Panama (English Wikipedia)

International Community, Baháʼí (October–December 1994). "In Panama, some Guaymis blaze a new path". One Country. 1994 (October–December). Archived from the original on August 2, 2014. Retrieved April 7, 2011.

banrepcultural.org

"Separación de Panamá: la historia desconocida". banrepcultural.org. Archived from the original on January 16, 2018. Retrieved April 9, 2016.
"Panamá: el último año". banrepcultural.org. Archived from the original on October 9, 2017. Retrieved April 9, 2016.

bbc.co.uk

news.bbc.co.uk

"Country profile: Panama". BBC News. June 30, 2010. Archived from the original on July 2, 2014. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
"Panama Country Profile". BBC News. June 30, 2010. Archived from the original on July 2, 2014. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
Tycoon elected Panama's president Archived June 20, 2017, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved July 25, 2010

books.google.com

Department of State, United States of America (1987) [Signed at Washington on September 7, 1977. Entered into force October 1, 1979.]. "Panama Canal Treaty". United States Treaties and Other International Agreements. Vol. 33. United States Department of State. p. 55. 33 UST 39; TIAS 10030. Archived from the original on January 24, 2024. Retrieved September 13, 2020. Upon entry into force of this Treaty, the United States Government agencies known as the Panama Canal Company and the Canal Zone Government shall cease to operate within the territory of the Republic of Panama that formerly constituted the Canal Zone.
Austin Alchon, Suzanne (2003). A pest in the land: new world epidemics in a global perspective. University of New Mexico Press. pp. 67–74. ISBN 0-8263-2871-7.
John Robert Fisher (1997). The Economic Aspects of Spanish Imperialism in America, 1492-1810. Liverpool University Press. pp. 65–66. ISBN 978-0-85323-552-1.
Park, Yoon S.; Essayyad, Musa (December 6, 2012). International Banking and Financial Centers. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9789400925045. Archived from the original on February 5, 2024. Retrieved September 7, 2017.

breakingbelizenews.com

"Belize drops game to Nicaragua, drops to 1-4 at Central American Senior Women's Volleyball Championship". Breaking Belize News. October 23, 2021. Archived from the original on April 4, 2023. Retrieved December 28, 2021.

britannica.com

"Pedro Arias Dávila". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on April 15, 2021. Retrieved April 4, 2021.

caribjournal.com

"Juan Carlos Varela Sworn in As New President of Panama". Caribbean Journal. July 2, 2014. Archived from the original on April 15, 2021. Retrieved March 26, 2021.

cepal.org

"CEPAL.org" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 24, 2013. Retrieved June 26, 2010.

cia.gov

"Panama". CIA World Factbook. February 4, 2022. Archived from the original on January 23, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
"Panama". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. 2022. Retrieved September 24, 2022. (Archived 2022 edition.)
"Gini Index coefficient". The World Factbook. Retrieved September 24, 2024.
"Panama". CIA – The World Factbook. Archived from the original on January 23, 2021. Retrieved December 23, 2010.
"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency". CIA.gov. December 2, 2021. Archived from the original on January 23, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. Archived from the original on March 7, 2014. Retrieved October 11, 2017.
"The World Factbook". Archived from the original on January 23, 2021. Retrieved October 25, 2014.

contraloria.gob.pa

"Datos generales e históricos de la República de Panamá" (PDF) (in Spanish). INEC. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 10, 2015. Retrieved December 22, 2015.

countrystudies.us

"The 1903 Treaty and Qualified Independence". US Library of Congress. 2009. Archived from the original on October 11, 2011. Retrieved May 1, 2009.

dialogo-americas.com

"Martinelli Wins Panama Presidential Vote". Diálogo Americas. May 4, 2009. Archived from the original on April 15, 2021. Retrieved March 26, 2021.

doi.org

World Intellectual Property Organization (2024). Global Innovation Index 2024. Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship (PDF). Geneva. p. 18. doi:10.34667/tind.50062. ISBN 978-92-805-3681-2. Retrieved October 1, 2024. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Baudouin, Luc; Gunn, Bee; Olsen, Kenneth (January 2014). "The presence of coconut in southern Panama in pre-Columbian times: clearing up the confusion". Annals of Botany. 113 (1): 1–5. doi:10.1093/aob/mct244. ISSN 0305-7364. PMC 3864718. PMID 24227445.
Pike, Ruth (2007). "Black Rebels: Cimarrons in Sixteenth Century Panama". The Americas. 64 (2): 243–66. doi:10.1353/tam.2007.0161. S2CID 143773521.
Grantham, H. S.; et al. (2020). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 5978. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.5978G. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7723057. PMID 33293507.

