Pain (English Wikipedia)

Smith JA (1991). "A Question of Pain in Invertebrates". Institute for Laboratory Animal Research Journal. 33: 1–2. Archived from the original on 8 October 2011.

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; English: 9^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Ramachandran VS, Rogers-Ramachandran D (April 1996). "Synaesthesia in phantom limbs induced with mirrors". Proceedings. Biological Sciences. 263 (1369): 377–386. Bibcode:1996RSPSB.263..377R. doi:10.1098/rspb.1996.0058. PMID 8637922.
Melzack R, Wall PD (November 1965). "Pain mechanisms: a new theory". Science. 150 (3699): 971–979. Bibcode:1965Sci...150..971M. doi:10.1126/science.150.3699.971. PMID 5320816.
Hoffman, Kelly M.; Trawalter, Sophie; Axt, Jordan R.; Oliver, M. Norman (19 April 2016). "Racial bias in pain assessment and treatment recommendations, and false beliefs about biological differences between blacks and whites". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 113 (16): 4296–4301. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113.4296H. doi:10.1073/pnas.1516047113. PMC 4843483. PMID 27044069.
Brown JE, Chatterjee N, Younger J, Mackey S (September 2011). "Towards a physiology-based measure of pain: patterns of human brain activity distinguish painful from non-painful thermal stimulation". PLOS ONE. 6 (9) e24124. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...624124B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024124. PMC 3172232. PMID 21931652.
Lockwood JA (1987). "The Moral Standing of Insects and the Ethics of Extinction". The Florida Entomologist. 70 (1): 70–89. Bibcode:1987FlEnt..70...70L. doi:10.2307/3495093. JSTOR 3495093.
Draguhn, Andreas; Mallatt, Jon M.; Robinson, David G. (2021). "Anesthetics and plants: no pain, no brain, and therefore no consciousness". Protoplasma. 258 (2). Springer: 239–248. Bibcode:2021Prpls.258..239D. doi:10.1007/s00709-020-01550-9. PMC 7907021. PMID 32880005.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Coda BA, Bonica JJ (2001). "General considerations of acute pain". In Loeser D, Bonica JJ (eds.). Bonica's management of pain (3 ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-443-05683-3.
Bogduk N, Merskey H (1994). Classification of chronic pain: descriptions of chronic pain syndromes and definitions of pain terms (second ed.). Seattle: IASP Press. p. 212. ISBN 978-0-931092-05-3.
Merskey H, Bogduk N (1994). Classification of Chronic Pain (2 nd ed.). Seattle: International Association for the Study of Pain. pp. 3 & 4. ISBN 978-0-931092-05-3.
Beecher HK (1959). Measurement of subjective responses. New York: Oxford University Press. cited in Melzack R, Wall PD (1996). The challenge of pain (2nd ed.). London: Penguin. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-14-025670-3.
Merskey H (2000). "The History of Psychoanalytic Ideas Concerning Pain". In Weisberg JN, Gatchel RJ (eds.). Personality Characteristics of Patients With Pain. American Psychological Association (APA). ISBN 978-1-55798-646-7.
Skevington S (1995). Psychology of pain. New York: Wiley. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-471-95773-7.
Skevington SM (1995). Psychology of pain. Chichester, UK: Wiley. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-471-95773-7.
Dawkins R (2009). The Greatest Show on Earth. Free Press. pp. 392–395. ISBN 978-1-4165-9478-9.
Sarno JE (2006). The divided mind: the epidemic of mindbody disorders. New York: ReganBooks. ISBN 978-0-06-117430-8.
Coda BA, Bonica JJ (2000). "General considerations of acute pain". In Panswick CC, Main CJ (eds.). Pain management: an interdisciplinary approach. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 978-0-443-05683-3.
Thienhaus O, Cole BE (2002). "The classification of pain". In Weiner RS (ed.). Pain management: A practical guide for clinicians. American Academy of Pain Management. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-8493-2262-4.
- Main CJ, Spanswick CC (2000). Pain management: an interdisciplinary approach. Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 978-0-443-05683-3. Pain management: an interdisciplinary approach.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Raj PP (2007). "Taxonomy and classification of pain". In: The Handbook of Chronic Pain. Nova Biomedical Books. ISBN 978-1-60021-044-0. Archived from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2016.
Lynn B (1984). "Cutaneous nociceptors". In Winlow W, Holden AV (eds.). The neurobiology of pain: Symposium of the Northern Neurobiology Group, held at Leeds on 18 April 1983. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 106. ISBN 978-0-7190-0996-9. Archived from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2016.
Bernston GG, Cacioppo JT (2007). "The neuroevolution of motivation". In Gardner WL, Shah JY (eds.). Handbook of Motivation Science. New York: The Guilford Press. p. 191. ISBN 978-1-59385-568-0. Archived from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
Selbst SM, Fein JA (2006). "Sedation and analgesia". In Henretig FM, Fleisher GR, Ludwig S (eds.). Textbook of pediatric emergency medicine. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-1-60547-159-4. Archived from the original on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2016.

britannica.com (Global: 37^th place; English: 64^th place)

Petruzzello, Melissa (2016). "Do Plants Feel Pain?". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 5 September 2023. Retrieved 8 January 2023. Given that plants do not have pain receptors, nerves, or a brain, they do not feel pain as we members of the animal kingdom understand it. Uprooting a carrot or trimming a hedge is not a form of botanical torture, and you can bite into that apple without worry.

clevelandclinic.org (Global: 4,153^rd place; English: 2,922^nd place)

