Pannonian Avars (English Wikipedia)

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Curta 2004, pp. 125–148. Curta, Florin (2004). "The Slavic lingua franca (Linguistic notes of an archaeologist turned historian)". East Central Europe. 31: 125–148. doi:10.1163/187633004X00134. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
Curta 2004, p. 132. Curta, Florin (2004). "The Slavic lingua franca (Linguistic notes of an archaeologist turned historian)". East Central Europe. 31: 125–148. doi:10.1163/187633004X00134. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
Neparáczki & Maróti 2019. Neparáczki, Endre; Maróti, Zoltán (12 November 2019). "Y-chromosome haplogroups from Hun, Avar and conquering Hungarian period nomadic people of the Carpathian Basin". Scientific Reports. 9 (16569). Nature Research: 16569. Bibcode:2019NatSR...916569N. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-53105-5. PMC 6851379. PMID 31719606.
Csáky & Gerber 2020. Csáky, Veronika; Gerber, Dániel (22 January 2020). "Genetic insights into the social organisation of the Avar period elite in the 7th century AD Carpathian Basin". Scientific Reports. 10 (948). Nature Research: 948. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10..948C. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-57378-8. PMC 6976699. PMID 31969576.
Gnecchi-Ruscone et al. 2022. Gnecchi-Ruscone, Guido Alberto; Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna; Koncz, István; Csiky, Gergely; Rácz, Zsófia; Rohrlach, A. B.; Brandt, Guido; Rohland, Nadin; Csáky, Veronika; Cheronet, Olivia; Szeifert, Bea (14 April 2022). "Ancient genomes reveal origin and rapid trans-Eurasian migration of 7th century Avar elites". Cell. 185 (8): 1402–1413.e21. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.03.007. ISSN 0092-8674. PMC 9042794. PMID 35366416. S2CID 247859905.
Maróti, Neparáczki & Schütz 2022. Maróti, Zoltán; Neparáczki, Endre; Schütz, Oszkár (25 May 2022). "The genetic origin of Huns, Avars, and conquering Hungarians". Current Biology. 32 (13): 2858–2870.e7. Bibcode:2022CBio...32E2858M. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.093. PMID 35617951. S2CID 246191357.
Saag & Staniuk 2022, pp. 38–41. Saag, Lehti; Staniuk, Robert (11 July 2022). "Historical human migrations: From the steppe to the basin". Current Biology. 32 (13): 38–41. Bibcode:2022CBio...32.R738S. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.05.058. PMID 35820383. S2CID 250443139. Many migrations during human history have made the Carpathian Basin the melting pot of Europe. New ancient genomes confirm the Asian origin of European Huns, Avars and Magyars and huge within-group variability that is linked with social structure.
Harmatta 2001, pp. 109–118. Harmatta, Janos (2001). "The letter sent by the Turk Khagan to the Emperor Mauricius" (PDF). Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 41: 109–118. doi:10.1556/AAnt.41.2001.1-2.11. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 November 2021.
Gnecchi-Ruscone, Guido Alberto; Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna; Koncz, István; Csiky, Gergely; Rácz, Zsófia; Rohrlach, A. B.; Brandt, Guido; Rohland, Nadin; Csáky, Veronika; Cheronet, Olivia; Szeifert, Bea; Rácz, Tibor Ákos; Benedek, András; Bernert, Zsolt; Berta, Norbert (14 April 2022). "Ancient genomes reveal origin and rapid trans-Eurasian migration of 7th century Avar elites". Cell. 185 (8): 1402–1413.e21. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.03.007. ISSN 0092-8674. PMC 9042794. PMID 35366416. While we can conclude that the Rouran most likely called themselves Avars, to what extent the European Avars were descended from them has been debated (Dobrovits, 2003; Pohl, 2018). ... Striking genetic similarity between early Avar elites and the Rouran in Mongolia
Bálint 2010, p. 150. Bálint, Csanád (2010). "Some problems in genetic research on Hungarian ethnogenesis". Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 61 (1): 283–294. doi:10.1556/aarch.61.2010.1.9.
Savelyev, Alexander; Jeong, Choongwon (2020). "Early nomads of the Eastern Steppe and their tentative connections in the West". Evolutionary Human Sciences. 2: e20. doi:10.1017/ehs.2020.18. hdl:21.11116/0000-0007-772B-4. ISSN 2513-843X. PMC 7612788. PMID 35663512.
Gnecchi-Ruscone, Guido Alberto (14 April 2022). "Ancient genomes reveal origin and rapid trans-Eurasian migration of 7th century Avar elites". Cell. 185 (8): 1402–1413.e21. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.03.007. ISSN 0092-8674. PMC 9042794. PMID 35366416. All of these individuals, albeit variably mixed with other sources, have been shown to trace their eastern Eurasian ancestry component to a genetic profile referred to as the "ancient northeast Asians" (ANA) (...) All of the early-Avar-period individuals (DTI_early_elite), except for an infant and a burial with typical characteristics of the Transtisza group (Figure 2B), form a tight cluster with a high level of ANA ancestry.
Gnecchi-Ruscone et al. 2022:They are located between present-day Mongolic- (e.g., Buryats and Khamnigans) and Tungusic/Nivkh-speaking populations (e.g., Negidals, Nanai, Ulchi, and Nivkhs) together with the only available ancient genome from the Rouran-period Mongolia and are close to the three AR_Xianbei_P_2c individuals in the PCA Gnecchi-Ruscone, Guido Alberto; Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna; Koncz, István; Csiky, Gergely; Rácz, Zsófia; Rohrlach, A. B.; Brandt, Guido; Rohland, Nadin; Csáky, Veronika; Cheronet, Olivia; Szeifert, Bea (14 April 2022). "Ancient genomes reveal origin and rapid trans-Eurasian migration of 7th century Avar elites". Cell. 185 (8): 1402–1413.e21. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.03.007. ISSN 0092-8674. PMC 9042794. PMID 35366416. S2CID 247859905.
Csősz & Szécsényi-Nagy 2016, p. 1. Csősz, Aranka; Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna (16 September 2016). "Maternal Genetic Ancestry and Legacy of 10th Century AD Hungarians". Scientific Reports. 6 (33446). Nature Research: 33446. Bibcode:2016NatSR...633446C. doi:10.1038/srep33446. PMC 5025779. PMID 27633963.
Csősz & Szécsényi-Nagy 2016, pp. 2–4. Csősz, Aranka; Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna (16 September 2016). "Maternal Genetic Ancestry and Legacy of 10th Century AD Hungarians". Scientific Reports. 6 (33446). Nature Research: 33446. Bibcode:2016NatSR...633446C. doi:10.1038/srep33446. PMC 5025779. PMID 27633963.
Csősz & Szécsényi-Nagy 2016, p. 1. "[T]he analyzed Avars represents a certain group of the Avar society that shows East and South European genetic characteristics..." Csősz, Aranka; Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna (16 September 2016). "Maternal Genetic Ancestry and Legacy of 10th Century AD Hungarians". Scientific Reports. 6 (33446). Nature Research: 33446. Bibcode:2016NatSR...633446C. doi:10.1038/srep33446. PMC 5025779. PMID 27633963.
