Penguin (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Penguin" in English language version.

refsWebsite

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60web.archive.org

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27nih.gov

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25doi.org

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18iucnredlist.org

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6books.google.com

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53news.co.nz

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2worldbirdnames.org

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2etymonline.com

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2pan.pl

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1bas.ac.uk

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3news.co.nz

"Emperor penguin not out of the woods yet". 3 News NZ. June 25, 2011. Archived from the original on December 10, 2013. Retrieved November 21, 2012.
"Happy Feet pulls through third operation". 3 News NZ. June 27, 2011. Archived from the original on December 14, 2011. Retrieved November 21, 2012.
"The truth about Happy Feet's home". 3 News NZ. August 8, 2011. Archived from the original on December 10, 2013. Retrieved November 21, 2012.
"Stephen Fry visits Happy Feet". 3 News NZ. August 11, 2011. Archived from the original on February 1, 2012. Retrieved November 21, 2012.
"Happy Feet starts the long journey home" (Video). 3 News NZ. August 29, 2011. Archived from the original on February 2, 2012. Retrieved November 21, 2012.

amnh.org

digitallibrary.amnh.org

Clarke, Julia A.; Olivero, Eduardo B. & Puerta, Pablo (2003). "Description of the earliest fossil penguin from South America and first Paleogene vertebrate locality of Tierra Del Fuego, Argentina" (PDF). American Museum Novitates (3423): 1–18. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2003)423<0001:dotefp>2.0.co;2. hdl:2246/2788. S2CID 19041678. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 24, 2007. Retrieved January 4, 2007.

archive.org

Crofford, Emily (1989). Gone Forever: The Great Auk. New York: Crestwood House. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-89686-459-7.
Johnsgard, Paul A. (1987). Diving Birds of North America. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 265–266. ISBN 0-8032-2566-0. Retrieved May 11, 2010.
Williams, p. 17 Williams; Tony D. (1995). The Penguins – Spheniscidae. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-854667-2.
Williams, p. 57 Williams; Tony D. (1995). The Penguins – Spheniscidae. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-854667-2.
Williams, p. 23 Williams; Tony D. (1995). The Penguins – Spheniscidae. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-854667-2.
Williams, p. 24 Williams; Tony D. (1995). The Penguins – Spheniscidae. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-854667-2.

bas.ac.uk

"Removal of the sledge dogs from Antarctica". Natural Environment Research Council – British Antarctic Survey. Archived from the original on November 13, 2014.

bbc.com

Gorvett, Zaria (December 23, 2015). "If you think penguins are cute and cuddly, you're wrong". BBC Earth. Archived from the original on March 8, 2020. Retrieved March 9, 2020.

birdlife.org

Askew, Nick (June 24, 2009). "List of Penguin Species". BirdLife International. Archived from the original on August 22, 2016. Retrieved August 8, 2016.

books.google.com

DK (2016). Animal!. Penguin. ISBN 9781465459008. Archived from the original on June 2, 2021. Retrieved November 18, 2020.
Fuller, Errol (2003). The Great Auk: The Extinction of the Original Penguin. Bunker Hill Publishing, Inc. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-59373-003-1.
Gaskell, Jeremy (2000). Who Killed the Great Auk?. Oxford University Press (USA). p. 152. ISBN 0-19-856478-3. Archived from the original on October 18, 2021. Retrieved November 18, 2020.
Fraser, Ian; Gray, Jeannie (2019). Australian Bird Names: Origins and Meanings. Clayton South, Victoria, Australia: CSIRO Publishing. pp. 86–87. ISBN 9781486311637.
Karleskint, George (2012). Introduction to Marine Biology. Cengage Publishing. p. 30. ISBN 978-1285402222. Archived from the original on July 21, 2020. Retrieved August 15, 2018.
Grobman, Arnold Brams (1964). Book: BSCS Biology, By Arnold Brams Grobman. Kendall/Hunt. ISBN 9780787290085. Archived from the original on October 18, 2021. Retrieved November 18, 2020.

britannica.com

Rafferty, John. "Gentoo Penguin". Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica Inc. Archived from the original on January 25, 2021. Retrieved January 20, 2021.
Rafferty, John. "Emperor Penguin". Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Britannica Encyclopedia Inc. Archived from the original on January 25, 2021. Retrieved January 20, 2021.