my.clevelandclinic.org

"Psychogenic Pain". Cleveland Clinic. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2017.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Raja SN, Carr DB, Cohen M, Finnerup NB, Flor H, Gibson S, et al. (September 2020). "The revised International Association for the Study of Pain definition of pain: concepts, challenges, and compromises". Pain. 161 (9): 1976–1982. doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001939. PMC 7680716. PMID 32694387.
Debono DJ, Hoeksema LJ, Hobbs RD (August 2013). "Caring for patients with chronic pain: pearls and pitfalls". The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association. 113 (8): 620–7. doi:10.7556/jaoa.2013.023. PMID 23918913.
Turk DC, Dworkin RH (2004). "What should be the core outcomes in chronic pain clinical trials?". Arthritis Research & Therapy. 6 (4): 151–4. doi:10.1186/ar1196. PMC 464897. PMID 15225358.
Breivik H, Borchgrevink PC, Allen SM, Rosseland LA, Romundstad L, Hals EK, Kvarstein G, Stubhaug A (July 2008). "Assessment of pain". British Journal of Anaesthesia. 101 (1): 17–24. doi:10.1093/bja/aen103. PMID 18487245.
Moore RA, Wiffen PJ, Derry S, Maguire T, Roy YM, Tyrrell L (November 2015). "Non-prescription (OTC) oral analgesics for acute pain – an overview of Cochrane reviews". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 11 (11) CD010794. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010794.pub2. PMC 6485506. PMID 26544675.
Eisenberger NI, Lieberman M (2005). "Why it hurts to be left out: The neurocognitive overlap between physical and social pain". In Williams KD (ed.). The Social Outcast: Ostracism, Social Exclusion, Rejection, & Bullying (Sydney Symposium of Social Psychology). East Sussex: Psychology Press. pp. 131–150. doi:10.4324/9780203942888-14. ISBN 978-1-84169-424-5.
Garland EL, Brintz CE, Hanley AW, Roseen EJ, Atchley RM, Gaylord SA, et al. (January 2020). "Mind-Body Therapies for Opioid-Treated Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". JAMA Internal Medicine. 180 (1): 91–105. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.4917. PMC 6830441. PMID 31682676.
Lavoie, Anne; Toledo, Paloma (September 2013). "Multimodal Postcesarean Delivery Analgesia". Clinics in Perinatology. 40 (3): 443–455. doi:10.1016/j.clp.2013.05.008. PMID 23972750.
Treede, Rolf-Detlef; Rief, Winfried; Barke, Antonia; Aziz, Qasim; Bennett, Michael I.; Benoliel, Rafael; Cohen, Milton; Evers, Stefan; Finnerup, Nanna B. (June 2015). "A classification of chronic pain for ICD-11". Pain. 156 (6): 1003–1007. doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000160. PMC 4450869. PMID 25844555.
Fitzcharles MA, Cohen SP, Clauw DJ, Littlejohn G, Usui C, Häuser W (May 2021). "Nociplastic pain: towards an understanding of prevalent pain conditions". Lancet. 397 (10289): 2098–2110. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00392-5. PMID 34062144.
Jensen TS, Finnerup NB (September 2014). "Allodynia and hyperalgesia in neuropathic pain: clinical manifestations and mechanisms". The Lancet. Neurology. 13 (9): 924–935. doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(14)70102-4. PMID 25142459.
Lolignier S, Eijkelkamp N, Wood JN (January 2015). "Mechanical allodynia". Pflügers Archiv. 467 (1): 133–139. doi:10.1007/s00424-014-1532-0. PMC 4281368. PMID 24846747.
Kooijman CM, Dijkstra PU, Geertzen JH, Elzinga A, van der Schans CP (July 2000). "Phantom pain and phantom sensations in upper limb amputees: an epidemiological study". Pain. 87 (1): 33–41. doi:10.1016/S0304-3959(00)00264-5. hdl:11370/26b8c3c6-9dc1-403b-9c74-b63f3067a547. PMID 10863043.
Jensen TS, Krebs B, Nielsen J, Rasmussen P (November 1983). "Phantom limb, phantom pain and stump pain in amputees during the first 6 months following limb amputation". Pain. 17 (3): 243–256. doi:10.1016/0304-3959(83)90097-0. PMID 6657285.
Jensen TS, Krebs B, Nielsen J, Rasmussen P (March 1985). "Immediate and long-term phantom limb pain in amputees: incidence, clinical characteristics and relationship to pre-amputation limb pain". Pain. 21 (3): 267–278. doi:10.1016/0304-3959(85)90090-9. PMID 3991231.
Ramachandran VS, Rogers-Ramachandran D (April 1996). "Synaesthesia in phantom limbs induced with mirrors". Proceedings. Biological Sciences. 263 (1369): 377–386. Bibcode:1996RSPSB.263..377R. doi:10.1098/rspb.1996.0058. PMID 8637922.
Mishra S, Bhatnagar S, Chaudhary P, Rana SP (January 2009). "Breakthrough cancer pain: review of prevalence, characteristics and management". Indian Journal of Palliative Care. 15 (1): 14–18. doi:10.4103/0973-1075.53506. PMC 2886208. PMID 20606850.
Caraceni A, Hanks G, Kaasa S, Bennett MI, Brunelli C, Cherny N, Dale O, De Conno F, Fallon M, Hanna M, Haugen DF, Juhl G, King S, Klepstad P, Laugsand EA, Maltoni M, Mercadante S, Nabal M, Pigni A, Radbruch L, Reid C, Sjogren P, Stone PC, Tassinari D, Zeppetella G (February 2012). "Use of opioid analgesics in the treatment of cancer pain: evidence-based recommendations from the EAPC". The Lancet. Oncology. 13 (2): e58–68. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(12)70040-2. PMID 22300860.
"International Association for the Study of Pain: Pain Definitions". Archived from the original on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 12 January 2015. Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage Alt URL^{[permanent dead link]} Derived from Bonica JJ (June 1979). "The need of a taxonomy". Pain. 6 (3): 247–248. doi:10.1016/0304-3959(79)90046-0. PMID 460931.
Nagasako EM, Oaklander AL, Dworkin RH (February 2003). "Congenital insensitivity to pain: an update". Pain. 101 (3): 213–219. doi:10.1016/S0304-3959(02)00482-7. PMID 12583863.
Lipsky BA, Berendt AR, Deery HG, Embil JM, Joseph WS, Karchmer AW, LeFrock JL, Lew DP, Mader JT, Norden C, Tan JS (October 2004). "Diagnosis and treatment of diabetic foot infections". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 39 (7): 885–910. doi:10.1086/424846. PMID 15472838.
Hart RP, Wade JB, Martelli MF (April 2003). "Cognitive impairment in patients with chronic pain: the significance of stress". Current Pain and Headache Reports. 7 (2): 116–126. doi:10.1007/s11916-003-0021-5. PMID 12628053.
Bruehl S, Burns JW, Chung OY, Chont M (March 2009). "Pain-related effects of trait anger expression: neural substrates and the role of endogenous opioid mechanisms". Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 33 (3): 475–491. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.12.003. PMC 2756489. PMID 19146872.
Finan, Patrick H.; Goodin, Burel R.; Smith, Michael T. (December 2013). "The Association of Sleep and Pain: An Update and a Path Forward". The Journal of Pain. 14 (12): 1539–1552. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2013.08.007. PMC 4046588. PMID 24290442.
Bresin K, Kling L, Verona E (2018). "The effect of acute physical pain on subsequent negative emotional affect: A meta-analysis". Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment. 9 (3): 273–283. doi:10.1037/per0000248. PMC 5624817. PMID 28368146.
Dallenbach KM (July 1939). "Pain: History and present status". American Journal of Psychology. 52 (3): 331–347. doi:10.2307/1416740. JSTOR 1416740.
Woolf CJ, Ma Q (August 2007). "Nociceptors – noxious stimulus detectors". Neuron. 55 (3): 353–364. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2007.07.016. PMID 17678850.
Craig AD (2003). "Pain mechanisms: labeled lines versus convergence in central processing". Annual Review of Neuroscience. 26: 1–30. doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.26.041002.131022. PMID 12651967.
Romanelli P, Esposito V (July 2004). "The functional anatomy of neuropathic pain". Neurosurgery Clinics of North America. 15 (3): 257–268. doi:10.1016/j.nec.2004.02.010. PMID 15246335.
Melzack R, Wall PD (November 1965). "Pain mechanisms: a new theory". Science. 150 (3699): 971–979. Bibcode:1965Sci...150..971M. doi:10.1126/science.150.3699.971. PMID 5320816.
Steinkopf L (June 2016). "An Evolutionary Perspective on Pain Communication". Evolutionary Psychology. 14 (2) 1474704916653964: 100. doi:10.1177/1474704916653964. PMC 10481100.
Fillingim RB, Loeser JD, Baron R, Edwards RR (September 2016). "Assessment of Chronic Pain: Domains, Methods, and Mechanisms". The Journal of Pain. 17 (9 Suppl): T10–20. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2015.08.010. PMC 5010652. PMID 27586827.
Kelly AM (May 2001). "The minimum clinically significant difference in visual analogue scale pain score does not differ with severity of pain". Emergency Medicine Journal. 18 (3): 205–207. doi:10.1136/emj.18.3.205. PMC 1725574. PMID 11354213.
Hawker GA, Mian S, Kendzerska T, French M (November 2011). "Measures of adult pain: Visual Analog Scale for Pain (VAS Pain), Numeric Rating Scale for Pain (NRS Pain), McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ), Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ), Chronic Pain Grade Scale (CPGS), Short Form-36 Bodily Pain Scale (SF-36 BPS), and Measure of Intermittent and Constant Osteoarthritis Pain (ICOAP)". Arthritis Care & Research. 63 (S11): S240–252. doi:10.1002/acr.20543. PMID 22588748.
Encandela JA (March 1993). "Social science and the study of pain since Zborowski: a need for a new agenda". Social Science & Medicine. 36 (6): 783–791. doi:10.1016/0277-9536(93)90039-7. PMID 8480223.
Hoffman, Kelly M.; Trawalter, Sophie; Axt, Jordan R.; Oliver, M. Norman (19 April 2016). "Racial bias in pain assessment and treatment recommendations, and false beliefs about biological differences between blacks and whites". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 113 (16): 4296–4301. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113.4296H. doi:10.1073/pnas.1516047113. PMC 4843483. PMID 27044069.
Pérez Rosal, S. R.; Faber, S. C.; Williams, M. T. (November 2025). ""Morbus Mediterraneus" and its impact on medical care in Germany: The intersection of pain and racism". BMC Medical Ethics. 26 (1): 155. doi:10.1186/s12910-025-01321-2. PMC 12579430. PMID 41176593.
Dedeli, Ozden; Kaptan, Gulten (24 September 2013). "Spirituality and Religion in Pain and Pain Management". Health Psychology Research. 1 (3): e29. doi:10.4081/hpr.2013.e29. PMC 4768565. PMID 26973914.
Encandela JA (1997). "Social Construction of pain and aging: Individual artfulness within interpretive structures". Symbolic Interaction. 20 (3): 251–273. doi:10.1525/si.1997.20.3.251.
Panju AA, Hemmelgarn BR, Guyatt GH, Simel DL (October 1998). "The rational clinical examination. Is this patient having a myocardial infarction?". JAMA. 280 (14): 1256–1263. doi:10.1001/jama.280.14.1256. PMID 9786377.
Slater EE, DeSanctis RW (May 1976). "The clinical recognition of dissecting aortic aneurysm". The American Journal of Medicine. 60 (5): 625–633. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(76)90496-4. PMID 1020750.
Brown JE, Chatterjee N, Younger J, Mackey S (September 2011). "Towards a physiology-based measure of pain: patterns of human brain activity distinguish painful from non-painful thermal stimulation". PLOS ONE. 6 (9) e24124. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...624124B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024124. PMC 3172232. PMID 21931652.
Oh, Seok Kyeong; Won, Young Ju; Lim, Byung Gun (17 March 2023). "Surgical pleth index monitoring in perioperative pain management: Usefulness and limitations". Korean Journal of Anesthesiology. 77 (1): 31–45. doi:10.4097/kja.23158. PMC 10834712. PMID 36926752.
Treede RD, Jensen TS, Campbell JN, Cruccu G, Dostrovsky JO, Griffin JW, Hansson P, Hughes R, Nurmikko T, Serra J (April 2008). "Neuropathic pain: redefinition and a grading system for clinical and research purposes". Neurology. 70 (18): 1630–1635. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000282763.29778.59. hdl:11573/97043. PMID 18003941.
Campbell JN, Meyer RA (October 2006). "Mechanisms of neuropathic pain". Neuron. 52 (1): 77–92. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2006.09.021. PMC 1810425. PMID 17015228.
Brown AK, Christo PJ, Wu CL (December 2004). "Strategies for postoperative pain management". Best Practice & Research. Clinical Anaesthesiology. 18 (4): 703–717. doi:10.1016/j.bpa.2004.05.004. PMID 15460554.