Šebest & Baldovič 2018, p. 1. Šebest, Lukáš; Baldovič, Marian (18 January 2018). "Detection of mitochondrial haplogroups in a small avar-slavic population from the eighth–ninth century AD". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 165 (3). American Association of Physical Anthropologists: 536–553. doi:10.1002/ajpa.23380. PMID 29345305.
Šebest & Baldovič 2018, pp. 1, 6. Šebest, Lukáš; Baldovič, Marian (18 January 2018). "Detection of mitochondrial haplogroups in a small avar-slavic population from the eighth–ninth century AD". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 165 (3). American Association of Physical Anthropologists: 536–553. doi:10.1002/ajpa.23380. PMID 29345305.
Šebest & Baldovič 2018, p. 14. Šebest, Lukáš; Baldovič, Marian (18 January 2018). "Detection of mitochondrial haplogroups in a small avar-slavic population from the eighth–ninth century AD". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 165 (3). American Association of Physical Anthropologists: 536–553. doi:10.1002/ajpa.23380. PMID 29345305.
Šebest & Baldovič 2018, p. 14. "The most probable explanation of our findings could be that the assimilation rate of Avars and Slavs was already relatively high in theanalyzed mixed ancient population, where a majority of the inter-ethnic marriages involved Avar men and Slavic women." Šebest, Lukáš; Baldovič, Marian (18 January 2018). "Detection of mitochondrial haplogroups in a small avar-slavic population from the eighth–ninth century AD". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 165 (3). American Association of Physical Anthropologists: 536–553. doi:10.1002/ajpa.23380. PMID 29345305.
Neparáczki & Maróti 2019, p. 3, Figure 1. Neparáczki, Endre; Maróti, Zoltán (12 November 2019). "Y-chromosome haplogroups from Hun, Avar and conquering Hungarian period nomadic people of the Carpathian Basin". Scientific Reports. 9 (16569). Nature Research: 16569. Bibcode:2019NatSR...916569N. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-53105-5. PMC 6851379. PMID 31719606.
Neparáczki & Maróti 2019, pp. 5–7. "All Hun and Avar age samples had inherently dark eye/hair colors... 8/15 Avar age individuals showed predominantly East Asian origin with both methods, 4 individuals were definitely European, while two showed evidence of admixture." Neparáczki, Endre; Maróti, Zoltán (12 November 2019). "Y-chromosome haplogroups from Hun, Avar and conquering Hungarian period nomadic people of the Carpathian Basin". Scientific Reports. 9 (16569). Nature Research: 16569. Bibcode:2019NatSR...916569N. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-53105-5. PMC 6851379. PMID 31719606.
Csáky & Gerber 2020, p. 1. Csáky, Veronika; Gerber, Dániel (22 January 2020). "Genetic insights into the social organisation of the Avar period elite in the 7th century AD Carpathian Basin". Scientific Reports. 10 (948). Nature Research: 948. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10..948C. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-57378-8. PMC 6976699. PMID 31969576.
Csáky & Gerber 2020, pp. 1, 4. Csáky, Veronika; Gerber, Dániel (22 January 2020). "Genetic insights into the social organisation of the Avar period elite in the 7th century AD Carpathian Basin". Scientific Reports. 10 (948). Nature Research: 948. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10..948C. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-57378-8. PMC 6976699. PMID 31969576.
Csáky & Gerber 2020, pp. 1, 9–10. Csáky, Veronika; Gerber, Dániel (22 January 2020). "Genetic insights into the social organisation of the Avar period elite in the 7th century AD Carpathian Basin". Scientific Reports. 10 (948). Nature Research: 948. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10..948C. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-57378-8. PMC 6976699. PMID 31969576.
Keyser & Zvénigorosky 2020:[O]ur findings confirmed that the Xiongnu had a strongly admixed mitochondrial and Y-chromosome gene pools and revealed a significant western component in the Xiongnu group studied.... [W]e propose Scytho-Siberians as ancestors of the Xiongnu and Huns as their descendants... [E]ast Eurasian R1a subclades R1a1a1b2a-Z94 and R1a1a1b2a2-Z2124 were a common element of the Hun, Avar and Hungarian Conqueror elite and very likely belonged to the branch that was observed in our Xiongnu samples. Moreover, haplogroups Q1a and N1a were also major components of these nomadic groups, reinforcing the view that Huns (and thus Avars and Hungarian invaders) might derive from the Xiongnu as was proposed until the eighteenth century but strongly disputed since... Some Xiongnu paternal and maternal haplotypes could be found in the gene pool of the Huns, the Avars, as well as Mongolian and Hungarian conquerors. Keyser, Christine; Zvénigorosky, Vincent (30 July 2020). "Genetic evidence suggests a sense of family, parity and conquest in the Xiongnu Iron Age nomads of Mongolia". Human Genetics. 557 (7705). Springer: 369–373. doi:10.1007/s00439-020-02209-4. PMID 32734383. S2CID 220881540. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
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Wang, Ke; Tobias, Bendeguz; Pany-Kucera, Doris; Berner, Margit; Eggers, Sabine; Gnecchi-Ruscone, Guido Alberto; Zlámalová, Denisa; Gretzinger, Joscha; Ingrová, Pavlína; Rohrlach, Adam B.; Tuke, Jonathan; Traverso, Luca; Klostermann, Paul; Koger, Robin; Friedrich, Ronny (15 January 2025). "Ancient DNA reveals reproductive barrier despite shared Avar-period culture". Nature: 1–8. doi:10.1038/s41586-024-08418-5. ISSN 1476-4687.
Fouracre 2005. Fouracre, Paul, ed. (2005). The New Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521362917. ISBN 978-0521362917.
Curta 2004, pp. 132–148. Curta, Florin (2004). "The Slavic lingua franca (Linguistic notes of an archaeologist turned historian)". East Central Europe. 31: 125–148. doi:10.1163/187633004X00134. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
Timberlake, Alan (2013). "Culture and the spread of Slavic". In Balthasar Bickel, Lenore A. Grenoble, David A. Peterson, Alan Timberlake (ed.). Language Typology and Historical Contingency: In honor of Johanna Nichols. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 348–349. doi:10.1075/tsl.104.15tim. ISBN 9789027206855.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
Neparáczki 2017, pp. 61–65. Neparáczki, Endre Dávid (2017). A honfoglalók genetikai származásának és rokonsági viszonyainak vizsgálata archeogenetikai módszerekkel [Archeogenetic analysis of the origin and genetic relations of the Hungarian conquerors] (Doctoral thesis) (in Hungarian). pp. 61–65. doi:10.14232/phd.3794.