dw.com

"Former deputy Varela wins Panama presidential election | DW | 05.05.2014". DW.COM. Archived from the original on April 15, 2021. Retrieved March 26, 2021.

eclac.cl

CEPAL – Naciones Unidas (March 22, 2010). "Ranking 2009 de Actividad portuaria de contenedores en América Latina y el Caribe". Eclac.cl. Archived from the original on May 11, 2011. Retrieved December 23, 2010.

economicsandpeace.org

"2024 Global Peace Index" (PDF).

ethnologue.com

"Panama". Archived from the original on March 9, 2023. Retrieved August 5, 2010.

export.gov

tcc.export.gov

"List of BITs currently in effect". Tcc.export.gov. Archived from the original on July 9, 2010. Retrieved June 26, 2010.

fao.org

"Corredor Transístmico Panamá -Colón". Archived from the original on May 2, 2006. Retrieved August 5, 2010.

giustiniani.info

"I Genovesi d'Oltremare i primi coloni moderni". www.giustiniani.info. Archived from the original on February 23, 2020. Retrieved August 5, 2020.

grupoconsultorefe.com

"PANAMA IS ONE OF THE THREE "CARBON NEGATIVE" COUNTRIES". grupoconsultorefe.com (in Spanish). Archived from the original on March 8, 2022. Retrieved March 8, 2022.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Grantham, H. S.; et al. (2020). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 5978. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.5978G. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7723057. PMID 33293507.

historic-uk.com

"The Darien Scheme – The Fall of Scotland Archived February 5, 2012, at the Wayback Machine", Historic UK

hrw.org

"Panama" Archived January 13, 2017, at the Wayback Machine. Human Rights Watch World Report 1989. hrw.org

icij.org

"EU Removes Panama, Seven Others, From Tax Haven Blacklist - ICIJ". January 23, 2018. Archived from the original on January 23, 2018. Retrieved July 8, 2021.

imf.org

"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2024 Edition. (Panama)". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. October 10, 2024. Retrieved January 2, 2025.
"World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. Archived from the original on December 22, 2019. Retrieved September 29, 2019.
"Offshore Financial Centers (OFCs): IMF Staff Assessments (OFCA)". www.imf.org. Archived from the original on October 25, 2013. Retrieved June 4, 2017.

independent.co.uk

"José Raúl Mulino is sworn in as Panama's new president". The Independent. July 1, 2024.

inec.gob.pa

"ALGUNAS CARACTERÍSTICAS DE LA DIVISIÓN POLÍTICA ADMINISTRATIVA INDÍGENA Y DISTRITO: AÑO 2020 EN LA REPÚBLICA DE PANAMÁ, SEGÚN PROVINCIA, COMARCA" [SOME FEATURES OF THE INDIGENOUS ADMINISTRATIVE POLITICAL DIVISION AND DISTRICT: YEAR 2020 IN THE REPUBLIC OF PANAMA, ACCORDING TO PROVINCE, COMARCA] (PDF) (in Spanish). Panama: National Institute of Statistics and Census of Panama. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 9, 2023. Retrieved March 11, 2023.

islapalenque.com

Redfrogbeach.com Archived October 13, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, Isla Palenque Archived October 30, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, examples

iwgia.org

"Update 2011 – Panama". Iwgia.org. Archived from the original on March 7, 2013. Retrieved June 15, 2013.

laestrella.com.pa

Guerrel, Ismael Gordón (July 14, 2023). "Corte declaró inexequible proyecto de ley que regula uso de criptomonedas" [Court declared unenforceable bill regulating use of cryptocurrencies]. La Estrella de Panamá (in Spanish). Archived from the original on July 27, 2023. Retrieved July 28, 2023.

latinamericanstudies.org

"Moscoso wins victory in Panama's presidential vote". LatinAmericanStudies.org. Archived from the original on October 4, 2022. Retrieved March 26, 2021.

latinbusinesschronicle.com

"Latin Business Chronicle". Latin Business Chronicle. October 7, 2009. Archived from the original on July 17, 2010. Retrieved June 26, 2010.

loc.gov

lccn.loc.gov

Arango Durling, Virginia (1999). La inmigración prohibida en Panamá y sus prejuicios raciales [Prohibited immigration in Panamá and its racial prejudices] (in Spanish). Panamá: Publipan. LCCN 2001388757.

