Permissive action link (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Permissive action link" in English language version.

refsWebsite

Global rank English rank

15web.archive.org

1^st place

1cam.ac.uk

670^th place

480^th place

1americanantiquarian.org

822^nd place

445^th place

1minneapolisfed.org

1,535^th place

822^nd place

1cdi.org

low place

8,916^th place

1foreignpolicy.com

1,116^th place

790^th place

1nti.org

4,922^nd place

3,756^th place

1nrdc.org

8,758^th place

6,178^th place

1lanl.gov

3,495^th place

2,913^th place

1time.com

61^st place

54^th place

1osti.gov

2,036^th place

1,254^th place

1osf.io

7,153^rd place

4,975^th place

1nuclearweaponarchive.org

2,381^st place

1,789^th place

1usenix.org

5,990^th place

3,752^nd place

1cfr.org

2,812^th place

1,942^nd place

1books.google.com

3^rd place

1miis.edu

low place

1doi.org

2^nd place

1bbc.co.uk

8^th place

10^th place

1nytimes.com

7^th place

americanantiquarian.org

1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024.

bbc.co.uk

news.bbc.co.uk

"Programmes | Newsnight | British nukes were protected by bike locks". BBC News. November 15, 2007. Archived from the original on January 17, 2010. Retrieved April 29, 2010.

books.google.com

William C. Martel (1998). "Why Ukraine gave up nuclear weapons: nonproliferation incentives and disincentives". In Barry R. Schneider, William L. Dowdy (ed.). Pulling Back from the Nuclear Brink: Reducing and Countering Nuclear Threats. Psychology Press. pp. 88–104. ISBN 9780714648569. Archived from the original on March 21, 2017. Retrieved August 6, 2014. There are some reports that Ukraine had established effective custody, but not operational control, of the cruise missiles and gravity bombs. ... By early 1994 the only barrier to Ukraine's ability to exercise full operational control over the nuclear weapons on missiles and bombers deployed on its soil was its inability to circumvent Russian permissive action links (PALs).

cam.ac.uk

cl.cam.ac.uk

"Nuclear Command and Control" (PDF). Security Engineering: A Guide to Building Dependable Distributed Systems. Ross Anderson, University of Cambridge Computing Laboratory. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 19, 2011. Retrieved April 29, 2010.

cdi.org

"Keeping Presidents in the Nuclear Dark (Episode #1: The Case of the Missing "Permissive Action Links") - Bruce G. Blair, Ph.D". Cdi.org. February 11, 2004. Archived from the original on May 11, 2012. Retrieved April 29, 2010.

cfr.org

"Budapest Memorandums on Security Assurances, 1994". Council on Foreign Relations. December 5, 1994. Archived from the original on March 17, 2014. Retrieved March 2, 2014.

doi.org

Alexander A. Pikayev (Spring–Summer 1994). "Post-Soviet Russia and Ukraine: Who can push the Button?" (PDF). The Nonproliferation Review. 1 (3): 31–46. doi:10.1080/10736709408436550. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 21, 2014. Retrieved August 6, 2014.

foreignpolicy.com

Lamothe, Dan (January 21, 2014). "Air Force Swears: Our Nuke Launch Code Was Never '00000000'". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on March 29, 2017. Retrieved January 24, 2017.

lanl.gov

Milliwatt Surveillance Program Ensures RTG Safety and Reliability Archived March 7, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. In: The Actinide Research Quarterly, Winter 1994. accessed February 4, 2009.

miis.edu

cns.miis.edu

Alexander A. Pikayev (Spring–Summer 1994). "Post-Soviet Russia and Ukraine: Who can push the Button?" (PDF). The Nonproliferation Review. 1 (3): 31–46. doi:10.1080/10736709408436550. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 21, 2014. Retrieved August 6, 2014.

minneapolisfed.org

1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024.

nrdc.org

Hans M. Kristensen: U.S. Nuclear Weapons in Europe. Natural Resources Defense Council, New York 2005, S. 20–21. (PDF; 4,9 MB Archived July 23, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, accessed February 4, 2009).

nti.org

Grossman, Elaine M. (September 26, 2008). "U.S. Air Force Might Modify Nuclear Bomb". GlobalSecurity.org. Archived from the original on October 9, 2008. Retrieved April 1, 2010.

nuclearweaponarchive.org

Sublette, Carey (October 1, 1997). "Principles of Nuclear Weapons Security and Safety". Nuclear Weapon Archive. Retrieved May 9, 2021.

