Pack (canine) (English Wikipedia)

L. David Mech PP. "Schenkel's Classic Wolf Behavior Study Available in English". Archived from the original on 10 August 2013. Retrieved 21 April 2008. ...Schenkel's 1947 "Expressions Studies on Wolves", the study that gave rise to the now outmoded notion of alpha wolves. That concept was based on the old idea that wolves fight within a pack to gain dominance and that the winner is the "alpha" wolf. Today we understand that most wolf packs consist of a pair of adults called "parents" or "breeders," and their offspring.

doi.org

Clark, Howard O.; Murdoch, James D. Jr.; Newman, Darren P.; Sillero-Zubiri, Claudio (2009). "'Vulpes corsac' (Carnivora: Canidae)". Mammalian Species. 832: 1–8. doi:10.1644/832.1.
Cipponeri, Traci; Verrell, Paul (April 2003). "An uneasy alliance: unequal distribution of affiliate interactions among members of a captive wolf pack". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 81 (10): 1763–1766. doi:10.1139/z03-159.
Fox, M.W (1973). "Social Dynamic of Three Captive Wolf Packs". Behaviour. 47 (3–4): 290–301. doi:10.1163/156853973x00139.
Cassidy, Kira; McIntyre, Richard T. (May 2016). "Do gray wolves ('Canis lupus') support pack mates during aggressive inter-pack interactions?". Animal Cognition. 19 (5): 939–947. doi:10.1007/s10071-016-0994-1. PMID 27193460. S2CID 3894642.
Schmidt, Paul A.; Mech, L. David (October 1997). "Wolf Pack Size And Food Acquisition". The American Naturalist. 150 (4): 513–517. doi:10.1086/286079. PMID 18811290. S2CID 3175156.
Mech, L David (1 November 1999). "Alpha status, dominance, and division of labor in wolf packs". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 77 (8): 1196–1203. doi:10.1139/z99-099. Archived from the original on 2004-12-21. Retrieved March 17, 2019. The point here is not so much the terminology but what the terminology falsely implies: a rigid, force-based dominance hierarchy. PDF available at wolf.org
Smith, Deborah; Meier, Thomas; Geffen, Eli; Mech, L. David; et al. (1 July 1997). "Is incest common in gray wolf packs?". Behavioral Ecology. 8 (4): 384–391. doi:10.1093/beheco/8.4.384.
Sillero-Zubiri; Gottelli; MacDonald (1996). "Male Philopatry, Extra-Pack Copulations and Inbreeding Avoidance in Ethiopian Wolves (Canis simensis)". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 38 (5): 331–340. doi:10.1007/s002650050249. S2CID 43709256 – via JSTOR.
Mech, L. David. (1999). "Alpha status, dominance, and division of labor in wolf packs". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 77 (8): 1196–1203. doi:10.1139/z99-099. Archived from the original on 14 December 2005.

economist.com

"Pack power". The Economist. March 30, 2015. Archived from the original on 1 January 2021.

livingwithwolves.org

"The Social Wolf". Living with Wolves. Retrieved February 20, 2019.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Cassidy, Kira; McIntyre, Richard T. (May 2016). "Do gray wolves ('Canis lupus') support pack mates during aggressive inter-pack interactions?". Animal Cognition. 19 (5): 939–947. doi:10.1007/s10071-016-0994-1. PMID 27193460. S2CID 3894642.
Schmidt, Paul A.; Mech, L. David (October 1997). "Wolf Pack Size And Food Acquisition". The American Naturalist. 150 (4): 513–517. doi:10.1086/286079. PMID 18811290. S2CID 3175156.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Cassidy, Kira; McIntyre, Richard T. (May 2016). "Do gray wolves ('Canis lupus') support pack mates during aggressive inter-pack interactions?". Animal Cognition. 19 (5): 939–947. doi:10.1007/s10071-016-0994-1. PMID 27193460. S2CID 3894642.
Schmidt, Paul A.; Mech, L. David (October 1997). "Wolf Pack Size And Food Acquisition". The American Naturalist. 150 (4): 513–517. doi:10.1086/286079. PMID 18811290. S2CID 3175156.
Sillero-Zubiri; Gottelli; MacDonald (1996). "Male Philopatry, Extra-Pack Copulations and Inbreeding Avoidance in Ethiopian Wolves (Canis simensis)". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 38 (5): 331–340. doi:10.1007/s002650050249. S2CID 43709256 – via JSTOR.