hdl.loc.gov

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Kluck, Patricia (December 1987). Sandra W. Meditz and Dennis M. Hanratty (ed.). Panama: A Country Study. Federal Research Division. Education.

macrotrends.net

"Panama Tourism Statistics 1995-2025". www.macrotrends.net. Retrieved January 1, 2025.

marketwatch.com

Ascarelli, Silvia (June 4, 2022) [September 30, 2021]. "I never expected to retire to Panama — but we are living 'very comfortably' on $1,200 a month". MarketWatch. Archived from the original on December 19, 2022. Retrieved December 19, 2022.

ministeriopublico.gob.pa

"Segunda Encuesta Nacional de Hogares, Panama 2015" (PDF). Ministerio Público de la República de Panamá. December 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 18, 2019. Retrieved February 17, 2019.

nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Baudouin, Luc; Gunn, Bee; Olsen, Kenneth (January 2014). "The presence of coconut in southern Panama in pre-Columbian times: clearing up the confusion". Annals of Botany. 113 (1): 1–5. doi:10.1093/aob/mct244. ISSN 0305-7364. PMC 3864718. PMID 24227445.
Grantham, H. S.; et al. (2020). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 5978. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.5978G. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7723057. PMID 33293507.

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Baudouin, Luc; Gunn, Bee; Olsen, Kenneth (January 2014). "The presence of coconut in southern Panama in pre-Columbian times: clearing up the confusion". Annals of Botany. 113 (1): 1–5. doi:10.1093/aob/mct244. ISSN 0305-7364. PMC 3864718. PMID 24227445.
Grantham, H. S.; et al. (2020). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 5978. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.5978G. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7723057. PMID 33293507.

nytimes.com

International, United Press (August 2, 1981). "PANAMA LEADER KILLED IN CRASH IN BAD WEATHER". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 17, 2018. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
"Fighting in Panama; Panama's Troubled Past". The New York Times. December 21, 1989. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 22, 2022. Retrieved March 22, 2022.
Rohter, Larry (April 1990). "Panama and U.S. Strive To Settle on Death Toll". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 15, 2018. Retrieved April 15, 2018.
Lewis, Paul; Times, Special to The New York (December 24, 1989). "Fighting in Panama: United Nations; Security Council Condemnation of Invasion Vetoed". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 8, 2016. Retrieved February 11, 2017.

oikoumene.org

"Panama". World Council of Churches: WCC Member Churches. World Council of Churches. January 1, 2006. Archived from the original on July 8, 2017. Retrieved July 1, 2008.

pa

"Origen del Nombre Panamá". República de Panamá. Archived from the original on February 14, 2007. Retrieved July 25, 2010.

panama-culture.com

"The online almanac of Panama culture with travel links". Panama Culture. Archived from the original on March 14, 2018. Retrieved December 23, 2010.

panamaamerica.com.pa

"El fútbol es el deporte rey de los panameños". Panama America (in Spanish). October 1, 2013. Archived from the original on February 14, 2023. Retrieved February 14, 2023.

panamatoday.com

"Panama adheres to the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons". Panama Today. September 20, 2017. Archived from the original on August 15, 2019. Retrieved August 15, 2019.

patronatopanamaviejo.org

"15. Casa de los Genoveses - Patronato Panamá Viejo". www.patronatopanamaviejo.org. Archived from the original on September 11, 2017. Retrieved August 5, 2020.

pearsonlearned.com

"Improving English for Panama's First Bilingual Generation". Pearson. Archived from the original on January 1, 2020. Retrieved January 1, 2020.

petroterminal.com

"Our History". Petroterminal.com. February 9, 1997. Archived from the original on October 28, 2014. Retrieved December 23, 2010.

prensa.com

impresa.prensa.com

"Panamá sin pruebas Pisa hasta 2018". Impresa.prensa.com. August 18, 2014. Archived from the original on July 9, 2018. Retrieved April 9, 2016.

presidencia.gob.pa

"Presidente Laurentino Cortizo Cohen posesiona a miembros de su Gabinete (Official site)". Archived from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved July 3, 2019.
"Committee of Independent Experts" (PDF). Presidency of the Republic of Panama. November 18, 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 18, 2017.