Neparáczki & et al. 2017, pp. 201–214:According to Neparáczki: "From all recent and archaic populations tested the Volga Tatars show the smallest genetic distance to the entire conqueror population" and "a direct genetic relation of the Conquerors to Onogur-Bulgar ancestors of these groups is very feasible." Neparáczki, Endre; Juhász, Zoltán; Pamjav, Horolma; Fehér, Tibor; Csányi, Bernadett; Zink, Albert; Maixner, Frank; Pálfi, György; Molnár, Erika; Pap, Ildikó; Kustár, Ágnes; Révész, László; Raskó, István; Török, Tibor (February 2017). "Genetic structure of the early Hungarian conquerors inferred from mtDNA haplotypes and Y-chromosome haplogroups in a small cemetery". Molecular Genetics and Genomics. 292 (1): 201–214. doi:10.1007/s00438-016-1267-z. PMID 27803981. S2CID 4099313.
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Neparáczki & Maróti 2019. Neparáczki, Endre; Maróti, Zoltán (12 November 2019). "Y-chromosome haplogroups from Hun, Avar and conquering Hungarian period nomadic people of the Carpathian Basin". Scientific Reports. 9 (16569). Nature Research: 16569. Bibcode:2019NatSR...916569N. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-53105-5. PMC 6851379. PMID 31719606.
Csáky & Gerber 2020. Csáky, Veronika; Gerber, Dániel (22 January 2020). "Genetic insights into the social organisation of the Avar period elite in the 7th century AD Carpathian Basin". Scientific Reports. 10 (948). Nature Research: 948. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10..948C. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-57378-8. PMC 6976699. PMID 31969576.
Maróti, Neparáczki & Schütz 2022. Maróti, Zoltán; Neparáczki, Endre; Schütz, Oszkár (25 May 2022). "The genetic origin of Huns, Avars, and conquering Hungarians". Current Biology. 32 (13): 2858–2870.e7. Bibcode:2022CBio...32E2858M. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.093. PMID 35617951. S2CID 246191357.
Saag & Staniuk 2022, pp. 38–41. Saag, Lehti; Staniuk, Robert (11 July 2022). "Historical human migrations: From the steppe to the basin". Current Biology. 32 (13): 38–41. Bibcode:2022CBio...32.R738S. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.05.058. PMID 35820383. S2CID 250443139. Many migrations during human history have made the Carpathian Basin the melting pot of Europe. New ancient genomes confirm the Asian origin of European Huns, Avars and Magyars and huge within-group variability that is linked with social structure.
Csősz & Szécsényi-Nagy 2016, p. 1. Csősz, Aranka; Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna (16 September 2016). "Maternal Genetic Ancestry and Legacy of 10th Century AD Hungarians". Scientific Reports. 6 (33446). Nature Research: 33446. Bibcode:2016NatSR...633446C. doi:10.1038/srep33446. PMC 5025779. PMID 27633963.
Csősz & Szécsényi-Nagy 2016, pp. 2–4. Csősz, Aranka; Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna (16 September 2016). "Maternal Genetic Ancestry and Legacy of 10th Century AD Hungarians". Scientific Reports. 6 (33446). Nature Research: 33446. Bibcode:2016NatSR...633446C. doi:10.1038/srep33446. PMC 5025779. PMID 27633963.
Csősz & Szécsényi-Nagy 2016, p. 1. "[T]he analyzed Avars represents a certain group of the Avar society that shows East and South European genetic characteristics..." Csősz, Aranka; Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna (16 September 2016). "Maternal Genetic Ancestry and Legacy of 10th Century AD Hungarians". Scientific Reports. 6 (33446). Nature Research: 33446. Bibcode:2016NatSR...633446C. doi:10.1038/srep33446. PMC 5025779. PMID 27633963.
Neparáczki & Maróti 2019, p. 3, Figure 1. Neparáczki, Endre; Maróti, Zoltán (12 November 2019). "Y-chromosome haplogroups from Hun, Avar and conquering Hungarian period nomadic people of the Carpathian Basin". Scientific Reports. 9 (16569). Nature Research: 16569. Bibcode:2019NatSR...916569N. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-53105-5. PMC 6851379. PMID 31719606.
Neparáczki & Maróti 2019, pp. 5–7. "All Hun and Avar age samples had inherently dark eye/hair colors... 8/15 Avar age individuals showed predominantly East Asian origin with both methods, 4 individuals were definitely European, while two showed evidence of admixture." Neparáczki, Endre; Maróti, Zoltán (12 November 2019). "Y-chromosome haplogroups from Hun, Avar and conquering Hungarian period nomadic people of the Carpathian Basin". Scientific Reports. 9 (16569). Nature Research: 16569. Bibcode:2019NatSR...916569N. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-53105-5. PMC 6851379. PMID 31719606.
Csáky & Gerber 2020, p. 1. Csáky, Veronika; Gerber, Dániel (22 January 2020). "Genetic insights into the social organisation of the Avar period elite in the 7th century AD Carpathian Basin". Scientific Reports. 10 (948). Nature Research: 948. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10..948C. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-57378-8. PMC 6976699. PMID 31969576.
Csáky & Gerber 2020, pp. 1, 4. Csáky, Veronika; Gerber, Dániel (22 January 2020). "Genetic insights into the social organisation of the Avar period elite in the 7th century AD Carpathian Basin". Scientific Reports. 10 (948). Nature Research: 948. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10..948C. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-57378-8. PMC 6976699. PMID 31969576.
Csáky & Gerber 2020, pp. 1, 9–10. Csáky, Veronika; Gerber, Dániel (22 January 2020). "Genetic insights into the social organisation of the Avar period elite in the 7th century AD Carpathian Basin". Scientific Reports. 10 (948). Nature Research: 948. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10..948C. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-57378-8. PMC 6976699. PMID 31969576.
Neparáczki & et al. 2018, p. e0205920. Neparáczki, Endre; Maróti, Zoltán; Kalmár, Tibor; Kocsy, Klaudia; Maár, Kitti; Bihari, Péter; Nagy, István; Fóthi, Erzsébet; Pap, Ildikó; Kustár, Ágnes; Pálfi, György; Raskó, István; Zink, Albert; Török, Tibor (18 October 2018). Caramelli, David (ed.). "Mitogenomic data indicate admixture components of Central-Inner Asian and Srubnaya origin in the conquering Hungarians". PLOS ONE. 13 (10). Public Library of Science (PLoS): e0205920. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1305920N. bioRxiv 10.1101/250688. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0205920. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6193700. PMID 30335830. S2CID 90886641.

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Wang, Ke; Tobias, Bendeguz; Pany-Kucera, Doris; Berner, Margit; Eggers, Sabine; Gnecchi-Ruscone, Guido Alberto; Zlámalová, Denisa; Gretzinger, Joscha; Ingrová, Pavlína; Rohrlach, Adam B.; Tuke, Jonathan; Traverso, Luca; Klostermann, Paul; Koger, Robin; Friedrich, Ronny (15 January 2025). "Ancient DNA reveals reproductive barrier despite shared Avar-period culture". Nature: 1–8. doi:10.1038/s41586-024-08418-5. ISSN 1476-4687.

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Neparáczki & Maróti 2019. Neparáczki, Endre; Maróti, Zoltán (12 November 2019). "Y-chromosome haplogroups from Hun, Avar and conquering Hungarian period nomadic people of the Carpathian Basin". Scientific Reports. 9 (16569). Nature Research: 16569. Bibcode:2019NatSR...916569N. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-53105-5. PMC 6851379. PMID 31719606.
