. Retrieved May 31, 2023.
Do You Speak American? § Pacific Northwest. PBS. Archived from the original on July 23, 2015. As Portlanders continue to front their back vowels, they will continue to go to the coast (geow to the ceowst), not the beach or the shore, as well as to microbrews, used clothing stores (where the clothes are not too spendy (expensive), bookstores (bik‑stores) and coffee shops (both words pronounced with the same vowel).
Champagne, Reid (February 8, 2013). "Solar neighborhood projects shine in 'sunbreak' Seattle". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on November 21, 2015. Retrieved May 29, 2013. [I]n this part of the world . . . sunshine is more frequently reported as 'sunbreaks'.
"Tolo Chapter History – University of Washington Mortar Board – Tolo Chapter". Archived from the original on August 18, 2021.
Horns, Stella (May 17, 2022). "Seattle High School Party Tradition: "Spodie" | USC Digital Folklore Archives". Archived from the original on October 26, 2022. Retrieved October 26, 2022.

worldcat.org

Wolfram & Ward (2005:140) Wolfram, Walt; Ward, Ben, eds. (2005). American Voices: How Dialects Differ from Coast to Coast (1st ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 140, 234–236. ISBN 978-1-4051-2109-5. LCCN 2005017255. OCLC 56911940. OL 16950865W.
Freeman, Valerie (May 3, 2021). "Vague eggs and tags: Prevelar merger in Seattle". Language Variation and Change. 33 (1): 57–80. doi:10.1017/S0954394521000028. ISSN 0954-3945. S2CID 235538666.
Swan, Julia Thomas (February 1, 2020). "Bag Across the Border: Sociocultural Background, Ideological Stance, and BAG Raising in Seattle and Vancouver". American Speech. 95 (1): 46–81. doi:10.1215/00031283-7587892. ISSN 0003-1283. S2CID 182889117.