Cullen L, Greiner J, Titler MG (June 2001). "Pain management in the culture of critical care". Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America. 13 (2): 151–166. doi:10.1016/S0899-5885(18)30046-7. PMID 11866399.
Rupp T, Delaney KA (April 2004). "Inadequate analgesia in emergency medicine". Annals of Emergency Medicine. 43 (4): 494–503. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2003.11.019. PMID 15039693.
Jacobson PL, Mann JD (January 2003). "Evolving role of the neurologist in the diagnosis and treatment of chronic noncancer pain". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 78 (1): 80–84. doi:10.4065/78.1.80. PMID 12528880.
Deandrea S, Montanari M, Moja L, Apolone G (December 2008). "Prevalence of undertreatment in cancer pain. A review of published literature". Annals of Oncology. 19 (12): 1985–1991. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdn419. PMC 2733110. PMID 18632721.
Perron V, Schonwetter RS (2001). "Assessment and management of pain in palliative care patients". Cancer Control. 8 (1): 15–24. doi:10.1177/107327480100800103. PMID 11176032.
Cleeland CS (June 1998). "Undertreatment of cancer pain in elderly patients". JAMA. 279 (23): 1914–1915. doi:10.1001/jama.279.23.1914. PMID 9634265.
Bonham VL (2001). "Race, ethnicity, and pain treatment: striving to understand the causes and solutions to the disparities in pain treatment". The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics. 29 (1): 52–68. doi:10.1111/j.1748-720X.2001.tb00039.x. PMID 11521272.
Green CR, Anderson KO, Baker TA, Campbell LC, Decker S, Fillingim RB, Kalauokalani DA, Kaloukalani DA, Lasch KE, Myers C, Tait RC, Todd KH, Vallerand AH (September 2003). "The unequal burden of pain: confronting racial and ethnic disparities in pain". Pain Medicine. 4 (3): 277–294. doi:10.1046/j.1526-4637.2003.03034.x. hdl:2027.42/73822. PMID 12974827.
Hoffmann, Diane E.; Tarzian, Anita J. (2001). "The Girl Who Cried Pain: A Bias against Women in the Treatment of Pain". Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics. 29 (1): 13–27. doi:10.1111/j.1748-720x.2001.tb00037.x. PMID 11521267.
Mallinson TE (2017). "A review of ketorolac as a prehospital analgesic". Journal of Paramedic Practice. 9 (12): 522–526. doi:10.12968/jpar.2017.9.12.522.
Derry CJ, Derry S, Moore RA (December 2014). "Caffeine as an analgesic adjuvant for acute pain in adults". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 12 (12) CD009281. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009281.pub3. PMC 6485702. PMID 25502052.
Derry S, Wiffen PJ, Moore RA (July 2015). "Single dose oral ibuprofen plus caffeine for acute postoperative pain in adults". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2019 (7) CD011509. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011509.pub2. PMC 6481458. PMID 26171993.
Karlow N, Schlaepfer CH, Stoll CR, Doering M, Carpenter CR, Colditz GA, et al. (October 2018). "A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Ketamine as an Alternative to Opioids for Acute Pain in the Emergency Department". Academic Emergency Medicine. 25 (10): 1086–1097. doi:10.1111/acem.13502. PMID 30019434.
Higgins C, Smith BH, Matthews K (June 2019). "Evidence of opioid-induced hyperalgesia in clinical populations after chronic opioid exposure: a systematic review and meta-analysis". British Journal of Anaesthesia. 122 (6): e114–e126. doi:10.1016/j.bja.2018.09.019. PMID 30915985.
Fishbain DA, Pulikal A (November 2019). "Does Opioid Tapering in Chronic Pain Patients Result in Improved Pain or Same Pain vs Increased Pain at Taper Completion? A Structured Evidence-Based Systematic Review". Pain Medicine. 20 (11): 2179–2197. doi:10.1093/pm/pny231. PMID 30597076.
Stevens B, Yamada J, Ohlsson A, Haliburton S, Shorkey A (July 2016). "Sucrose for analgesia in newborn infants undergoing painful procedures". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 7 (2) CD001069. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001069.pub5. PMC 6457867. PMID 27420164.
Lasky RE, van Drongelen W (October 2010). "Is sucrose an effective analgesic for newborn babies?". Lancet. 376 (9748): 1201–1203. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61358-X. PMID 20817245.
Harrison D, Stevens B, Bueno M, Yamada J, Adams-Webber T, Beyene J, Ohlsson A (June 2010). "Efficacy of sweet solutions for analgesia in infants between 1 and 12 months of age: a systematic review". Archives of Disease in Childhood. 95 (6): 406–413. doi:10.1136/adc.2009.174227. PMID 20463370.
Wark DM (July 2008). "What we can do with hypnosis: a brief note". The American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis. 51 (1): 29–36. doi:10.1080/00029157.2008.10401640. PMID 18714889.
Elkins G, Jensen MP, Patterson DR (July 2007). "Hypnotherapy for the management of chronic pain". The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis. 55 (3): 275–287. doi:10.1080/00207140701338621. PMC 2752362. PMID 17558718.
Reangsing, C.; Punsuwun, S.; Oerther, S. (2025). "Effects of mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) on headache pain in migraine patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis". General Hospital Psychiatry. doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2025.01.005.
Hilton, L.; Hempel, S.; Ewing, B. A.; Apaydin, E.; Xenakis, L.; Newberry, S (2017). "Mindfulness meditation for chronic pain: systematic review and meta-analysis". Annals of Behavioral Medicine. 51 (2): 199–213. doi:10.1007/s12160-016-9844-2. PMC 5352783. PMID 27658913.
Safavi-Abbasi, S.; Venezia, E.; Sughrue, M.; Dibaj, P. (2025). "Effectiveness of mindfulness meditation on the quality of life, pain intensity, mobility and physical function in adults with chronic low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Discover Psychology. 5 (1): 183. doi:10.1007/s44202-025-00342-9 (inactive 11 August 2026).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2026 (link)
Smith, S. L.; Langen, W. H. (2020). "A systematic review of mindfulness practices for improving outcomes in chronic low back pain". International Journal of Yoga. 13 (3): 177–183. doi:10.4103/ijoy.IJOY_89_19. PMC 7735502. PMID 33344122.
Zeidan, F.; Baumgartner, J. N.; Coghill, R. C. (2019). "The neural mechanisms of mindfulness-based pain relief: a functional magnetic resonance imaging-based review and primer". Pain Reports. 4 (4): e759. doi:10.1097/PR9.0000000000000759. PMC 6756289. PMID 31583344.
Madsen MV, Gøtzsche PC, Hróbjartsson A (January 2009). "Acupuncture treatment for pain: systematic review of randomised clinical trials with acupuncture, placebo acupuncture, and no acupuncture groups". BMJ. 338 a3115. doi:10.1136/bmj.a3115. PMC 2769056. PMID 19174438.
Chiu HY, Hsieh YJ, Tsai PS (March 2017). "Systematic review and meta-analysis of acupuncture to reduce cancer-related pain". European Journal of Cancer Care. 26 (2) e12457. doi:10.1111/ecc.12457. PMID 26853524.
Chang SC, Hsu CH, Hsu CK, Yang SS, Chang SJ (February 2017). "The efficacy of acupuncture in managing patients with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: A systemic review and meta-analysis". Neurourology and Urodynamics. 36 (2): 474–481. doi:10.1002/nau.22958. PMID 26741647.
Ji M, Wang X, Chen M, Shen Y, Zhang X, Yang J (2015). "The Efficacy of Acupuncture for the Treatment of Sciatica: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2015 192808. doi:10.1155/2015/192808. PMC 4575738. PMID 26425130.
Gagnier JJ, Oltean H, van Tulder MW, Berman BM, Bombardier C, Robbins CB (January 2016). "Herbal Medicine for Low Back Pain: A Cochrane Review". Spine. 41 (2): 116–133. doi:10.1097/BRS.0000000000001310. PMID 26630428.
Rubinstein SM, Terwee CB, Assendelft WJ, de Boer MR, van Tulder MW (September 2012). "Spinal manipulative therapy for acute low-back pain". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2012 (9) CD008880. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008880.pub2. PMC 6885055. PMID 22972127.
Straube S, Andrew Moore R, Derry S, McQuay HJ (January 2009). "Vitamin D and chronic pain". Pain. 141 (1–2): 10–13. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2008.11.010. PMID 19084336.
Cordell WH, Keene KK, Giles BK, Jones JB, Jones JH, Brizendine EJ (May 2002). "The high prevalence of pain in emergency medical care". The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 20 (3): 165–169. doi:10.1053/ajem.2002.32643. PMID 11992334.
Hasselström J, Liu-Palmgren J, Rasjö-Wrååk G (2002). "Prevalence of pain in general practice". European Journal of Pain. 6 (5): 375–385. doi:10.1016/S1090-3801(02)00025-3. PMID 12160512.
Sattler S, Baumann N, Zerbini G (2026). "Chronic back pain and headaches in a nationwide study of the working population in Germany: Prevalence, symptom severity, associated burden, and related demographic and psychosocial factors". Journal of Health Psychology 13591053261437575. doi:10.1177/13591053261437575. PMID 42003305.
Smith AK, Cenzer IS, Knight SJ, Puntillo KA, Widera E, Williams BA, Boscardin WJ, Covinsky KE (November 2010). "The epidemiology of pain during the last 2 years of life". Annals of Internal Medicine. 153 (9): 563–569. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-153-9-201011020-00005. PMC 3150170. PMID 21041575.
Perquin CW, Hazebroek-Kampschreur AA, Hunfeld JA, Bohnen AM, van Suijlekom-Smit LW, Passchier J, van der Wouden JC (July 2000). "Pain in children and adolescents: a common experience". Pain. 87 (1): 51–58. doi:10.1016/S0304-3959(00)00269-4. PMID 10863045.
Zieliński, Grzegorz; Ginszt, Michał; Ginszt, Agata; Wójcicki, Marcin; Litko-Rola, Monika; Więckiewicz, Mieszko (25 February 2026). "Meta-analysis of the global prevalence of oral and facial pain". Dental and Medical Problems. 63 (1): 219–231. doi:10.17219/dmp/214956. PMID 41738982.
Einolf C (2007). "The Fall and Rise of Torture: A Comparative and Historical Analysis". Social Theory. 25 (2): 101–121. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9558.2007.00300.x. JSTOR 20453071.
Morinis A (1985). "The ritual experience: pain and the transformation of consciousness in ordeals of initiation". Ethos. 13 (2): 150–174. doi:10.1525/eth.1985.13.2.02a00040. JSTOR 639985.
Atkinson M, Young K (2001). "Flesh journeys: neo primitives and the contemporary rediscovery of radical body modification". Deviant Behavior. 22 (2): 117–146. doi:10.1080/016396201750065018.
Narayan MC (April 2010). "Culture's effects on pain assessment and management". The American Journal of Nursing. 110 (4): 38–47. doi:10.1097/01.NAJ.0000370157.33223.6d. PMID 20335689.
Rollin BE (June 2007). "Animal research: a moral science. Talking Point on the use of animals in scientific research". EMBO Reports. 8 (6): 521–525. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400996. PMC 2002540. PMID 17545990.
Griffin DR, Speck GB (January 2004). "New evidence of animal consciousness". Animal Cognition. 7 (1): 5–18. doi:10.1007/s10071-003-0203-x. PMID 14658059.
Sherwin CM (February 2001). "Can invertebrates suffer? Or, how robust is argument-by-analogy?". Animal Welfare. 10 (1): 103–118. doi:10.1017/S0962728600023551.
Lockwood JA (1987). "The Moral Standing of Insects and the Ethics of Extinction". The Florida Entomologist. 70 (1): 70–89. Bibcode:1987FlEnt..70...70L. doi:10.2307/3495093. JSTOR 3495093.
DeGrazia D, Rowan A (September 1991). "Pain, suffering, and anxiety in animals and humans". Theoretical Medicine. 12 (3): 193–211. doi:10.1007/BF00489606. PMID 1754965.
Abbott FV, Franklin KB, Westbrook FR (January 1995). "The formalin test: scoring properties of the first and second phases of the pain response in rats". Pain. 60 (1): 91–102. doi:10.1016/0304-3959(94)00095-V. PMID 7715946.
Jones JM, Foster W, Twomey CR, Burdge J, Ahmed OM, Pereira TD, et al. (August 2020). "A machine-vision approach for automated pain measurement at millisecond timescales". eLife. 9 e57258. doi:10.7554/eLife.57258. PMC 7434442. PMID 32758355.
Draguhn, Andreas; Mallatt, Jon M.; Robinson, David G. (2021). "Anesthetics and plants: no pain, no brain, and therefore no consciousness". Protoplasma. 258 (2). Springer: 239–248. Bibcode:2021Prpls.258..239D. doi:10.1007/s00709-020-01550-9. PMC 7907021. PMID 32880005.