Csáky & Gerber 2020. Csáky, Veronika; Gerber, Dániel (22 January 2020). "Genetic insights into the social organisation of the Avar period elite in the 7th century AD Carpathian Basin". Scientific Reports. 10 (948). Nature Research: 948. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10..948C. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-57378-8. PMC 6976699. PMID 31969576.
Gnecchi-Ruscone et al. 2022. Gnecchi-Ruscone, Guido Alberto; Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna; Koncz, István; Csiky, Gergely; Rácz, Zsófia; Rohrlach, A. B.; Brandt, Guido; Rohland, Nadin; Csáky, Veronika; Cheronet, Olivia; Szeifert, Bea (14 April 2022). "Ancient genomes reveal origin and rapid trans-Eurasian migration of 7th century Avar elites". Cell. 185 (8): 1402–1413.e21. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.03.007. ISSN 0092-8674. PMC 9042794. PMID 35366416. S2CID 247859905.
Maróti, Neparáczki & Schütz 2022. Maróti, Zoltán; Neparáczki, Endre; Schütz, Oszkár (25 May 2022). "The genetic origin of Huns, Avars, and conquering Hungarians". Current Biology. 32 (13): 2858–2870.e7. Bibcode:2022CBio...32E2858M. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.093. PMID 35617951. S2CID 246191357.
Saag & Staniuk 2022, pp. 38–41. Saag, Lehti; Staniuk, Robert (11 July 2022). "Historical human migrations: From the steppe to the basin". Current Biology. 32 (13): 38–41. Bibcode:2022CBio...32.R738S. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.05.058. PMID 35820383. S2CID 250443139. Many migrations during human history have made the Carpathian Basin the melting pot of Europe. New ancient genomes confirm the Asian origin of European Huns, Avars and Magyars and huge within-group variability that is linked with social structure.
Gnecchi-Ruscone, Guido Alberto; Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna; Koncz, István; Csiky, Gergely; Rácz, Zsófia; Rohrlach, A. B.; Brandt, Guido; Rohland, Nadin; Csáky, Veronika; Cheronet, Olivia; Szeifert, Bea; Rácz, Tibor Ákos; Benedek, András; Bernert, Zsolt; Berta, Norbert (14 April 2022). "Ancient genomes reveal origin and rapid trans-Eurasian migration of 7th century Avar elites". Cell. 185 (8): 1402–1413.e21. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.03.007. ISSN 0092-8674. PMC 9042794. PMID 35366416. While we can conclude that the Rouran most likely called themselves Avars, to what extent the European Avars were descended from them has been debated (Dobrovits, 2003; Pohl, 2018). ... Striking genetic similarity between early Avar elites and the Rouran in Mongolia
Savelyev, Alexander; Jeong, Choongwon (2020). "Early nomads of the Eastern Steppe and their tentative connections in the West". Evolutionary Human Sciences. 2: e20. doi:10.1017/ehs.2020.18. hdl:21.11116/0000-0007-772B-4. ISSN 2513-843X. PMC 7612788. PMID 35663512.
Gnecchi-Ruscone, Guido Alberto (14 April 2022). "Ancient genomes reveal origin and rapid trans-Eurasian migration of 7th century Avar elites". Cell. 185 (8): 1402–1413.e21. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.03.007. ISSN 0092-8674. PMC 9042794. PMID 35366416. All of these individuals, albeit variably mixed with other sources, have been shown to trace their eastern Eurasian ancestry component to a genetic profile referred to as the "ancient northeast Asians" (ANA) (...) All of the early-Avar-period individuals (DTI_early_elite), except for an infant and a burial with typical characteristics of the Transtisza group (Figure 2B), form a tight cluster with a high level of ANA ancestry.
Gnecchi-Ruscone et al. 2022:They are located between present-day Mongolic- (e.g., Buryats and Khamnigans) and Tungusic/Nivkh-speaking populations (e.g., Negidals, Nanai, Ulchi, and Nivkhs) together with the only available ancient genome from the Rouran-period Mongolia and are close to the three AR_Xianbei_P_2c individuals in the PCA Gnecchi-Ruscone, Guido Alberto; Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna; Koncz, István; Csiky, Gergely; Rácz, Zsófia; Rohrlach, A. B.; Brandt, Guido; Rohland, Nadin; Csáky, Veronika; Cheronet, Olivia; Szeifert, Bea (14 April 2022). "Ancient genomes reveal origin and rapid trans-Eurasian migration of 7th century Avar elites". Cell. 185 (8): 1402–1413.e21. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.03.007. ISSN 0092-8674. PMC 9042794. PMID 35366416. S2CID 247859905.
Csősz & Szécsényi-Nagy 2016, p. 1. Csősz, Aranka; Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna (16 September 2016). "Maternal Genetic Ancestry and Legacy of 10th Century AD Hungarians". Scientific Reports. 6 (33446). Nature Research: 33446. Bibcode:2016NatSR...633446C. doi:10.1038/srep33446. PMC 5025779. PMID 27633963.
Csősz & Szécsényi-Nagy 2016, pp. 2–4. Csősz, Aranka; Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna (16 September 2016). "Maternal Genetic Ancestry and Legacy of 10th Century AD Hungarians". Scientific Reports. 6 (33446). Nature Research: 33446. Bibcode:2016NatSR...633446C. doi:10.1038/srep33446. PMC 5025779. PMID 27633963.
Csősz & Szécsényi-Nagy 2016, p. 1. "[T]he analyzed Avars represents a certain group of the Avar society that shows East and South European genetic characteristics..." Csősz, Aranka; Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna (16 September 2016). "Maternal Genetic Ancestry and Legacy of 10th Century AD Hungarians". Scientific Reports. 6 (33446). Nature Research: 33446. Bibcode:2016NatSR...633446C. doi:10.1038/srep33446. PMC 5025779. PMID 27633963.
Šebest & Baldovič 2018, p. 1. Šebest, Lukáš; Baldovič, Marian (18 January 2018). "Detection of mitochondrial haplogroups in a small avar-slavic population from the eighth–ninth century AD". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 165 (3). American Association of Physical Anthropologists: 536–553. doi:10.1002/ajpa.23380. PMID 29345305.
Šebest & Baldovič 2018, pp. 1, 6. Šebest, Lukáš; Baldovič, Marian (18 January 2018). "Detection of mitochondrial haplogroups in a small avar-slavic population from the eighth–ninth century AD". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 165 (3). American Association of Physical Anthropologists: 536–553. doi:10.1002/ajpa.23380. PMID 29345305.
Šebest & Baldovič 2018, p. 14. Šebest, Lukáš; Baldovič, Marian (18 January 2018). "Detection of mitochondrial haplogroups in a small avar-slavic population from the eighth–ninth century AD". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 165 (3). American Association of Physical Anthropologists: 536–553. doi:10.1002/ajpa.23380. PMID 29345305.