startribune.com

Smith, Doug (March 5, 2015). "Wolf pup survival a fragile thing". Star Tribune. Archived from the original on 27 August 2021. Retrieved March 27, 2019.

tamonganaturepark.com

"Wolf Pack Society". www.tamonganaturepark.com. Tamonga Nature Park. Archived from the original on 25 April 2019. Retrieved February 24, 2019.^{[obsolete source]}

umich.edu

animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu

Animal Diversity Web. "Lycaon pictus: Information". University of Michigan. Retrieved 21 April 2008.
Animal Diversity Web. "Canis mesomelas: Information". University of Michigan. Retrieved 21 April 2008.

unl.edu

digitalcommons.unl.edu

Cassidy, Kira; McIntyre, Richard T. (May 2016). "Do gray wolves ('Canis lupus') support pack mates during aggressive inter-pack interactions?". Animal Cognition. 19 (5): 939–947. doi:10.1007/s10071-016-0994-1. PMID 27193460. S2CID 3894642.

usgs.gov

npwrc.usgs.gov

Mech, L David (1 November 1999). "Alpha status, dominance, and division of labor in wolf packs". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 77 (8): 1196–1203. doi:10.1139/z99-099. Archived from the original on 2004-12-21. Retrieved March 17, 2019. The point here is not so much the terminology but what the terminology falsely implies: a rigid, force-based dominance hierarchy. PDF available at wolf.org
Mech, L. David. (1999). "Alpha status, dominance, and division of labor in wolf packs". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 77 (8): 1196–1203. doi:10.1139/z99-099. Archived from the original on 14 December 2005.

web.archive.org

L. David Mech PP. "Schenkel's Classic Wolf Behavior Study Available in English". Archived from the original on 10 August 2013. Retrieved 21 April 2008. ...Schenkel's 1947 "Expressions Studies on Wolves", the study that gave rise to the now outmoded notion of alpha wolves. That concept was based on the old idea that wolves fight within a pack to gain dominance and that the winner is the "alpha" wolf. Today we understand that most wolf packs consist of a pair of adults called "parents" or "breeders," and their offspring.
"Pack power". The Economist. March 30, 2015. Archived from the original on 1 January 2021.
Mech, L David (1 November 1999). "Alpha status, dominance, and division of labor in wolf packs". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 77 (8): 1196–1203. doi:10.1139/z99-099. Archived from the original on 2004-12-21. Retrieved March 17, 2019. The point here is not so much the terminology but what the terminology falsely implies: a rigid, force-based dominance hierarchy. PDF available at wolf.org
"Wolf Pack Society". www.tamonganaturepark.com. Tamonga Nature Park. Archived from the original on 25 April 2019. Retrieved February 24, 2019.^{[obsolete source]}
Smith, Doug (March 5, 2015). "Wolf pup survival a fragile thing". Star Tribune. Archived from the original on 27 August 2021. Retrieved March 27, 2019.
Mech, L. David. (1999). "Alpha status, dominance, and division of labor in wolf packs". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 77 (8): 1196–1203. doi:10.1139/z99-099. Archived from the original on 14 December 2005.

westernwildlife.org

"Gray Wolf Biology & Behavior". Western Wildlife Outreach. Retrieved February 24, 2019.

wolf.org

Mech, L David (1 November 1999). "Alpha status, dominance, and division of labor in wolf packs". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 77 (8): 1196–1203. doi:10.1139/z99-099. Archived from the original on 2004-12-21. Retrieved March 17, 2019. The point here is not so much the terminology but what the terminology falsely implies: a rigid, force-based dominance hierarchy. PDF available at wolf.org
"Wolf FAQs & Answers". International Wolf Center. 17 May 2013. Retrieved March 2, 2019.