etc.ch (Global: low place; English: low place)

"International Association for the Study of Pain: Pain Definitions". Archived from the original on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 12 January 2015. Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage Alt URL^{[permanent dead link]} Derived from Bonica JJ (June 1979). "The need of a taxonomy". Pain. 6 (3): 247–248. doi:10.1016/0304-3959(79)90046-0. PMID 460931.

etymonline.com (Global: 669^th place; English: 670^th place)

"Pain". Archived from the original on 28 July 2011 – via Online Etymology Dictionary.

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

Kooijman CM, Dijkstra PU, Geertzen JH, Elzinga A, van der Schans CP (July 2000). "Phantom pain and phantom sensations in upper limb amputees: an epidemiological study". Pain. 87 (1): 33–41. doi:10.1016/S0304-3959(00)00264-5. hdl:11370/26b8c3c6-9dc1-403b-9c74-b63f3067a547. PMID 10863043.
Treede RD, Jensen TS, Campbell JN, Cruccu G, Dostrovsky JO, Griffin JW, Hansson P, Hughes R, Nurmikko T, Serra J (April 2008). "Neuropathic pain: redefinition and a grading system for clinical and research purposes". Neurology. 70 (18): 1630–1635. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000282763.29778.59. hdl:11573/97043. PMID 18003941.
Green CR, Anderson KO, Baker TA, Campbell LC, Decker S, Fillingim RB, Kalauokalani DA, Kaloukalani DA, Lasch KE, Myers C, Tait RC, Todd KH, Vallerand AH (September 2003). "The unequal burden of pain: confronting racial and ethnic disparities in pain". Pain Medicine. 4 (3): 277–294. doi:10.1046/j.1526-4637.2003.03034.x. hdl:2027.42/73822. PMID 12974827.

hrw.org (Global: 601^st place; English: 472^nd place)

Human Rights Watch (2011). "Tens of Millions Face Death in Agony". Archived from the original on 1 September 2013. Retrieved 26 August 2013.

iasp-pain.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Definitions of Chronic Pain Syndromes". International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP). Retrieved 1 May 2026.
"International Association for the Study of Pain: Pain Definitions". Archived from the original on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 12 January 2015. Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage Alt URL^{[permanent dead link]} Derived from Bonica JJ (June 1979). "The need of a taxonomy". Pain. 6 (3): 247–248. doi:10.1016/0304-3959(79)90046-0. PMID 460931.
Delegates to the International Pain Summit of the International Association for the Study of Pain (2010). "Declaration of Montreal". Archived from the original on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
"IASP Position Statement on the Use of Cannabinoids to Treat Pain". iasp-pain. Archived from the original on 10 May 2024. Retrieved 10 May 2024.

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

Dallenbach KM (July 1939). "Pain: History and present status". American Journal of Psychology. 52 (3): 331–347. doi:10.2307/1416740. JSTOR 1416740.
Einolf C (2007). "The Fall and Rise of Torture: A Comparative and Historical Analysis". Social Theory. 25 (2): 101–121. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9558.2007.00300.x. JSTOR 20453071.
Morinis A (1985). "The ritual experience: pain and the transformation of consciousness in ordeals of initiation". Ethos. 13 (2): 150–174. doi:10.1525/eth.1985.13.2.02a00040. JSTOR 639985.
Lockwood JA (1987). "The Moral Standing of Insects and the Ethics of Extinction". The Florida Entomologist. 70 (1): 70–89. Bibcode:1987FlEnt..70...70L. doi:10.2307/3495093. JSTOR 3495093.

medicalnewstoday.com (Global: 3,865^th place; English: 3,829^th place)