Šebest & Baldovič 2018, p. 14. "The most probable explanation of our findings could be that the assimilation rate of Avars and Slavs was already relatively high in theanalyzed mixed ancient population, where a majority of the inter-ethnic marriages involved Avar men and Slavic women." Šebest, Lukáš; Baldovič, Marian (18 January 2018). "Detection of mitochondrial haplogroups in a small avar-slavic population from the eighth–ninth century AD". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 165 (3). American Association of Physical Anthropologists: 536–553. doi:10.1002/ajpa.23380. PMID 29345305.
Neparáczki & Maróti 2019, p. 3, Figure 1. Neparáczki, Endre; Maróti, Zoltán (12 November 2019). "Y-chromosome haplogroups from Hun, Avar and conquering Hungarian period nomadic people of the Carpathian Basin". Scientific Reports. 9 (16569). Nature Research: 16569. Bibcode:2019NatSR...916569N. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-53105-5. PMC 6851379. PMID 31719606.
Neparáczki & Maróti 2019, pp. 5–7. "All Hun and Avar age samples had inherently dark eye/hair colors... 8/15 Avar age individuals showed predominantly East Asian origin with both methods, 4 individuals were definitely European, while two showed evidence of admixture." Neparáczki, Endre; Maróti, Zoltán (12 November 2019). "Y-chromosome haplogroups from Hun, Avar and conquering Hungarian period nomadic people of the Carpathian Basin". Scientific Reports. 9 (16569). Nature Research: 16569. Bibcode:2019NatSR...916569N. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-53105-5. PMC 6851379. PMID 31719606.
Csáky & Gerber 2020, p. 1. Csáky, Veronika; Gerber, Dániel (22 January 2020). "Genetic insights into the social organisation of the Avar period elite in the 7th century AD Carpathian Basin". Scientific Reports. 10 (948). Nature Research: 948. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10..948C. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-57378-8. PMC 6976699. PMID 31969576.
Csáky & Gerber 2020, pp. 1, 4. Csáky, Veronika; Gerber, Dániel (22 January 2020). "Genetic insights into the social organisation of the Avar period elite in the 7th century AD Carpathian Basin". Scientific Reports. 10 (948). Nature Research: 948. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10..948C. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-57378-8. PMC 6976699. PMID 31969576.
Csáky & Gerber 2020, pp. 1, 9–10. Csáky, Veronika; Gerber, Dániel (22 January 2020). "Genetic insights into the social organisation of the Avar period elite in the 7th century AD Carpathian Basin". Scientific Reports. 10 (948). Nature Research: 948. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10..948C. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-57378-8. PMC 6976699. PMID 31969576.
Keyser & Zvénigorosky 2020:[O]ur findings confirmed that the Xiongnu had a strongly admixed mitochondrial and Y-chromosome gene pools and revealed a significant western component in the Xiongnu group studied.... [W]e propose Scytho-Siberians as ancestors of the Xiongnu and Huns as their descendants... [E]ast Eurasian R1a subclades R1a1a1b2a-Z94 and R1a1a1b2a2-Z2124 were a common element of the Hun, Avar and Hungarian Conqueror elite and very likely belonged to the branch that was observed in our Xiongnu samples. Moreover, haplogroups Q1a and N1a were also major components of these nomadic groups, reinforcing the view that Huns (and thus Avars and Hungarian invaders) might derive from the Xiongnu as was proposed until the eighteenth century but strongly disputed since... Some Xiongnu paternal and maternal haplotypes could be found in the gene pool of the Huns, the Avars, as well as Mongolian and Hungarian conquerors. Keyser, Christine; Zvénigorosky, Vincent (30 July 2020). "Genetic evidence suggests a sense of family, parity and conquest in the Xiongnu Iron Age nomads of Mongolia". Human Genetics. 557 (7705). Springer: 369–373. doi:10.1007/s00439-020-02209-4. PMID 32734383. S2CID 220881540. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
Balinova, Natalia; Post, Helen; Kushniarevich, Alena; Flores, Rodrigo; Karmin, Monika; Sahakyan, Hovhannes; Reidla, Maere; Metspalu, Ene; Litvinov, Sergey; Dzhaubermezov, Murat; Akhmetova, Vita; Khusainova, Rita; Endicott, Phillip; Khusnutdinova, Elza; Orlova, Keemya (September 2019). "Y-chromosomal analysis of clan structure of Kalmyks, the only European Mongol people, and their relationship to Oirat-Mongols of Inner Asia". European Journal of Human Genetics. 27 (9): 1466–1474. doi:10.1038/s41431-019-0399-0. ISSN 1476-5438. PMC 6777519. PMID 30976109.
Neparáczki & et al. 2017, pp. 201–214:According to Neparáczki: "From all recent and archaic populations tested the Volga Tatars show the smallest genetic distance to the entire conqueror population" and "a direct genetic relation of the Conquerors to Onogur-Bulgar ancestors of these groups is very feasible." Neparáczki, Endre; Juhász, Zoltán; Pamjav, Horolma; Fehér, Tibor; Csányi, Bernadett; Zink, Albert; Maixner, Frank; Pálfi, György; Molnár, Erika; Pap, Ildikó; Kustár, Ágnes; Révész, László; Raskó, István; Török, Tibor (February 2017). "Genetic structure of the early Hungarian conquerors inferred from mtDNA haplotypes and Y-chromosome haplogroups in a small cemetery". Molecular Genetics and Genomics. 292 (1): 201–214. doi:10.1007/s00438-016-1267-z. PMID 27803981. S2CID 4099313.
Neparáczki & et al. 2018, p. e0205920. Neparáczki, Endre; Maróti, Zoltán; Kalmár, Tibor; Kocsy, Klaudia; Maár, Kitti; Bihari, Péter; Nagy, István; Fóthi, Erzsébet; Pap, Ildikó; Kustár, Ágnes; Pálfi, György; Raskó, István; Zink, Albert; Török, Tibor (18 October 2018). Caramelli, David (ed.). "Mitogenomic data indicate admixture components of Central-Inner Asian and Srubnaya origin in the conquering Hungarians". PLOS ONE. 13 (10). Public Library of Science (PLoS): e0205920. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1305920N. bioRxiv 10.1101/250688. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0205920. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6193700. PMID 30335830. S2CID 90886641.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Neparáczki & Maróti 2019. Neparáczki, Endre; Maróti, Zoltán (12 November 2019). "Y-chromosome haplogroups from Hun, Avar and conquering Hungarian period nomadic people of the Carpathian Basin". Scientific Reports. 9 (16569). Nature Research: 16569. Bibcode:2019NatSR...916569N. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-53105-5. PMC 6851379. PMID 31719606.
Csáky & Gerber 2020. Csáky, Veronika; Gerber, Dániel (22 January 2020). "Genetic insights into the social organisation of the Avar period elite in the 7th century AD Carpathian Basin". Scientific Reports. 10 (948). Nature Research: 948. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10..948C. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-57378-8. PMC 6976699. PMID 31969576.