cnrtl.fr

"PINGOUIN : Etymologie de PINGOUIN". Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales. Archived from the original on October 26, 2008. Retrieved January 25, 2010.

doi.org

Hackett, S. J.; Kimball, R. T.; Reddy, S.; Bowie, R. C. K.; Braun, E. L.; Braun, M. J. (2008). "A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History". Science. 320 (5884): 1763–1768. Bibcode:2008Sci...320.1763H. doi:10.1126/science.1157704. PMID 18583609. S2CID 6472805.
Ksepka, D. T.; Bertelli, S.; Giannini, N. P. (2006). "The phylogeny of the living and fossil Sphenisciformes (penguins)". Cladistics. 22 (#5): 412–441. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2006.00116.x. S2CID 85673628.
Caballero, Rodrigo; Huber, Matthew (August 27, 2013). "State-dependent climate sensitivity in past warm climates and its implications for future climate projections". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (35): 14162–14167. Bibcode:2013PNAS..11014162C. doi:10.1073/pnas.1303365110. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3761583. PMID 23918397.
Thomas, G. H.; Wills, M. A.; Székely, T. S. (2004). "A supertree approach to shorebird phylogeny". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 4: 28. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-28. PMC 515296. PMID 15329156.
Clarke, Julia A.; Olivero, Eduardo B. & Puerta, Pablo (2003). "Description of the earliest fossil penguin from South America and first Paleogene vertebrate locality of Tierra Del Fuego, Argentina" (PDF). American Museum Novitates (3423): 1–18. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2003)423<0001:dotefp>2.0.co;2. hdl:2246/2788. S2CID 19041678. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 24, 2007. Retrieved January 4, 2007.
Baker, A. J; Pereira, S. L.; Haddrath, O. P; Edge, K.-A. (2006). "Multiple gene evidence for expansion of extant penguins out of Antarctica due to global cooling". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 273 (#1582): 11–7. doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3260. PMC 1560011. PMID 16519228.
Bertelli, S.; Giannini, N. P. (2005). "A phylogeny of extant penguins (Aves: Sphenisciformes) combining morphology and mitochondrial sequences". Cladistics. 21 (3): 209–239. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2005.00065.x. S2CID 85071808.
Slack, Kerryn E.; Jones, Craig M.; Ando, Tatsuro; Harrison, G.L. "Abby"; Fordyce, R. Ewan; Arnason, Ulfur; Penny, David (2006). "Early Penguin Fossils, plus Mitochondrial Genomes, Calibrate Avian Evolution". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 23 (#6): 1144–1155. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.113.4549. doi:10.1093/molbev/msj124. PMID 16533822. Supplementary Material Archived December 16, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
Elliott, K. H.; Ricklefs, R. E.; Gaston, A. J.; Hatch, S. A.; Speakman, J. R.; Davoren, G. K. (2013). "High flight costs, but low dive costs, in auks support the biomechanical hypothesis for flightlessness in penguins". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (#23): 9380–9384. Bibcode:2013PNAS..110.9380E. doi:10.1073/pnas.1304838110. PMC 3677478. PMID 23690614.
Pan, Hailin; Cole, Theresa L.; Bi, Xupeng; Fang, Miaoquan; Zhou, Chengran; Yang, Zhengtao; Ksepka, Daniel T.; Hart, Tom; Bouzat, Juan L.; Argilla, Lisa S.; Bertelsen, Mads F. (September 1, 2019). "High-coverage genomes to elucidate the evolution of penguins". GigaScience. 8 (9). doi:10.1093/gigascience/giz117. PMC 6904868. PMID 31531675.
Baker, A., Pereira, SL, Haddrath, OP, Edge, KA (2006). "Multiple gene evidence for expansion of extant penguins out of Antarctica due to global cooling". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 273 (#1582): 11–7. doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3260. PMC 1560011. PMID 16519228.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Fain, M. G.; Houde, P. (2004). "Parallel Radiations in the Primary Clades of Birds" (PDF). Evolution. 58 (11): 2558–73. doi:10.1554/04-235. PMID 15612298. S2CID 1296408. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 7, 2013.