Paddock C (15 September 2011). "Tool That Measures Pain Objectively Under Way". Medical News Today. Archived from the original on 25 September 2017. Retrieved 25 September 2017.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Raja SN, Carr DB, Cohen M, Finnerup NB, Flor H, Gibson S, et al. (September 2020). "The revised International Association for the Study of Pain definition of pain: concepts, challenges, and compromises". Pain. 161 (9): 1976–1982. doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001939. PMC 7680716. PMID 32694387.
Debono DJ, Hoeksema LJ, Hobbs RD (August 2013). "Caring for patients with chronic pain: pearls and pitfalls". The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association. 113 (8): 620–7. doi:10.7556/jaoa.2013.023. PMID 23918913.
Turk DC, Dworkin RH (2004). "What should be the core outcomes in chronic pain clinical trials?". Arthritis Research & Therapy. 6 (4): 151–4. doi:10.1186/ar1196. PMC 464897. PMID 15225358.
Breivik H, Borchgrevink PC, Allen SM, Rosseland LA, Romundstad L, Hals EK, Kvarstein G, Stubhaug A (July 2008). "Assessment of pain". British Journal of Anaesthesia. 101 (1): 17–24. doi:10.1093/bja/aen103. PMID 18487245.
Moore RA, Wiffen PJ, Derry S, Maguire T, Roy YM, Tyrrell L (November 2015). "Non-prescription (OTC) oral analgesics for acute pain – an overview of Cochrane reviews". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 11 (11) CD010794. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010794.pub2. PMC 6485506. PMID 26544675.
Garland EL, Brintz CE, Hanley AW, Roseen EJ, Atchley RM, Gaylord SA, et al. (January 2020). "Mind-Body Therapies for Opioid-Treated Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". JAMA Internal Medicine. 180 (1): 91–105. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.4917. PMC 6830441. PMID 31682676.
Lavoie, Anne; Toledo, Paloma (September 2013). "Multimodal Postcesarean Delivery Analgesia". Clinics in Perinatology. 40 (3): 443–455. doi:10.1016/j.clp.2013.05.008. PMID 23972750.
Treede, Rolf-Detlef; Rief, Winfried; Barke, Antonia; Aziz, Qasim; Bennett, Michael I.; Benoliel, Rafael; Cohen, Milton; Evers, Stefan; Finnerup, Nanna B. (June 2015). "A classification of chronic pain for ICD-11". Pain. 156 (6): 1003–1007. doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000160. PMC 4450869. PMID 25844555.
Diagnostic Methods for Neuropathic Pain: A Review of Diagnostic Accuracy Rapid Response Report: Summary with Critical Appraisal. Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health. April 2015. PMID 26180859.
Paice JA (July–August 2003). "Mechanisms and management of neuropathic pain in cancer" (PDF). The Journal of Supportive Oncology. 1 (2): 107–120. PMID 15352654. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 January 2010. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
Fitzcharles MA, Cohen SP, Clauw DJ, Littlejohn G, Usui C, Häuser W (May 2021). "Nociplastic pain: towards an understanding of prevalent pain conditions". Lancet. 397 (10289): 2098–2110. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00392-5. PMID 34062144.
Jensen TS, Finnerup NB (September 2014). "Allodynia and hyperalgesia in neuropathic pain: clinical manifestations and mechanisms". The Lancet. Neurology. 13 (9): 924–935. doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(14)70102-4. PMID 25142459.
Lolignier S, Eijkelkamp N, Wood JN (January 2015). "Mechanical allodynia". Pflügers Archiv. 467 (1): 133–139. doi:10.1007/s00424-014-1532-0. PMC 4281368. PMID 24846747.
Kooijman CM, Dijkstra PU, Geertzen JH, Elzinga A, van der Schans CP (July 2000). "Phantom pain and phantom sensations in upper limb amputees: an epidemiological study". Pain. 87 (1): 33–41. doi:10.1016/S0304-3959(00)00264-5. hdl:11370/26b8c3c6-9dc1-403b-9c74-b63f3067a547. PMID 10863043.
Jensen TS, Krebs B, Nielsen J, Rasmussen P (November 1983). "Phantom limb, phantom pain and stump pain in amputees during the first 6 months following limb amputation". Pain. 17 (3): 243–256. doi:10.1016/0304-3959(83)90097-0. PMID 6657285.
Jensen TS, Krebs B, Nielsen J, Rasmussen P (March 1985). "Immediate and long-term phantom limb pain in amputees: incidence, clinical characteristics and relationship to pre-amputation limb pain". Pain. 21 (3): 267–278. doi:10.1016/0304-3959(85)90090-9. PMID 3991231.
Ramachandran VS, Rogers-Ramachandran D (April 1996). "Synaesthesia in phantom limbs induced with mirrors". Proceedings. Biological Sciences. 263 (1369): 377–386. Bibcode:1996RSPSB.263..377R. doi:10.1098/rspb.1996.0058. PMID 8637922.
Mishra S, Bhatnagar S, Chaudhary P, Rana SP (January 2009). "Breakthrough cancer pain: review of prevalence, characteristics and management". Indian Journal of Palliative Care. 15 (1): 14–18. doi:10.4103/0973-1075.53506. PMC 2886208. PMID 20606850.
Caraceni A, Hanks G, Kaasa S, Bennett MI, Brunelli C, Cherny N, Dale O, De Conno F, Fallon M, Hanna M, Haugen DF, Juhl G, King S, Klepstad P, Laugsand EA, Maltoni M, Mercadante S, Nabal M, Pigni A, Radbruch L, Reid C, Sjogren P, Stone PC, Tassinari D, Zeppetella G (February 2012). "Use of opioid analgesics in the treatment of cancer pain: evidence-based recommendations from the EAPC". The Lancet. Oncology. 13 (2): e58–68. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(12)70040-2. PMID 22300860.
"International Association for the Study of Pain: Pain Definitions". Archived from the original on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 12 January 2015. Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage Alt URL^{[permanent dead link]} Derived from Bonica JJ (June 1979). "The need of a taxonomy". Pain. 6 (3): 247–248. doi:10.1016/0304-3959(79)90046-0. PMID 460931.
Nagasako EM, Oaklander AL, Dworkin RH (February 2003). "Congenital insensitivity to pain: an update". Pain. 101 (3): 213–219. doi:10.1016/S0304-3959(02)00482-7. PMID 12583863.
Lipsky BA, Berendt AR, Deery HG, Embil JM, Joseph WS, Karchmer AW, LeFrock JL, Lew DP, Mader JT, Norden C, Tan JS (October 2004). "Diagnosis and treatment of diabetic foot infections". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 39 (7): 885–910. doi:10.1086/424846. PMID 15472838.
Hart RP, Wade JB, Martelli MF (April 2003). "Cognitive impairment in patients with chronic pain: the significance of stress". Current Pain and Headache Reports. 7 (2): 116–126. doi:10.1007/s11916-003-0021-5. PMID 12628053.
Bruehl S, Burns JW, Chung OY, Chont M (March 2009). "Pain-related effects of trait anger expression: neural substrates and the role of endogenous opioid mechanisms". Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 33 (3): 475–491. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.12.003. PMC 2756489. PMID 19146872.
Finan, Patrick H.; Goodin, Burel R.; Smith, Michael T. (December 2013). "The Association of Sleep and Pain: An Update and a Path Forward". The Journal of Pain. 14 (12): 1539–1552. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2013.08.007. PMC 4046588. PMID 24290442.
Bresin K, Kling L, Verona E (2018). "The effect of acute physical pain on subsequent negative emotional affect: A meta-analysis". Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment. 9 (3): 273–283. doi:10.1037/per0000248. PMC 5624817. PMID 28368146.
Woolf CJ, Ma Q (August 2007). "Nociceptors – noxious stimulus detectors". Neuron. 55 (3): 353–364. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2007.07.016. PMID 17678850.
Craig AD (2003). "Pain mechanisms: labeled lines versus convergence in central processing". Annual Review of Neuroscience. 26: 1–30. doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.26.041002.131022. PMID 12651967.
Romanelli P, Esposito V (July 2004). "The functional anatomy of neuropathic pain". Neurosurgery Clinics of North America. 15 (3): 257–268. doi:10.1016/j.nec.2004.02.010. PMID 15246335.
Melzack R, Wall PD (November 1965). "Pain mechanisms: a new theory". Science. 150 (3699): 971–979. Bibcode:1965Sci...150..971M. doi:10.1126/science.150.3699.971. PMID 5320816.
Fillingim RB, Loeser JD, Baron R, Edwards RR (September 2016). "Assessment of Chronic Pain: Domains, Methods, and Mechanisms". The Journal of Pain. 17 (9 Suppl): T10–20. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2015.08.010. PMC 5010652. PMID 27586827.
Prkachin KM, Solomon PE, Ross J (June 2007). "Underestimation of pain by health-care providers: towards a model of the process of inferring pain in others". The Canadian Journal of Nursing Research. 39 (2): 88–106. PMID 17679587.
Kelly AM (May 2001). "The minimum clinically significant difference in visual analogue scale pain score does not differ with severity of pain". Emergency Medicine Journal. 18 (3): 205–207. doi:10.1136/emj.18.3.205. PMC 1725574. PMID 11354213.
Hawker GA, Mian S, Kendzerska T, French M (November 2011). "Measures of adult pain: Visual Analog Scale for Pain (VAS Pain), Numeric Rating Scale for Pain (NRS Pain), McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ), Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ), Chronic Pain Grade Scale (CPGS), Short Form-36 Bodily Pain Scale (SF-36 BPS), and Measure of Intermittent and Constant Osteoarthritis Pain (ICOAP)". Arthritis Care & Research. 63 (S11): S240–252. doi:10.1002/acr.20543. PMID 22588748.
Encandela JA (March 1993). "Social science and the study of pain since Zborowski: a need for a new agenda". Social Science & Medicine. 36 (6): 783–791. doi:10.1016/0277-9536(93)90039-7. PMID 8480223.
Hoffman, Kelly M.; Trawalter, Sophie; Axt, Jordan R.; Oliver, M. Norman (19 April 2016). "Racial bias in pain assessment and treatment recommendations, and false beliefs about biological differences between blacks and whites". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 113 (16): 4296–4301. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113.4296H. doi:10.1073/pnas.1516047113. PMC 4843483. PMID 27044069.
Pérez Rosal, S. R.; Faber, S. C.; Williams, M. T. (November 2025). ""Morbus Mediterraneus" and its impact on medical care in Germany: The intersection of pain and racism". BMC Medical Ethics. 26 (1): 155. doi:10.1186/s12910-025-01321-2. PMC 12579430. PMID 41176593.
Dedeli, Ozden; Kaptan, Gulten (24 September 2013). "Spirituality and Religion in Pain and Pain Management". Health Psychology Research. 1 (3): e29. doi:10.4081/hpr.2013.e29. PMC 4768565. PMID 26973914.
Panju AA, Hemmelgarn BR, Guyatt GH, Simel DL (October 1998). "The rational clinical examination. Is this patient having a myocardial infarction?". JAMA. 280 (14): 1256–1263. doi:10.1001/jama.280.14.1256. PMID 9786377.
Slater EE, DeSanctis RW (May 1976). "The clinical recognition of dissecting aortic aneurysm". The American Journal of Medicine. 60 (5): 625–633. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(76)90496-4. PMID 1020750.