nytimes.com

New York Times: U.S. Secretly Aids Pakistan in Guarding Nuclear Arms Archived April 13, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Accessed on February 4, 2009.

osf.io

History of the TX-61 Bomb (Report). Sandia National Laboratories. August 1971. Archived from the original on March 30, 2021. Retrieved May 9, 2021.

osti.gov

David W. Plummer, William H. Greenwood: History of Nuclear Weapon Safety Devices. Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque 1998. Presented at the 34th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference, Cleveland, July 1998. (PDF; 1,3 MB Archived June 17, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, accessed September 23, 2010).

time.com

Waller, Douglas C. "Practicing For Doomsday". Archived from the original on October 8, 2009.

usenix.org

Steven M. Bellovin: Permissive Action Links, Nuclear Weapons, and the Prehistory of Public Key Cryptography. Department of Computer Science, Columbia University, April 2006. (PDF; 0.1 MB Archived September 1, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, retrieved on February 4, 2009).

web.archive.org

"Nuclear Command and Control" (PDF). Security Engineering: A Guide to Building Dependable Distributed Systems. Ross Anderson, University of Cambridge Computing Laboratory. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 19, 2011. Retrieved April 29, 2010.
"Keeping Presidents in the Nuclear Dark (Episode #1: The Case of the Missing "Permissive Action Links") - Bruce G. Blair, Ph.D". Cdi.org. February 11, 2004. Archived from the original on May 11, 2012. Retrieved April 29, 2010.
Lamothe, Dan (January 21, 2014). "Air Force Swears: Our Nuke Launch Code Was Never '00000000'". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on March 29, 2017. Retrieved January 24, 2017.
Grossman, Elaine M. (September 26, 2008). "U.S. Air Force Might Modify Nuclear Bomb". GlobalSecurity.org. Archived from the original on October 9, 2008. Retrieved April 1, 2010.
Hans M. Kristensen: U.S. Nuclear Weapons in Europe. Natural Resources Defense Council, New York 2005, S. 20–21. (PDF; 4,9 MB Archived July 23, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, accessed February 4, 2009).
Milliwatt Surveillance Program Ensures RTG Safety and Reliability Archived March 7, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. In: The Actinide Research Quarterly, Winter 1994. accessed February 4, 2009.
Waller, Douglas C. "Practicing For Doomsday". Archived from the original on October 8, 2009.
David W. Plummer, William H. Greenwood: History of Nuclear Weapon Safety Devices. Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque 1998. Presented at the 34th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference, Cleveland, July 1998. (PDF; 1,3 MB Archived June 17, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, accessed September 23, 2010).
History of the TX-61 Bomb (Report). Sandia National Laboratories. August 1971. Archived from the original on March 30, 2021. Retrieved May 9, 2021.
Steven M. Bellovin: Permissive Action Links, Nuclear Weapons, and the Prehistory of Public Key Cryptography. Department of Computer Science, Columbia University, April 2006. (PDF; 0.1 MB Archived September 1, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, retrieved on February 4, 2009).
"Budapest Memorandums on Security Assurances, 1994". Council on Foreign Relations. December 5, 1994. Archived from the original on March 17, 2014. Retrieved March 2, 2014.
William C. Martel (1998). "Why Ukraine gave up nuclear weapons: nonproliferation incentives and disincentives". In Barry R. Schneider, William L. Dowdy (ed.). Pulling Back from the Nuclear Brink: Reducing and Countering Nuclear Threats. Psychology Press. pp. 88–104. ISBN 9780714648569. Archived from the original on March 21, 2017. Retrieved August 6, 2014. There are some reports that Ukraine had established effective custody, but not operational control, of the cruise missiles and gravity bombs. ... By early 1994 the only barrier to Ukraine's ability to exercise full operational control over the nuclear weapons on missiles and bombers deployed on its soil was its inability to circumvent Russian permissive action links (PALs).
Alexander A. Pikayev (Spring–Summer 1994). "Post-Soviet Russia and Ukraine: Who can push the Button?" (PDF). The Nonproliferation Review. 1 (3): 31–46. doi:10.1080/10736709408436550. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 21, 2014. Retrieved August 6, 2014.
"Programmes | Newsnight | British nukes were protected by bike locks". BBC News. November 15, 2007. Archived from the original on January 17, 2010. Retrieved April 29, 2010.
New York Times: U.S. Secretly Aids Pakistan in Guarding Nuclear Arms Archived April 13, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Accessed on February 4, 2009.