Gnecchi-Ruscone et al. 2022. Gnecchi-Ruscone, Guido Alberto; Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna; Koncz, István; Csiky, Gergely; Rácz, Zsófia; Rohrlach, A. B.; Brandt, Guido; Rohland, Nadin; Csáky, Veronika; Cheronet, Olivia; Szeifert, Bea (14 April 2022). "Ancient genomes reveal origin and rapid trans-Eurasian migration of 7th century Avar elites". Cell. 185 (8): 1402–1413.e21. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.03.007. ISSN 0092-8674. PMC 9042794. PMID 35366416. S2CID 247859905.
Gnecchi-Ruscone, Guido Alberto; Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna; Koncz, István; Csiky, Gergely; Rácz, Zsófia; Rohrlach, A. B.; Brandt, Guido; Rohland, Nadin; Csáky, Veronika; Cheronet, Olivia; Szeifert, Bea; Rácz, Tibor Ákos; Benedek, András; Bernert, Zsolt; Berta, Norbert (14 April 2022). "Ancient genomes reveal origin and rapid trans-Eurasian migration of 7th century Avar elites". Cell. 185 (8): 1402–1413.e21. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.03.007. ISSN 0092-8674. PMC 9042794. PMID 35366416. While we can conclude that the Rouran most likely called themselves Avars, to what extent the European Avars were descended from them has been debated (Dobrovits, 2003; Pohl, 2018). ... Striking genetic similarity between early Avar elites and the Rouran in Mongolia
Savelyev, Alexander; Jeong, Choongwon (2020). "Early nomads of the Eastern Steppe and their tentative connections in the West". Evolutionary Human Sciences. 2: e20. doi:10.1017/ehs.2020.18. hdl:21.11116/0000-0007-772B-4. ISSN 2513-843X. PMC 7612788. PMID 35663512.
Gnecchi-Ruscone, Guido Alberto (14 April 2022). "Ancient genomes reveal origin and rapid trans-Eurasian migration of 7th century Avar elites". Cell. 185 (8): 1402–1413.e21. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.03.007. ISSN 0092-8674. PMC 9042794. PMID 35366416. All of these individuals, albeit variably mixed with other sources, have been shown to trace their eastern Eurasian ancestry component to a genetic profile referred to as the "ancient northeast Asians" (ANA) (...) All of the early-Avar-period individuals (DTI_early_elite), except for an infant and a burial with typical characteristics of the Transtisza group (Figure 2B), form a tight cluster with a high level of ANA ancestry.
Gnecchi-Ruscone et al. 2022:They are located between present-day Mongolic- (e.g., Buryats and Khamnigans) and Tungusic/Nivkh-speaking populations (e.g., Negidals, Nanai, Ulchi, and Nivkhs) together with the only available ancient genome from the Rouran-period Mongolia and are close to the three AR_Xianbei_P_2c individuals in the PCA Gnecchi-Ruscone, Guido Alberto; Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna; Koncz, István; Csiky, Gergely; Rácz, Zsófia; Rohrlach, A. B.; Brandt, Guido; Rohland, Nadin; Csáky, Veronika; Cheronet, Olivia; Szeifert, Bea (14 April 2022). "Ancient genomes reveal origin and rapid trans-Eurasian migration of 7th century Avar elites". Cell. 185 (8): 1402–1413.e21. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.03.007. ISSN 0092-8674. PMC 9042794. PMID 35366416. S2CID 247859905.
Csősz & Szécsényi-Nagy 2016, p. 1. Csősz, Aranka; Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna (16 September 2016). "Maternal Genetic Ancestry and Legacy of 10th Century AD Hungarians". Scientific Reports. 6 (33446). Nature Research: 33446. Bibcode:2016NatSR...633446C. doi:10.1038/srep33446. PMC 5025779. PMID 27633963.
Csősz & Szécsényi-Nagy 2016, pp. 2–4. Csősz, Aranka; Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna (16 September 2016). "Maternal Genetic Ancestry and Legacy of 10th Century AD Hungarians". Scientific Reports. 6 (33446). Nature Research: 33446. Bibcode:2016NatSR...633446C. doi:10.1038/srep33446. PMC 5025779. PMID 27633963.
Csősz & Szécsényi-Nagy 2016, p. 1. "[T]he analyzed Avars represents a certain group of the Avar society that shows East and South European genetic characteristics..." Csősz, Aranka; Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna (16 September 2016). "Maternal Genetic Ancestry and Legacy of 10th Century AD Hungarians". Scientific Reports. 6 (33446). Nature Research: 33446. Bibcode:2016NatSR...633446C. doi:10.1038/srep33446. PMC 5025779. PMID 27633963.
Neparáczki & Maróti 2019, p. 3, Figure 1. Neparáczki, Endre; Maróti, Zoltán (12 November 2019). "Y-chromosome haplogroups from Hun, Avar and conquering Hungarian period nomadic people of the Carpathian Basin". Scientific Reports. 9 (16569). Nature Research: 16569. Bibcode:2019NatSR...916569N. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-53105-5. PMC 6851379. PMID 31719606.
Neparáczki & Maróti 2019, pp. 5–7. "All Hun and Avar age samples had inherently dark eye/hair colors... 8/15 Avar age individuals showed predominantly East Asian origin with both methods, 4 individuals were definitely European, while two showed evidence of admixture." Neparáczki, Endre; Maróti, Zoltán (12 November 2019). "Y-chromosome haplogroups from Hun, Avar and conquering Hungarian period nomadic people of the Carpathian Basin". Scientific Reports. 9 (16569). Nature Research: 16569. Bibcode:2019NatSR...916569N. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-53105-5. PMC 6851379. PMID 31719606.
Csáky & Gerber 2020, p. 1. Csáky, Veronika; Gerber, Dániel (22 January 2020). "Genetic insights into the social organisation of the Avar period elite in the 7th century AD Carpathian Basin". Scientific Reports. 10 (948). Nature Research: 948. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10..948C. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-57378-8. PMC 6976699. PMID 31969576.
Csáky & Gerber 2020, pp. 1, 4. Csáky, Veronika; Gerber, Dániel (22 January 2020). "Genetic insights into the social organisation of the Avar period elite in the 7th century AD Carpathian Basin". Scientific Reports. 10 (948). Nature Research: 948. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10..948C. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-57378-8. PMC 6976699. PMID 31969576.
Csáky & Gerber 2020, pp. 1, 9–10. Csáky, Veronika; Gerber, Dániel (22 January 2020). "Genetic insights into the social organisation of the Avar period elite in the 7th century AD Carpathian Basin". Scientific Reports. 10 (948). Nature Research: 948. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10..948C. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-57378-8. PMC 6976699. PMID 31969576.
Balinova, Natalia; Post, Helen; Kushniarevich, Alena; Flores, Rodrigo; Karmin, Monika; Sahakyan, Hovhannes; Reidla, Maere; Metspalu, Ene; Litvinov, Sergey; Dzhaubermezov, Murat; Akhmetova, Vita; Khusainova, Rita; Endicott, Phillip; Khusnutdinova, Elza; Orlova, Keemya (September 2019). "Y-chromosomal analysis of clan structure of Kalmyks, the only European Mongol people, and their relationship to Oirat-Mongols of Inner Asia". European Journal of Human Genetics. 27 (9): 1466–1474. doi:10.1038/s41431-019-0399-0. ISSN 1476-5438. PMC 6777519. PMID 30976109.