Brown JE, Chatterjee N, Younger J, Mackey S (September 2011). "Towards a physiology-based measure of pain: patterns of human brain activity distinguish painful from non-painful thermal stimulation". PLOS ONE. 6 (9) e24124. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...624124B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024124. PMC 3172232. PMID 21931652.
Oh, Seok Kyeong; Won, Young Ju; Lim, Byung Gun (17 March 2023). "Surgical pleth index monitoring in perioperative pain management: Usefulness and limitations". Korean Journal of Anesthesiology. 77 (1): 31–45. doi:10.4097/kja.23158. PMC 10834712. PMID 36926752.
Treede RD, Jensen TS, Campbell JN, Cruccu G, Dostrovsky JO, Griffin JW, Hansson P, Hughes R, Nurmikko T, Serra J (April 2008). "Neuropathic pain: redefinition and a grading system for clinical and research purposes". Neurology. 70 (18): 1630–1635. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000282763.29778.59. hdl:11573/97043. PMID 18003941.
Paice JA (2003). "Mechanisms and management of neuropathic pain in cancer" (PDF). The Journal of Supportive Oncology. 1 (2): 107–120. PMID 15352654. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 January 2010. Retrieved 8 January 2010.
Campbell JN, Meyer RA (October 2006). "Mechanisms of neuropathic pain". Neuron. 52 (1): 77–92. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2006.09.021. PMC 1810425. PMID 17015228.
Brown AK, Christo PJ, Wu CL (December 2004). "Strategies for postoperative pain management". Best Practice & Research. Clinical Anaesthesiology. 18 (4): 703–717. doi:10.1016/j.bpa.2004.05.004. PMID 15460554.
Cullen L, Greiner J, Titler MG (June 2001). "Pain management in the culture of critical care". Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America. 13 (2): 151–166. doi:10.1016/S0899-5885(18)30046-7. PMID 11866399.
Rupp T, Delaney KA (April 2004). "Inadequate analgesia in emergency medicine". Annals of Emergency Medicine. 43 (4): 494–503. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2003.11.019. PMID 15039693.
Smith GF, Toonen TR (April 2007). "Primary care of the patient with cancer". American Family Physician. 75 (8): 1207–1214. PMID 17477104.
Jacobson PL, Mann JD (January 2003). "Evolving role of the neurologist in the diagnosis and treatment of chronic noncancer pain". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 78 (1): 80–84. doi:10.4065/78.1.80. PMID 12528880.
Deandrea S, Montanari M, Moja L, Apolone G (December 2008). "Prevalence of undertreatment in cancer pain. A review of published literature". Annals of Oncology. 19 (12): 1985–1991. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdn419. PMC 2733110. PMID 18632721.
Perron V, Schonwetter RS (2001). "Assessment and management of pain in palliative care patients". Cancer Control. 8 (1): 15–24. doi:10.1177/107327480100800103. PMID 11176032.
Cleeland CS (June 1998). "Undertreatment of cancer pain in elderly patients". JAMA. 279 (23): 1914–1915. doi:10.1001/jama.279.23.1914. PMID 9634265.
Bonham VL (2001). "Race, ethnicity, and pain treatment: striving to understand the causes and solutions to the disparities in pain treatment". The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics. 29 (1): 52–68. doi:10.1111/j.1748-720X.2001.tb00039.x. PMID 11521272.
Green CR, Anderson KO, Baker TA, Campbell LC, Decker S, Fillingim RB, Kalauokalani DA, Kaloukalani DA, Lasch KE, Myers C, Tait RC, Todd KH, Vallerand AH (September 2003). "The unequal burden of pain: confronting racial and ethnic disparities in pain". Pain Medicine. 4 (3): 277–294. doi:10.1046/j.1526-4637.2003.03034.x. hdl:2027.42/73822. PMID 12974827.
Hoffmann, Diane E.; Tarzian, Anita J. (2001). "The Girl Who Cried Pain: A Bias against Women in the Treatment of Pain". Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics. 29 (1): 13–27. doi:10.1111/j.1748-720x.2001.tb00037.x. PMID 11521267.
Derry CJ, Derry S, Moore RA (December 2014). "Caffeine as an analgesic adjuvant for acute pain in adults". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 12 (12) CD009281. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009281.pub3. PMC 6485702. PMID 25502052.
Derry S, Wiffen PJ, Moore RA (July 2015). "Single dose oral ibuprofen plus caffeine for acute postoperative pain in adults". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2019 (7) CD011509. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011509.pub2. PMC 6481458. PMID 26171993.
Karlow N, Schlaepfer CH, Stoll CR, Doering M, Carpenter CR, Colditz GA, et al. (October 2018). "A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Ketamine as an Alternative to Opioids for Acute Pain in the Emergency Department". Academic Emergency Medicine. 25 (10): 1086–1097. doi:10.1111/acem.13502. PMID 30019434.
Higgins C, Smith BH, Matthews K (June 2019). "Evidence of opioid-induced hyperalgesia in clinical populations after chronic opioid exposure: a systematic review and meta-analysis". British Journal of Anaesthesia. 122 (6): e114–e126. doi:10.1016/j.bja.2018.09.019. PMID 30915985.
Fishbain DA, Pulikal A (November 2019). "Does Opioid Tapering in Chronic Pain Patients Result in Improved Pain or Same Pain vs Increased Pain at Taper Completion? A Structured Evidence-Based Systematic Review". Pain Medicine. 20 (11): 2179–2197. doi:10.1093/pm/pny231. PMID 30597076.
Stevens B, Yamada J, Ohlsson A, Haliburton S, Shorkey A (July 2016). "Sucrose for analgesia in newborn infants undergoing painful procedures". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 7 (2) CD001069. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001069.pub5. PMC 6457867. PMID 27420164.
Lasky RE, van Drongelen W (October 2010). "Is sucrose an effective analgesic for newborn babies?". Lancet. 376 (9748): 1201–1203. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61358-X. PMID 20817245.
Harrison D, Stevens B, Bueno M, Yamada J, Adams-Webber T, Beyene J, Ohlsson A (June 2010). "Efficacy of sweet solutions for analgesia in infants between 1 and 12 months of age: a systematic review". Archives of Disease in Childhood. 95 (6): 406–413. doi:10.1136/adc.2009.174227. PMID 20463370.
Wark DM (July 2008). "What we can do with hypnosis: a brief note". The American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis. 51 (1): 29–36. doi:10.1080/00029157.2008.10401640. PMID 18714889.
Elkins G, Jensen MP, Patterson DR (July 2007). "Hypnotherapy for the management of chronic pain". The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis. 55 (3): 275–287. doi:10.1080/00207140701338621. PMC 2752362. PMID 17558718.
Hilton, L.; Hempel, S.; Ewing, B. A.; Apaydin, E.; Xenakis, L.; Newberry, S (2017). "Mindfulness meditation for chronic pain: systematic review and meta-analysis". Annals of Behavioral Medicine. 51 (2): 199–213. doi:10.1007/s12160-016-9844-2. PMC 5352783. PMID 27658913.
Smith, S. L.; Langen, W. H. (2020). "A systematic review of mindfulness practices for improving outcomes in chronic low back pain". International Journal of Yoga. 13 (3): 177–183. doi:10.4103/ijoy.IJOY_89_19. PMC 7735502. PMID 33344122.
Zeidan, F.; Baumgartner, J. N.; Coghill, R. C. (2019). "The neural mechanisms of mindfulness-based pain relief: a functional magnetic resonance imaging-based review and primer". Pain Reports. 4 (4): e759. doi:10.1097/PR9.0000000000000759. PMC 6756289. PMID 31583344.
Madsen MV, Gøtzsche PC, Hróbjartsson A (January 2009). "Acupuncture treatment for pain: systematic review of randomised clinical trials with acupuncture, placebo acupuncture, and no acupuncture groups". BMJ. 338 a3115. doi:10.1136/bmj.a3115. PMC 2769056. PMID 19174438.
Chiu HY, Hsieh YJ, Tsai PS (March 2017). "Systematic review and meta-analysis of acupuncture to reduce cancer-related pain". European Journal of Cancer Care. 26 (2) e12457. doi:10.1111/ecc.12457. PMID 26853524.
Chang SC, Hsu CH, Hsu CK, Yang SS, Chang SJ (February 2017). "The efficacy of acupuncture in managing patients with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: A systemic review and meta-analysis". Neurourology and Urodynamics. 36 (2): 474–481. doi:10.1002/nau.22958. PMID 26741647.
Ji M, Wang X, Chen M, Shen Y, Zhang X, Yang J (2015). "The Efficacy of Acupuncture for the Treatment of Sciatica: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2015 192808. doi:10.1155/2015/192808. PMC 4575738. PMID 26425130.
Gagnier JJ, Oltean H, van Tulder MW, Berman BM, Bombardier C, Robbins CB (January 2016). "Herbal Medicine for Low Back Pain: A Cochrane Review". Spine. 41 (2): 116–133. doi:10.1097/BRS.0000000000001310. PMID 26630428.
Rubinstein SM, Terwee CB, Assendelft WJ, de Boer MR, van Tulder MW (September 2012). "Spinal manipulative therapy for acute low-back pain". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2012 (9) CD008880. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008880.pub2. PMC 6885055. PMID 22972127.
Straube S, Andrew Moore R, Derry S, McQuay HJ (January 2009). "Vitamin D and chronic pain". Pain. 141 (1–2): 10–13. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2008.11.010. PMID 19084336.
Cordell WH, Keene KK, Giles BK, Jones JB, Jones JH, Brizendine EJ (May 2002). "The high prevalence of pain in emergency medical care". The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 20 (3): 165–169. doi:10.1053/ajem.2002.32643. PMID 11992334.
Hasselström J, Liu-Palmgren J, Rasjö-Wrååk G (2002). "Prevalence of pain in general practice". European Journal of Pain. 6 (5): 375–385. doi:10.1016/S1090-3801(02)00025-3. PMID 12160512.
Abu-Saad Huijer H (2010). "Chronic pain: a review". Le Journal Medical Libanais. The Lebanese Medical Journal. 58 (1): 21–27. PMID 20358856.
Sattler S, Baumann N, Zerbini G (2026). "Chronic back pain and headaches in a nationwide study of the working population in Germany: Prevalence, symptom severity, associated burden, and related demographic and psychosocial factors". Journal of Health Psychology 13591053261437575. doi:10.1177/13591053261437575. PMID 42003305.
Smith AK, Cenzer IS, Knight SJ, Puntillo KA, Widera E, Williams BA, Boscardin WJ, Covinsky KE (November 2010). "The epidemiology of pain during the last 2 years of life". Annals of Internal Medicine. 153 (9): 563–569. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-153-9-201011020-00005. PMC 3150170. PMID 21041575.
Perquin CW, Hazebroek-Kampschreur AA, Hunfeld JA, Bohnen AM, van Suijlekom-Smit LW, Passchier J, van der Wouden JC (July 2000). "Pain in children and adolescents: a common experience". Pain. 87 (1): 51–58. doi:10.1016/S0304-3959(00)00269-4. PMID 10863045.
Zieliński, Grzegorz; Ginszt, Michał; Ginszt, Agata; Wójcicki, Marcin; Litko-Rola, Monika; Więckiewicz, Mieszko (25 February 2026). "Meta-analysis of the global prevalence of oral and facial pain". Dental and Medical Problems. 63 (1): 219–231. doi:10.17219/dmp/214956. PMID 41738982.