Mayr, G. (2005). "Tertiary plotopterids (Aves, Plotopteridae) and a novel hypothesis on the phylogenetic relationships of penguins (Spheniscidae)" (PDF). Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 43: 61–71. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0469.2004.00291.x. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 13, 2006. Retrieved July 8, 2006.
Jarvis, E. D.; Mirarab, S.; Aberer, A. J.; Li, B.; Houde, P.; Li, C.; Ho, S. Y. W.; Faircloth, B. C.; Nabholz, B.; Howard, J. T.; Suh, A.; Weber, C. C.; Da Fonseca, R. R.; Li, J.; Zhang, F.; Li, H.; Zhou, L.; Narula, N.; Liu, L.; Ganapathy, G.; Boussau, B.; Bayzid, M. S.; Zavidovych, V.; Subramanian, S.; Gabaldon, T.; Capella-Gutierrez, S.; Huerta-Cepas, J.; Rekepalli, B.; Munch, K.; et al. (2014). "Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds" (PDF). Science. 346 (#6215): 1320–1331. Bibcode:2014Sci...346.1320J. doi:10.1126/science.1253451. hdl:10072/67425. PMC 4405904. PMID 25504713. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 24, 2015. Retrieved August 28, 2015.
Li, C.; Zhang, Y.; Li, J.; Kong, L.; Hu, H.; Pan, H.; Xu, L.; Deng, Y.; Li, Q.; Jin, L.; Yu, H.; Chen, Y.; Liu, B.; Yang, L.; Liu, S.; Zhang, Y.; Lang, Y.; Xia, J.; He, W.; Shi, Q.; Subramanian, S.; Millar, C. D.; Meader, S.; Rands, C. M.; Fujita, M. K.; Greenwold, M. J.; Castoe, T. A.; Pollock, D. D.; Gu, W.; et al. (December 12, 2014). "Two Antarctic penguin genomes reveal insights into their evolutionary history and molecular changes related to the Antarctic environment". GigaScience. 3 (#1): 27. doi:10.1186/2047-217X-3-27. PMC 4322438. PMID 25671092.
Wever, E. G.; Herman, P. N.; Simmons, J. A.; Hertzler, D. R. (1969). "Hearing in the blackfooted penguin, Spheniscus demersus, as represented by the cochlear potentials". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 63 (#3): 676–80. Bibcode:1969PNAS...63..676W. doi:10.1073/pnas.63.3.676. JSTOR 59401. PMC 223504. PMID 5259756.
Jouventin, P; Aubin, T; Lengagne, T (1999). "Finding a parent in a king penguin colony: The acoustic system of individual recognition". Animal Behaviour. 57 (#6): 1175–1183. doi:10.1006/anbe.1999.1086. PMID 10373249. S2CID 45578269.
Sivak, J; Howland, H. C.; McGill-Harelstad, P (1987). "Vision of the Humboldt penguin (Spheniscus humboldti) in air and water". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B. 229 (#1257): 467–72. Bibcode:1987RSPSB.229..467S. doi:10.1098/rspb.1987.0005. JSTOR 36191. PMID 2881308. S2CID 32860474.
Downhower, J.F.; Blumer, L.S. (1988). "Calculating just how small a whale can be". Nature. 335 (#6192): 675. Bibcode:1988Natur.335..675D. doi:10.1038/335675b0. PMID 3173490. S2CID 47562824.
Thomas, D.B.; Fordyce, R.E. (2007). "The heterothermic loophole exploited by penguins". Australian Journal of Zoology. 55 (#5): 317–321. doi:10.1071/zo07053.
Thomas, D.B.; Fordyce, R.E. (2012). "Biological plasticity in penguin heat-retention structures". Anatomical Record. 295 (#2): 249–256. doi:10.1002/ar.21538. PMID 22213564. S2CID 23175291.
Numata, M.; Davis, L. S.; Renner, M. (2000). "Prolonged foraging trips and egg desertion in little penguins (Eudyptula minor)". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 27 (#4): 277–289. doi:10.1080/03014223.2000.9518236.
Ashton, K. (2002). "Patterns of within-species body size variation of birds: strong evidence for Bergmann's rule". Global Ecology and Biogeography. 11 (#6): 505–523. Bibcode:2002GloEB..11..505A. doi:10.1046/j.1466-822X.2002.00313.x.
Meiri, S; Dayan, T. (2003). "On the validity of Bergmann's rule" (PDF). Journal of Biogeography. 30 (#3): 331–351. Bibcode:2003JBiog..30..331M. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2699.2003.00837.x. S2CID 11954818. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
Clarke, J. A.; Ksepka; Stucchi; Urbina; Giannini; Bertelli; Narváez; Boyd (2007). "Paleogene equatorial penguins challenge the proposed relationship between biogeography, diversity, and Cenozoic climate change". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104 (#28): 11545–11550. Bibcode:2007PNAS..10411545C. doi:10.1073/pnas.0611099104. PMC 1913862. PMID 17601778.