redfrogbeach.com

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reuters.com

Moreno, Elida (July 1, 2019). "Panama's new president takes office, pledges end to corruption". Reuters. Archived from the original on April 15, 2021. Retrieved March 26, 2021 – via Reuters.com.
Goering, Laurie (November 3, 2021). "Forget net-zero: meet the small-nation, carbon-negative club". Reuters. Archived from the original on February 15, 2022. Retrieved March 8, 2022.
Kelly, Stephanie (May 18, 2022). "Exclusive: Panama to develop largest advanced biorefinery to make lower-carbon aviation fuel". Reuters. Archived from the original on May 18, 2022. Retrieved May 19, 2022.
Hilaire and Moreno (April 28, 2022). "Panama passes bill to permit use of crypto assets". Reuters.com. Archived from the original on April 30, 2022. Retrieved April 30, 2022.

roatan.com

"Panama" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Pike, Ruth (2007). "Black Rebels: Cimarrons in Sixteenth Century Panama". The Americas. 64 (2): 243–66. doi:10.1353/tam.2007.0161. S2CID 143773521.

ssrn.com

papers.ssrn.com

Agarwal, Tanya; Suresh, Sandeep; Saha, Sourish; S., Varun; Narayan, Varun (March 9, 2014). "The Republic of Panama: An Economic Analysis". Elsevier. section 1.A.ii ("Tourism"). SSRN 2406629.

stanford.edu

web.stanford.edu

Acosta, Coleen (October 24, 2008). "Iraq: a Lesson from Panama Imperialism and Struggle for Sovereignty" Archived October 3, 2021, at the Wayback Machine. Journals of the Stanford Course on Prejudice and Poverty.

state.gov

2009-2017.state.gov

"Panama (02/07)". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on November 15, 2023. Retrieved November 15, 2023.
"Panama (11/07)". US Department of State. Archived from the original on April 3, 2017. Retrieved April 2, 2017.
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"Panama". Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs. June 23, 2010. Archived from the original on June 4, 2019. Retrieved May 21, 2019.

state.gov

"U.S. Relations With Panama". state.gov. United States Department of State. November 3, 2022. Archived from the original on May 14, 2019. Retrieved December 19, 2022.

travel.state.gov

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: "Panama - County Specific Information". U.S. Department of State. December 4, 2013. Archived from the original on December 4, 2013.

2001-2009.state.gov

International Religious Freedom Report 2007: Panama Archived April 8, 2023, at the Wayback Machine. United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor (September 14, 2007). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

swarthmore.edu

nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu

Becker, Meghan (March 28, 2010). "Panamanians campaign to overthrow dictator (The Civic Crusade), 1987-1989". Swarthmore.edu. Swarthmore. Archived from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved April 30, 2022.

thebaseballcube.com

"Baseball in Panama". The Baseball Cube. Archived from the original on July 20, 2010. Retrieved December 23, 2010.

topdocumentaryfilms.com

"The Panama Deception". Archived from the original on May 5, 2019. Retrieved May 5, 2019 – via topdocumentaryfilms.com.

trade.gov

"Panama Special Economic Zones". International Trade Administration. July 8, 2021. Retrieved May 21, 2024.
"The United States-Panama Trade Promotion Agreement (TPA)". Trade.gov. Archived from the original on November 13, 2012. Retrieved October 31, 2012.

travelnoire.com

Braga, Brunno (October 6, 2023). "Panama: How To Experience Afro Culture in the Country". Travel Noire. Retrieved September 8, 2024.

un.org

unstats.un.org

"Demographic Yearbook – Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density" (PDF). United Nations Statistics Division. 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 26, 2020. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
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population.un.org

"World Population Prospects 2022". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
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un.org

"A/RES/44/240. Effects of the military intervention by the United States of America in Panama on the situation in Central America". UN.org. Archived from the original on October 24, 2017. Retrieved June 29, 2017.

treaties.un.org

"Chapter XXVI: Disarmament – No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons". United Nations Treaty Collection. July 7, 2017. Archived from the original on August 6, 2019. Retrieved August 15, 2019.

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usnews.com

money.usnews.com

Peddicord, Kathleen (July 28, 2022). Brandon, Emily (ed.). "The 10 Best Places to Retire in Panama". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on December 19, 2022. Retrieved December 19, 2022.

ustr.gov

"U.S.- Panama Trade Promotion Agreement". ustr.gov. Archived from the original on July 15, 2009. Retrieved March 19, 2019.

vacationtopanama.com

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"Panama" Archived January 13, 2017, at the Wayback Machine. Human Rights Watch World Report 1989. hrw.org
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