Narayan MC (April 2010). "Culture's effects on pain assessment and management". The American Journal of Nursing. 110 (4): 38–47. doi:10.1097/01.NAJ.0000370157.33223.6d. PMID 20335689.
Rollin BE (June 2007). "Animal research: a moral science. Talking Point on the use of animals in scientific research". EMBO Reports. 8 (6): 521–525. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400996. PMC 2002540. PMID 17545990.
Griffin DR, Speck GB (January 2004). "New evidence of animal consciousness". Animal Cognition. 7 (1): 5–18. doi:10.1007/s10071-003-0203-x. PMID 14658059.
DeGrazia D, Rowan A (September 1991). "Pain, suffering, and anxiety in animals and humans". Theoretical Medicine. 12 (3): 193–211. doi:10.1007/BF00489606. PMID 1754965.
Abbott FV, Franklin KB, Westbrook FR (January 1995). "The formalin test: scoring properties of the first and second phases of the pain response in rats". Pain. 60 (1): 91–102. doi:10.1016/0304-3959(94)00095-V. PMID 7715946.
Jones JM, Foster W, Twomey CR, Burdge J, Ahmed OM, Pereira TD, et al. (August 2020). "A machine-vision approach for automated pain measurement at millisecond timescales". eLife. 9 e57258. doi:10.7554/eLife.57258. PMC 7434442. PMID 32758355.
Draguhn, Andreas; Mallatt, Jon M.; Robinson, David G. (2021). "Anesthetics and plants: no pain, no brain, and therefore no consciousness". Protoplasma. 258 (2). Springer: 239–248. Bibcode:2021Prpls.258..239D. doi:10.1007/s00709-020-01550-9. PMC 7907021. PMID 32880005.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Raja SN, Carr DB, Cohen M, Finnerup NB, Flor H, Gibson S, et al. (September 2020). "The revised International Association for the Study of Pain definition of pain: concepts, challenges, and compromises". Pain. 161 (9): 1976–1982. doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001939. PMC 7680716. PMID 32694387.
Turk DC, Dworkin RH (2004). "What should be the core outcomes in chronic pain clinical trials?". Arthritis Research & Therapy. 6 (4): 151–4. doi:10.1186/ar1196. PMC 464897. PMID 15225358.
Moore RA, Wiffen PJ, Derry S, Maguire T, Roy YM, Tyrrell L (November 2015). "Non-prescription (OTC) oral analgesics for acute pain – an overview of Cochrane reviews". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 11 (11) CD010794. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010794.pub2. PMC 6485506. PMID 26544675.
Garland EL, Brintz CE, Hanley AW, Roseen EJ, Atchley RM, Gaylord SA, et al. (January 2020). "Mind-Body Therapies for Opioid-Treated Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". JAMA Internal Medicine. 180 (1): 91–105. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.4917. PMC 6830441. PMID 31682676.
Treede, Rolf-Detlef; Rief, Winfried; Barke, Antonia; Aziz, Qasim; Bennett, Michael I.; Benoliel, Rafael; Cohen, Milton; Evers, Stefan; Finnerup, Nanna B. (June 2015). "A classification of chronic pain for ICD-11". Pain. 156 (6): 1003–1007. doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000160. PMC 4450869. PMID 25844555.
Lolignier S, Eijkelkamp N, Wood JN (January 2015). "Mechanical allodynia". Pflügers Archiv. 467 (1): 133–139. doi:10.1007/s00424-014-1532-0. PMC 4281368. PMID 24846747.
Mishra S, Bhatnagar S, Chaudhary P, Rana SP (January 2009). "Breakthrough cancer pain: review of prevalence, characteristics and management". Indian Journal of Palliative Care. 15 (1): 14–18. doi:10.4103/0973-1075.53506. PMC 2886208. PMID 20606850.
Bruehl S, Burns JW, Chung OY, Chont M (March 2009). "Pain-related effects of trait anger expression: neural substrates and the role of endogenous opioid mechanisms". Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 33 (3): 475–491. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.12.003. PMC 2756489. PMID 19146872.
Finan, Patrick H.; Goodin, Burel R.; Smith, Michael T. (December 2013). "The Association of Sleep and Pain: An Update and a Path Forward". The Journal of Pain. 14 (12): 1539–1552. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2013.08.007. PMC 4046588. PMID 24290442.
Bresin K, Kling L, Verona E (2018). "The effect of acute physical pain on subsequent negative emotional affect: A meta-analysis". Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment. 9 (3): 273–283. doi:10.1037/per0000248. PMC 5624817. PMID 28368146.
Steinkopf L (June 2016). "An Evolutionary Perspective on Pain Communication". Evolutionary Psychology. 14 (2) 1474704916653964: 100. doi:10.1177/1474704916653964. PMC 10481100.
Fillingim RB, Loeser JD, Baron R, Edwards RR (September 2016). "Assessment of Chronic Pain: Domains, Methods, and Mechanisms". The Journal of Pain. 17 (9 Suppl): T10–20. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2015.08.010. PMC 5010652. PMID 27586827.
Kelly AM (May 2001). "The minimum clinically significant difference in visual analogue scale pain score does not differ with severity of pain". Emergency Medicine Journal. 18 (3): 205–207. doi:10.1136/emj.18.3.205. PMC 1725574. PMID 11354213.
Hoffman, Kelly M.; Trawalter, Sophie; Axt, Jordan R.; Oliver, M. Norman (19 April 2016). "Racial bias in pain assessment and treatment recommendations, and false beliefs about biological differences between blacks and whites". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 113 (16): 4296–4301. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113.4296H. doi:10.1073/pnas.1516047113. PMC 4843483. PMID 27044069.
Pérez Rosal, S. R.; Faber, S. C.; Williams, M. T. (November 2025). ""Morbus Mediterraneus" and its impact on medical care in Germany: The intersection of pain and racism". BMC Medical Ethics. 26 (1): 155. doi:10.1186/s12910-025-01321-2. PMC 12579430. PMID 41176593.
Dedeli, Ozden; Kaptan, Gulten (24 September 2013). "Spirituality and Religion in Pain and Pain Management". Health Psychology Research. 1 (3): e29. doi:10.4081/hpr.2013.e29. PMC 4768565. PMID 26973914.
Brown JE, Chatterjee N, Younger J, Mackey S (September 2011). "Towards a physiology-based measure of pain: patterns of human brain activity distinguish painful from non-painful thermal stimulation". PLOS ONE. 6 (9) e24124. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...624124B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024124. PMC 3172232. PMID 21931652.
Oh, Seok Kyeong; Won, Young Ju; Lim, Byung Gun (17 March 2023). "Surgical pleth index monitoring in perioperative pain management: Usefulness and limitations". Korean Journal of Anesthesiology. 77 (1): 31–45. doi:10.4097/kja.23158. PMC 10834712. PMID 36926752.
Campbell JN, Meyer RA (October 2006). "Mechanisms of neuropathic pain". Neuron. 52 (1): 77–92. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2006.09.021. PMC 1810425. PMID 17015228.
Deandrea S, Montanari M, Moja L, Apolone G (December 2008). "Prevalence of undertreatment in cancer pain. A review of published literature". Annals of Oncology. 19 (12): 1985–1991. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdn419. PMC 2733110. PMID 18632721.
Derry CJ, Derry S, Moore RA (December 2014). "Caffeine as an analgesic adjuvant for acute pain in adults". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 12 (12) CD009281. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009281.pub3. PMC 6485702. PMID 25502052.
Derry S, Wiffen PJ, Moore RA (July 2015). "Single dose oral ibuprofen plus caffeine for acute postoperative pain in adults". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2019 (7) CD011509. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011509.pub2. PMC 6481458. PMID 26171993.
Stevens B, Yamada J, Ohlsson A, Haliburton S, Shorkey A (July 2016). "Sucrose for analgesia in newborn infants undergoing painful procedures". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 7 (2) CD001069. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001069.pub5. PMC 6457867. PMID 27420164.
Elkins G, Jensen MP, Patterson DR (July 2007). "Hypnotherapy for the management of chronic pain". The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis. 55 (3): 275–287. doi:10.1080/00207140701338621. PMC 2752362. PMID 17558718.
Hilton, L.; Hempel, S.; Ewing, B. A.; Apaydin, E.; Xenakis, L.; Newberry, S (2017). "Mindfulness meditation for chronic pain: systematic review and meta-analysis". Annals of Behavioral Medicine. 51 (2): 199–213. doi:10.1007/s12160-016-9844-2. PMC 5352783. PMID 27658913.
Smith, S. L.; Langen, W. H. (2020). "A systematic review of mindfulness practices for improving outcomes in chronic low back pain". International Journal of Yoga. 13 (3): 177–183. doi:10.4103/ijoy.IJOY_89_19. PMC 7735502. PMID 33344122.
Zeidan, F.; Baumgartner, J. N.; Coghill, R. C. (2019). "The neural mechanisms of mindfulness-based pain relief: a functional magnetic resonance imaging-based review and primer". Pain Reports. 4 (4): e759. doi:10.1097/PR9.0000000000000759. PMC 6756289. PMID 31583344.
Madsen MV, Gøtzsche PC, Hróbjartsson A (January 2009). "Acupuncture treatment for pain: systematic review of randomised clinical trials with acupuncture, placebo acupuncture, and no acupuncture groups". BMJ. 338 a3115. doi:10.1136/bmj.a3115. PMC 2769056. PMID 19174438.
Ji M, Wang X, Chen M, Shen Y, Zhang X, Yang J (2015). "The Efficacy of Acupuncture for the Treatment of Sciatica: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2015 192808. doi:10.1155/2015/192808. PMC 4575738. PMID 26425130.
Rubinstein SM, Terwee CB, Assendelft WJ, de Boer MR, van Tulder MW (September 2012). "Spinal manipulative therapy for acute low-back pain". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2012 (9) CD008880. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008880.pub2. PMC 6885055. PMID 22972127.
Smith AK, Cenzer IS, Knight SJ, Puntillo KA, Widera E, Williams BA, Boscardin WJ, Covinsky KE (November 2010). "The epidemiology of pain during the last 2 years of life". Annals of Internal Medicine. 153 (9): 563–569. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-153-9-201011020-00005. PMC 3150170. PMID 21041575.
Rollin BE (June 2007). "Animal research: a moral science. Talking Point on the use of animals in scientific research". EMBO Reports. 8 (6): 521–525. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400996. PMC 2002540. PMID 17545990.
Jones JM, Foster W, Twomey CR, Burdge J, Ahmed OM, Pereira TD, et al. (August 2020). "A machine-vision approach for automated pain measurement at millisecond timescales". eLife. 9 e57258. doi:10.7554/eLife.57258. PMC 7434442. PMID 32758355.
Draguhn, Andreas; Mallatt, Jon M.; Robinson, David G. (2021). "Anesthetics and plants: no pain, no brain, and therefore no consciousness". Protoplasma. 258 (2). Springer: 239–248. Bibcode:2021Prpls.258..239D. doi:10.1007/s00709-020-01550-9. PMC 7907021. PMID 32880005.