etymonline.com

Harper, Douglas. "penguin". Online Etymology Dictionary.
"penguin". Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on June 4, 2016. Retrieved April 29, 2016.

ew.com

Geier, Thom; Jensen, Jeff; Jordan, Tina; Lyons, Margaret; Markovitz, Adam; Nashawaty, Chris; Pastorek, Whitney; Rice, Lynette; Rottenberg, Josh; Schwartz, Missy; Slezak, Michael; Snierson, Dan; Stack, Tim; Stroup, Kate; Tucker, Ken; Vary, Adam B.; Vozick-Levinson, Simon; Ward, Kate, "The 100 Greatest Movies, TV Shows, Albums, Books, Characters, Scenes, Episodes, Songs, Dresses, Music Videos, and Trends That Entertained Us Over the Past 10 Years" Archived April 15, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. Entertainment Weekly. December 11, 2009 (1079/1080):74-84

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Clarke, Julia A.; Olivero, Eduardo B. & Puerta, Pablo (2003). "Description of the earliest fossil penguin from South America and first Paleogene vertebrate locality of Tierra Del Fuego, Argentina" (PDF). American Museum Novitates (3423): 1–18. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2003)423<0001:dotefp>2.0.co;2. hdl:2246/2788. S2CID 19041678. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 24, 2007. Retrieved January 4, 2007.
Jarvis, E. D.; Mirarab, S.; Aberer, A. J.; Li, B.; Houde, P.; Li, C.; Ho, S. Y. W.; Faircloth, B. C.; Nabholz, B.; Howard, J. T.; Suh, A.; Weber, C. C.; Da Fonseca, R. R.; Li, J.; Zhang, F.; Li, H.; Zhou, L.; Narula, N.; Liu, L.; Ganapathy, G.; Boussau, B.; Bayzid, M. S.; Zavidovych, V.; Subramanian, S.; Gabaldon, T.; Capella-Gutierrez, S.; Huerta-Cepas, J.; Rekepalli, B.; Munch, K.; et al. (2014). "Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds" (PDF). Science. 346 (#6215): 1320–1331. Bibcode:2014Sci...346.1320J. doi:10.1126/science.1253451. hdl:10072/67425. PMC 4405904. PMID 25504713. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 24, 2015. Retrieved August 28, 2015.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Hackett, S. J.; Kimball, R. T.; Reddy, S.; Bowie, R. C. K.; Braun, E. L.; Braun, M. J. (2008). "A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History". Science. 320 (5884): 1763–1768. Bibcode:2008Sci...320.1763H. doi:10.1126/science.1157704. PMID 18583609. S2CID 6472805.
Caballero, Rodrigo; Huber, Matthew (August 27, 2013). "State-dependent climate sensitivity in past warm climates and its implications for future climate projections". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (35): 14162–14167. Bibcode:2013PNAS..11014162C. doi:10.1073/pnas.1303365110. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3761583. PMID 23918397.
Elliott, K. H.; Ricklefs, R. E.; Gaston, A. J.; Hatch, S. A.; Speakman, J. R.; Davoren, G. K. (2013). "High flight costs, but low dive costs, in auks support the biomechanical hypothesis for flightlessness in penguins". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (#23): 9380–9384. Bibcode:2013PNAS..110.9380E. doi:10.1073/pnas.1304838110. PMC 3677478. PMID 23690614.
Jarvis, E. D.; Mirarab, S.; Aberer, A. J.; Li, B.; Houde, P.; Li, C.; Ho, S. Y. W.; Faircloth, B. C.; Nabholz, B.; Howard, J. T.; Suh, A.; Weber, C. C.; Da Fonseca, R. R.; Li, J.; Zhang, F.; Li, H.; Zhou, L.; Narula, N.; Liu, L.; Ganapathy, G.; Boussau, B.; Bayzid, M. S.; Zavidovych, V.; Subramanian, S.; Gabaldon, T.; Capella-Gutierrez, S.; Huerta-Cepas, J.; Rekepalli, B.; Munch, K.; et al. (2014). "Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds" (PDF). Science. 346 (#6215): 1320–1331. Bibcode:2014Sci...346.1320J. doi:10.1126/science.1253451. hdl:10072/67425. PMC 4405904. PMID 25504713. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 24, 2015. Retrieved August 28, 2015.
Wever, E. G.; Herman, P. N.; Simmons, J. A.; Hertzler, D. R. (1969). "Hearing in the blackfooted penguin, Spheniscus demersus, as represented by the cochlear potentials". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 63 (#3): 676–80. Bibcode:1969PNAS...63..676W. doi:10.1073/pnas.63.3.676. JSTOR 59401. PMC 223504. PMID 5259756.
Sivak, J; Howland, H. C.; McGill-Harelstad, P (1987). "Vision of the Humboldt penguin (Spheniscus humboldti) in air and water". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B. 229 (#1257): 467–72. Bibcode:1987RSPSB.229..467S. doi:10.1098/rspb.1987.0005. JSTOR 36191. PMID 2881308. S2CID 32860474.
Downhower, J.F.; Blumer, L.S. (1988). "Calculating just how small a whale can be". Nature. 335 (#6192): 675. Bibcode:1988Natur.335..675D. doi:10.1038/335675b0. PMID 3173490. S2CID 47562824.
Ashton, K. (2002). "Patterns of within-species body size variation of birds: strong evidence for Bergmann's rule". Global Ecology and Biogeography. 11 (#6): 505–523. Bibcode:2002GloEB..11..505A. doi:10.1046/j.1466-822X.2002.00313.x.
Meiri, S; Dayan, T. (2003). "On the validity of Bergmann's rule" (PDF). Journal of Biogeography. 30 (#3): 331–351. Bibcode:2003JBiog..30..331M. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2699.2003.00837.x. S2CID 11954818. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
Clarke, J. A.; Ksepka; Stucchi; Urbina; Giannini; Bertelli; Narváez; Boyd (2007). "Paleogene equatorial penguins challenge the proposed relationship between biogeography, diversity, and Cenozoic climate change". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104 (#28): 11545–11550. Bibcode:2007PNAS..10411545C. doi:10.1073/pnas.0611099104. PMC 1913862. PMID 17601778.

