Penal labour (English Wikipedia)

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long titled "An Act to substitute, in certain Cases, other Punishment in lieu of Transportation",Short Titles Act 1853
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Finley, Joanne Smith (1 September 2022). "Tabula rasa: Han settler colonialism and frontier genocide in "re-educated" Xinjiang". HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory. 12 (2): 341–356. doi:10.1086/720902. ISSN 2575-1433. S2CID 253268699.
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Applebaum, Anne (2004). Gulag : a history (First Anchor books ed.). New York: Anchor Books. p. 19. ISBN 1-4000-3409-4. OCLC 55203139.
Applebaum, Anne (2004). Gulag : a history (First Anchor books ed.). New York: Anchor Books. p. 98. ISBN 1-4000-3409-4. OCLC 55203139.
Gregory, Paul R.; Lazarev, Valery, eds. (2003). The Economics of Forced Labor : The Soviet Gulag. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-8179-3943-4. OCLC 843883154. OL 9650930M.
Wood, Phillip J. (1 September 2007). "Globalization and Prison Privatization: Why Are Most of the World's For-Profit Adult Prisons to Be Found in the American South?". International Political Sociology. 1 (3): 222–239. doi:10.1111/j.1749-5687.2007.00015.x. ISSN 1749-5687.

worldcat.org

Applebaum, Anne (2004). Gulag : a history (First Anchor books ed.). New York: Anchor Books. p. 19. ISBN 1-4000-3409-4. OCLC 55203139.
Applebaum, Anne (2004). Gulag : a history (First Anchor books ed.). New York: Anchor Books. p. 98. ISBN 1-4000-3409-4. OCLC 55203139.

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