Neparáczki & et al. 2018, p. e0205920. Neparáczki, Endre; Maróti, Zoltán; Kalmár, Tibor; Kocsy, Klaudia; Maár, Kitti; Bihari, Péter; Nagy, István; Fóthi, Erzsébet; Pap, Ildikó; Kustár, Ágnes; Pálfi, György; Raskó, István; Zink, Albert; Török, Tibor (18 October 2018). Caramelli, David (ed.). "Mitogenomic data indicate admixture components of Central-Inner Asian and Srubnaya origin in the conquering Hungarians". PLOS ONE. 13 (10). Public Library of Science (PLoS): e0205920. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1305920N. bioRxiv 10.1101/250688. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0205920. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6193700. PMID 30335830. S2CID 90886641.

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Gnecchi-Ruscone et al. 2022. Gnecchi-Ruscone, Guido Alberto; Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna; Koncz, István; Csiky, Gergely; Rácz, Zsófia; Rohrlach, A. B.; Brandt, Guido; Rohland, Nadin; Csáky, Veronika; Cheronet, Olivia; Szeifert, Bea (14 April 2022). "Ancient genomes reveal origin and rapid trans-Eurasian migration of 7th century Avar elites". Cell. 185 (8): 1402–1413.e21. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.03.007. ISSN 0092-8674. PMC 9042794. PMID 35366416. S2CID 247859905.
Maróti, Neparáczki & Schütz 2022. Maróti, Zoltán; Neparáczki, Endre; Schütz, Oszkár (25 May 2022). "The genetic origin of Huns, Avars, and conquering Hungarians". Current Biology. 32 (13): 2858–2870.e7. Bibcode:2022CBio...32E2858M. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.093. PMID 35617951. S2CID 246191357.
Saag & Staniuk 2022, pp. 38–41. Saag, Lehti; Staniuk, Robert (11 July 2022). "Historical human migrations: From the steppe to the basin". Current Biology. 32 (13): 38–41. Bibcode:2022CBio...32.R738S. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.05.058. PMID 35820383. S2CID 250443139. Many migrations during human history have made the Carpathian Basin the melting pot of Europe. New ancient genomes confirm the Asian origin of European Huns, Avars and Magyars and huge within-group variability that is linked with social structure.
Gnecchi-Ruscone et al. 2022:They are located between present-day Mongolic- (e.g., Buryats and Khamnigans) and Tungusic/Nivkh-speaking populations (e.g., Negidals, Nanai, Ulchi, and Nivkhs) together with the only available ancient genome from the Rouran-period Mongolia and are close to the three AR_Xianbei_P_2c individuals in the PCA Gnecchi-Ruscone, Guido Alberto; Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna; Koncz, István; Csiky, Gergely; Rácz, Zsófia; Rohrlach, A. B.; Brandt, Guido; Rohland, Nadin; Csáky, Veronika; Cheronet, Olivia; Szeifert, Bea (14 April 2022). "Ancient genomes reveal origin and rapid trans-Eurasian migration of 7th century Avar elites". Cell. 185 (8): 1402–1413.e21. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.03.007. ISSN 0092-8674. PMC 9042794. PMID 35366416. S2CID 247859905.
Keyser & Zvénigorosky 2020:[O]ur findings confirmed that the Xiongnu had a strongly admixed mitochondrial and Y-chromosome gene pools and revealed a significant western component in the Xiongnu group studied.... [W]e propose Scytho-Siberians as ancestors of the Xiongnu and Huns as their descendants... [E]ast Eurasian R1a subclades R1a1a1b2a-Z94 and R1a1a1b2a2-Z2124 were a common element of the Hun, Avar and Hungarian Conqueror elite and very likely belonged to the branch that was observed in our Xiongnu samples. Moreover, haplogroups Q1a and N1a were also major components of these nomadic groups, reinforcing the view that Huns (and thus Avars and Hungarian invaders) might derive from the Xiongnu as was proposed until the eighteenth century but strongly disputed since... Some Xiongnu paternal and maternal haplotypes could be found in the gene pool of the Huns, the Avars, as well as Mongolian and Hungarian conquerors. Keyser, Christine; Zvénigorosky, Vincent (30 July 2020). "Genetic evidence suggests a sense of family, parity and conquest in the Xiongnu Iron Age nomads of Mongolia". Human Genetics. 557 (7705). Springer: 369–373. doi:10.1007/s00439-020-02209-4. PMID 32734383. S2CID 220881540. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
Neparáczki & et al. 2017, pp. 201–214:According to Neparáczki: "From all recent and archaic populations tested the Volga Tatars show the smallest genetic distance to the entire conqueror population" and "a direct genetic relation of the Conquerors to Onogur-Bulgar ancestors of these groups is very feasible." Neparáczki, Endre; Juhász, Zoltán; Pamjav, Horolma; Fehér, Tibor; Csányi, Bernadett; Zink, Albert; Maixner, Frank; Pálfi, György; Molnár, Erika; Pap, Ildikó; Kustár, Ágnes; Révész, László; Raskó, István; Török, Tibor (February 2017). "Genetic structure of the early Hungarian conquerors inferred from mtDNA haplotypes and Y-chromosome haplogroups in a small cemetery". Molecular Genetics and Genomics. 292 (1): 201–214. doi:10.1007/s00438-016-1267-z. PMID 27803981. S2CID 4099313.
Neparáczki & et al. 2018, p. e0205920. Neparáczki, Endre; Maróti, Zoltán; Kalmár, Tibor; Kocsy, Klaudia; Maár, Kitti; Bihari, Péter; Nagy, István; Fóthi, Erzsébet; Pap, Ildikó; Kustár, Ágnes; Pálfi, György; Raskó, István; Zink, Albert; Török, Tibor (18 October 2018). Caramelli, David (ed.). "Mitogenomic data indicate admixture components of Central-Inner Asian and Srubnaya origin in the conquering Hungarians". PLOS ONE. 13 (10). Public Library of Science (PLoS): e0205920. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1305920N. bioRxiv 10.1101/250688. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0205920. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6193700. PMID 30335830. S2CID 90886641.

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Keyser & Zvénigorosky 2020:[O]ur findings confirmed that the Xiongnu had a strongly admixed mitochondrial and Y-chromosome gene pools and revealed a significant western component in the Xiongnu group studied.... [W]e propose Scytho-Siberians as ancestors of the Xiongnu and Huns as their descendants... [E]ast Eurasian R1a subclades R1a1a1b2a-Z94 and R1a1a1b2a2-Z2124 were a common element of the Hun, Avar and Hungarian Conqueror elite and very likely belonged to the branch that was observed in our Xiongnu samples. Moreover, haplogroups Q1a and N1a were also major components of these nomadic groups, reinforcing the view that Huns (and thus Avars and Hungarian invaders) might derive from the Xiongnu as was proposed until the eighteenth century but strongly disputed since... Some Xiongnu paternal and maternal haplotypes could be found in the gene pool of the Huns, the Avars, as well as Mongolian and Hungarian conquerors. Keyser, Christine; Zvénigorosky, Vincent (30 July 2020). "Genetic evidence suggests a sense of family, parity and conquest in the Xiongnu Iron Age nomads of Mongolia". Human Genetics. 557 (7705). Springer: 369–373. doi:10.1007/s00439-020-02209-4. PMID 32734383. S2CID 220881540. Retrieved 29 September 2020.