iafrica.com

users.iafrica.com

van der Merwe, H.J. "African Penguins and Penguins of the World". iafrica.com. Archived from the original on October 12, 2006. Retrieved July 21, 2006.

iucnredlist.org

International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (May 1, 2004). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Emperor Penguin". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Archived from the original on March 4, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (August 7, 2018). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: King Penguin". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Archived from the original on March 4, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (August 8, 2018). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Little Penguin". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Archived from the original on March 4, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (August 7, 2018). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Southern Rockhopper Penguin". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Archived from the original on March 4, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (August 7, 2018). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Macaroni Penguin". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Archived from the original on March 4, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (August 7, 2018). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Northern Rockhopper Penguin". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Archived from the original on March 4, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (August 7, 2018). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Fiordland Penguin". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Archived from the original on March 4, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (August 7, 2018). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Snares Penguin". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Archived from the original on March 4, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (August 7, 2018). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Royal Penguin". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Archived from the original on March 4, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (October 1, 2016). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Erect-crested Penguin". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Archived from the original on March 4, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (August 7, 2018). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Yellow-eyed Penguin". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Archived from the original on March 4, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (August 7, 2018). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Adelie Penguin". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Archived from the original on March 4, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (August 16, 2018). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Chinstrap Penguin". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Archived from the original on March 4, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (August 7, 2018). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Gentoo Penguin". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Archived from the original on March 4, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (August 8, 2018). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: African Penguin". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Archived from the original on March 4, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (August 9, 2018). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Humboldt Penguin". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Archived from the original on March 4, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (August 9, 2018). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Magellanic Penguin". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Archived from the original on March 4, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
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