ninds.nih.gov

"Pain | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke". www.ninds.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 4 March 2025. Retrieved 12 March 2025.

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

Epstein R (19 March 2018). "When Doctors Don't Listen to Women". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 9 May 2019. Retrieved 20 July 2019.

reuters.com (Global: 38^th place; English: 30^th place)

"Feeling pain? The computer can tell". Reuters. 13 September 2011. Archived from the original on 17 June 2015. Retrieved 25 September 2017. Editorial

sencanada.ca (Global: low place; English: 9,937^th place)

"Do Invertebrates Feel Pain?". The Senate Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs. The Parliament of Canada. Archived from the original on 6 January 2010. Retrieved 11 June 2008.

supportiveoncology.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

Paice JA (July–August 2003). "Mechanisms and management of neuropathic pain in cancer" (PDF). The Journal of Supportive Oncology. 1 (2): 107–120. PMID 15352654. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 January 2010. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
Paice JA (2003). "Mechanisms and management of neuropathic pain in cancer" (PDF). The Journal of Supportive Oncology. 1 (2): 107–120. PMID 15352654. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 January 2010. Retrieved 8 January 2010.

theatlantic.com (Global: 322^nd place; English: 198^th place)

Fasslet J (15 October 2015). "How Doctors Take Women's Pain Less Seriously". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 17 July 2019. Retrieved 20 July 2019.
"Stories of Misunderstanding Women's Pain". The Atlantic. 15 March 2016. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 20 July 2019.

tufts.edu (Global: 192^nd place; English: 165^th place)

perseus.tufts.edu

Lewis CT, Short C. "Poena". A Latin Dictionary. Archived from the original on 13 May 2011 – via Perseus Digital Library.
Liddell HG, Scott R. "ποινή". A Greek-English Lexicon. Archived from the original on 13 May 2011 – via Perseus Digital Library.

uni-oldenburg.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

docserver.bis.uni-oldenburg.de

Grahek N (2007). Feeling pain and being in pain (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-51732-4. Archived from the original on 27 September 2008.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Raj PP (2007). "Taxonomy and classification of pain". In: The Handbook of Chronic Pain. Nova Biomedical Books. ISBN 978-1-60021-044-0. Archived from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2016.
Lewis CT, Short C. "Poena". A Latin Dictionary. Archived from the original on 13 May 2011 – via Perseus Digital Library.
Liddell HG, Scott R. "ποινή". A Greek-English Lexicon. Archived from the original on 13 May 2011 – via Perseus Digital Library.
"Pain". Archived from the original on 28 July 2011 – via Online Etymology Dictionary.
"Pain | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke". www.ninds.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 4 March 2025. Retrieved 12 March 2025.
Paice JA (July–August 2003). "Mechanisms and management of neuropathic pain in cancer" (PDF). The Journal of Supportive Oncology. 1 (2): 107–120. PMID 15352654. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 January 2010. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
"International Association for the Study of Pain: Pain Definitions". Archived from the original on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 12 January 2015. Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage Alt URL^{[permanent dead link]} Derived from Bonica JJ (June 1979). "The need of a taxonomy". Pain. 6 (3): 247–248. doi:10.1016/0304-3959(79)90046-0. PMID 460931.
"International Association for the Study of Pain | Pain Definitions".. Retrieved 12 October 2010.
Grahek N (2007). Feeling pain and being in pain (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-51732-4. Archived from the original on 27 September 2008.
Lynn B (1984). "Cutaneous nociceptors". In Winlow W, Holden AV (eds.). The neurobiology of pain: Symposium of the Northern Neurobiology Group, held at Leeds on 18 April 1983. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 106. ISBN 978-0-7190-0996-9. Archived from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2016.
Bernston GG, Cacioppo JT (2007). "The neuroevolution of motivation". In Gardner WL, Shah JY (eds.). Handbook of Motivation Science. New York: The Guilford Press. p. 191. ISBN 978-1-59385-568-0. Archived from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
Epstein R (19 March 2018). "When Doctors Don't Listen to Women". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 9 May 2019. Retrieved 20 July 2019.
Fasslet J (15 October 2015). "How Doctors Take Women's Pain Less Seriously". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 17 July 2019. Retrieved 20 July 2019.
"Stories of Misunderstanding Women's Pain". The Atlantic. 15 March 2016. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 20 July 2019.
Paddock C (15 September 2011). "Tool That Measures Pain Objectively Under Way". Medical News Today. Archived from the original on 25 September 2017. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
"Feeling pain? The computer can tell". Reuters. 13 September 2011. Archived from the original on 17 June 2015. Retrieved 25 September 2017. Editorial
Paice JA (2003). "Mechanisms and management of neuropathic pain in cancer" (PDF). The Journal of Supportive Oncology. 1 (2): 107–120. PMID 15352654. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 January 2010. Retrieved 8 January 2010.
Selbst SM, Fein JA (2006). "Sedation and analgesia". In Henretig FM, Fleisher GR, Ludwig S (eds.). Textbook of pediatric emergency medicine. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-1-60547-159-4. Archived from the original on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2016.
Delegates to the International Pain Summit of the International Association for the Study of Pain (2010). "Declaration of Montreal". Archived from the original on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation". Archived from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
Human Rights Watch (2011). "Tens of Millions Face Death in Agony". Archived from the original on 1 September 2013. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
"IASP Position Statement on the Use of Cannabinoids to Treat Pain". iasp-pain. Archived from the original on 10 May 2024. Retrieved 10 May 2024.
Working party of the Nuffield Council on Bioethics (2005). "The ethics of research involving animals. London: Nuffield Council on Bioethics." ISBN 978-1904384106. Archived from the original on 25 June 2008. Retrieved 12 January 2010.
"Do Invertebrates Feel Pain?". The Senate Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs. The Parliament of Canada. Archived from the original on 6 January 2010. Retrieved 11 June 2008.
Smith JA (1991). "A Question of Pain in Invertebrates". Institute for Laboratory Animal Research Journal. 33: 1–2. Archived from the original on 8 October 2011.
Petruzzello, Melissa (2016). "Do Plants Feel Pain?". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 5 September 2023. Retrieved 8 January 2023. Given that plants do not have pain receptors, nerves, or a brain, they do not feel pain as we members of the animal kingdom understand it. Uprooting a carrot or trimming a hedge is not a form of botanical torture, and you can bite into that apple without worry.

wikiwix.com (Global: 103^rd place; English: 872^nd place)

archive.wikiwix.com

"Psychogenic Pain". Cleveland Clinic. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2017.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Cervero F (2012). Understanding Pain: Exploring the Perception of Pain. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. pp. Chapter 1. ISBN 978-0-262-30543-3. OCLC 809043366.
Lewis SM, Bucher L, Heitkemper MM, Harding M (2017). Medical-surgical nursing: Assessment and management of clinical problems (10th ed.). St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-323-32852-4. OCLC 944472408.

Pain (English Wikipedia)

abms.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

abolitionist.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14th place; English: 9th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

archive.org (Global: 6th place; English: 6th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3rd place; English: 3rd place)

britannica.com (Global: 37th place; English: 64th place)

clevelandclinic.org (Global: 4,153rd place; English: 2,922nd place)

my.clevelandclinic.org

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

etc.ch (Global: low place; English: low place)

etymonline.com (Global: 669th place; English: 670th place)

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66th place; English: 34th place)

hrw.org (Global: 601st place; English: 472nd place)

iasp-pain.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

jstor.org (Global: 23rd place; English: 15th place)

medicalnewstoday.com (Global: 3,865th place; English: 3,829th place)

nih.gov (Global: 5th place; English: 5th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

ninds.nih.gov

nytimes.com (Global: 7th place; English: 7th place)

reuters.com (Global: 38th place; English: 30th place)

sencanada.ca (Global: low place; English: 9,937th place)

supportiveoncology.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

theatlantic.com (Global: 322nd place; English: 198th place)

tufts.edu (Global: 192nd place; English: 165th place)

perseus.tufts.edu

uni-oldenburg.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

docserver.bis.uni-oldenburg.de

web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; English: 1st place)

wikiwix.com (Global: 103rd place; English: 872nd place)

archive.wikiwix.com

worldcat.org (Global: 4th place; English: 4th place)

search.worldcat.org

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; English: 9^th place)

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

britannica.com (Global: 37^th place; English: 64^th place)

clevelandclinic.org (Global: 4,153^rd place; English: 2,922^nd place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

etymonline.com (Global: 669^th place; English: 670^th place)

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

hrw.org (Global: 601^st place; English: 472^nd place)

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

medicalnewstoday.com (Global: 3,865^th place; English: 3,829^th place)

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

reuters.com (Global: 38^th place; English: 30^th place)

sencanada.ca (Global: low place; English: 9,937^th place)

theatlantic.com (Global: 322^nd place; English: 198^th place)

tufts.edu (Global: 192^nd place; English: 165^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

wikiwix.com (Global: 103^rd place; English: 872^nd place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)