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Gnecchi-Ruscone et al. 2022. Gnecchi-Ruscone, Guido Alberto; Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna; Koncz, István; Csiky, Gergely; Rácz, Zsófia; Rohrlach, A. B.; Brandt, Guido; Rohland, Nadin; Csáky, Veronika; Cheronet, Olivia; Szeifert, Bea (14 April 2022). "Ancient genomes reveal origin and rapid trans-Eurasian migration of 7th century Avar elites". Cell. 185 (8): 1402–1413.e21. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.03.007. ISSN 0092-8674. PMC 9042794. PMID 35366416. S2CID 247859905.
Silić & Heršak 2002. Silić, Ana; Heršak, Emil (30 September 2002). "The Avars: A Review of Their Ethnogenesis and History". Migracijske I Etničke Teme (in Croatian). 18 (2–3): 197–224. ISSN 1333-2546.
Gnecchi-Ruscone, Guido Alberto; Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna; Koncz, István; Csiky, Gergely; Rácz, Zsófia; Rohrlach, A. B.; Brandt, Guido; Rohland, Nadin; Csáky, Veronika; Cheronet, Olivia; Szeifert, Bea; Rácz, Tibor Ákos; Benedek, András; Bernert, Zsolt; Berta, Norbert (14 April 2022). "Ancient genomes reveal origin and rapid trans-Eurasian migration of 7th century Avar elites". Cell. 185 (8): 1402–1413.e21. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.03.007. ISSN 0092-8674. PMC 9042794. PMID 35366416. While we can conclude that the Rouran most likely called themselves Avars, to what extent the European Avars were descended from them has been debated (Dobrovits, 2003; Pohl, 2018). ... Striking genetic similarity between early Avar elites and the Rouran in Mongolia
Savelyev, Alexander; Jeong, Choongwon (2020). "Early nomads of the Eastern Steppe and their tentative connections in the West". Evolutionary Human Sciences. 2: e20. doi:10.1017/ehs.2020.18. hdl:21.11116/0000-0007-772B-4. ISSN 2513-843X. PMC 7612788. PMID 35663512.
Gnecchi-Ruscone, Guido Alberto (14 April 2022). "Ancient genomes reveal origin and rapid trans-Eurasian migration of 7th century Avar elites". Cell. 185 (8): 1402–1413.e21. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.03.007. ISSN 0092-8674. PMC 9042794. PMID 35366416. All of these individuals, albeit variably mixed with other sources, have been shown to trace their eastern Eurasian ancestry component to a genetic profile referred to as the "ancient northeast Asians" (ANA) (...) All of the early-Avar-period individuals (DTI_early_elite), except for an infant and a burial with typical characteristics of the Transtisza group (Figure 2B), form a tight cluster with a high level of ANA ancestry.
Gnecchi-Ruscone et al. 2022:They are located between present-day Mongolic- (e.g., Buryats and Khamnigans) and Tungusic/Nivkh-speaking populations (e.g., Negidals, Nanai, Ulchi, and Nivkhs) together with the only available ancient genome from the Rouran-period Mongolia and are close to the three AR_Xianbei_P_2c individuals in the PCA Gnecchi-Ruscone, Guido Alberto; Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna; Koncz, István; Csiky, Gergely; Rácz, Zsófia; Rohrlach, A. B.; Brandt, Guido; Rohland, Nadin; Csáky, Veronika; Cheronet, Olivia; Szeifert, Bea (14 April 2022). "Ancient genomes reveal origin and rapid trans-Eurasian migration of 7th century Avar elites". Cell. 185 (8): 1402–1413.e21. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.03.007. ISSN 0092-8674. PMC 9042794. PMID 35366416. S2CID 247859905.
Balinova, Natalia; Post, Helen; Kushniarevich, Alena; Flores, Rodrigo; Karmin, Monika; Sahakyan, Hovhannes; Reidla, Maere; Metspalu, Ene; Litvinov, Sergey; Dzhaubermezov, Murat; Akhmetova, Vita; Khusainova, Rita; Endicott, Phillip; Khusnutdinova, Elza; Orlova, Keemya (September 2019). "Y-chromosomal analysis of clan structure of Kalmyks, the only European Mongol people, and their relationship to Oirat-Mongols of Inner Asia". European Journal of Human Genetics. 27 (9): 1466–1474. doi:10.1038/s41431-019-0399-0. ISSN 1476-5438. PMC 6777519. PMID 30976109.
Wang, Ke; Tobias, Bendeguz; Pany-Kucera, Doris; Berner, Margit; Eggers, Sabine; Gnecchi-Ruscone, Guido Alberto; Zlámalová, Denisa; Gretzinger, Joscha; Ingrová, Pavlína; Rohrlach, Adam B.; Tuke, Jonathan; Traverso, Luca; Klostermann, Paul; Koger, Robin; Friedrich, Ronny (15 January 2025). "Ancient DNA reveals reproductive barrier despite shared Avar-period culture". Nature: 1–8. doi:10.1038/s41586-024-08418-5. ISSN 1476-4687.
Curta 2019, p. 65. Curta, Florin (2019). Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages (500–1300) (2 Vols). Boston: Brill. p. 65. ISBN 978-90-04-39519-0. OCLC 1111434007.
Curta 2019, p. 61. Curta, Florin (2019). Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages (500–1300) (2 Vols). Boston: Brill. p. 65. ISBN 978-90-04-39519-0. OCLC 1111434007.
Neparáczki & et al. 2018, p. e0205920. Neparáczki, Endre; Maróti, Zoltán; Kalmár, Tibor; Kocsy, Klaudia; Maár, Kitti; Bihari, Péter; Nagy, István; Fóthi, Erzsébet; Pap, Ildikó; Kustár, Ágnes; Pálfi, György; Raskó, István; Zink, Albert; Török, Tibor (18 October 2018). Caramelli, David (ed.). "Mitogenomic data indicate admixture components of Central-Inner Asian and Srubnaya origin in the conquering Hungarians". PLOS ONE. 13 (10). Public Library of Science (PLoS): e0205920. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1305920N. bioRxiv 10.1101/250688. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0205920. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6193700. PMID 30335830. S2CID 90886641.

worldcat.org

Curta 2019, p. 65. Curta, Florin (2019). Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages (500–1300) (2 Vols). Boston: Brill. p. 65. ISBN 978-90-04-39519-0. OCLC 1111434007.
Curta 2019, p. 61. Curta, Florin (2019). Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages (500–1300) (2 Vols). Boston: Brill. p. 65. ISBN 978-90-04-39519-0. OCLC 1111434007.