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Karns, P.D. (1967). "Pneumostrongylus tenuis in deer in Minnesota and implications for moose". Journal of Wildlife Management. 31 (2): 299–303. doi:10.2307/3798320. JSTOR3798320.
Wasel SM, Samuel WM, Crichton V (April 2003). "Distribution and ecology of meningeal worm, Parelaphostrongylus tenuis (Nematoda), in northcentral North America". Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 39 (2): 338–46. doi:10.7589/0090-3558-39.2.338. PMID12910761. S2CID23444907.
Murray DL, Cox EW, Ballard WB, Whitlaw HA, Lenarz MS, Custer TW, Barnett T, Fuller TK (2006). "Pathogens, nutritional deficiency, and climate influences on a declining moose population". Wildlife Monographs. 166 (1): 1–30. doi:10.2193/0084-0173(2006)166[1:PNDACI]2.0.CO;2. S2CID17800980.
Tanabe M, Gerhold RW, Beckstead RB, de Lahunta A, Wade SE (July 2010). "Molecular confirmation of Parelaphostrongylus tenuis Infection in a horse with verminous encephalitis". Veterinary Pathology. 47 (4): 759. doi:10.1177/0300985810363488. PMID20581347.
Bindernagel JA, Anderson RC (1972). "Distribution of the meningeal worm in white-tailed deer in Canada". The Journal of Wildlife Management. 36 (4): 1349–1353. doi:10.2307/3799283. JSTOR3799283.
Karns PD, Jordan PA (1969). "Pneumostrongylus tenuis in moose on a deer-free island". The Journal of Wildlife Management. 33 (2): 431–433. doi:10.2307/3799850. JSTOR3799850.
Karns, P.D. (1967). "Pneumostrongylus tenuis in deer in Minnesota and implications for moose". Journal of Wildlife Management. 31 (2): 299–303. doi:10.2307/3798320. JSTOR3798320.
Bindernagel JA, Anderson RC (1972). "Distribution of the meningeal worm in white-tailed deer in Canada". The Journal of Wildlife Management. 36 (4): 1349–1353. doi:10.2307/3799283. JSTOR3799283.
Duffy MS, Greaves TA, Keppie NJ, Burt MD (April 2002). "Meningeal worm is a long-lived parasitic nematode in white-tailed deer". Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 38 (2): 448–52. doi:10.7589/0090-3558-38.2.448. PMID12038147. S2CID39879199.
Wasel SM, Samuel WM, Crichton V (April 2003). "Distribution and ecology of meningeal worm, Parelaphostrongylus tenuis (Nematoda), in northcentral North America". Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 39 (2): 338–46. doi:10.7589/0090-3558-39.2.338. PMID12910761. S2CID23444907.
Tanabe M, Gerhold RW, Beckstead RB, de Lahunta A, Wade SE (July 2010). "Molecular confirmation of Parelaphostrongylus tenuis Infection in a horse with verminous encephalitis". Veterinary Pathology. 47 (4): 759. doi:10.1177/0300985810363488. PMID20581347.
Duffy MS, Greaves TA, Keppie NJ, Burt MD (April 2002). "Meningeal worm is a long-lived parasitic nematode in white-tailed deer". Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 38 (2): 448–52. doi:10.7589/0090-3558-38.2.448. PMID12038147. S2CID39879199.
Wasel SM, Samuel WM, Crichton V (April 2003). "Distribution and ecology of meningeal worm, Parelaphostrongylus tenuis (Nematoda), in northcentral North America". Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 39 (2): 338–46. doi:10.7589/0090-3558-39.2.338. PMID12910761. S2CID23444907.
Murray DL, Cox EW, Ballard WB, Whitlaw HA, Lenarz MS, Custer TW, Barnett T, Fuller TK (2006). "Pathogens, nutritional deficiency, and climate influences on a declining moose population". Wildlife Monographs. 166 (1): 1–30. doi:10.2193/0084-0173(2006)166[1:PNDACI]2.0.CO;2. S2CID17800980.
Peterson B (1997). "Moose Walking in Circles"(online pdf of print issue). The Minnesota Volunteer (September–October): 24–31. Retrieved November 30, 2025.