Persian language (English Wikipedia)

Cordell, Karl (1998). Ethnicity and Democratisation in the New Europe. Routledge. p. 201. ISBN 0415173124. Consequently the number of citizens who regard themselves as Tajiks is difficult to determine. Tajiks within and outside of the republic, Samarkand State University (SamGU) academics and international commentators suggest that there may be between six and seven million Tajiks in Uzbekistan, constituting 30 per cent of the republic's twenty-two million population, rather than the official figure of 4.7 per cent (Foltz 1996:213; Carlisle 1995:88).
Windfuhr, Gernot (1987). Comrie, Berard (ed.). The World's Major Languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 523–546. ISBN 978-0-19-506511-4.
Frye 1984, p. 103. Frye, Richard Nelson (1984). Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft: Alter Orient-Griechische Geschichte-Römische Geschichte. Band III,7: The History of Ancient Iran. C.H. Beck. ISBN 978-3-406-09397-5.
Jackson, A. V. Williams. 1920. Early Persian poetry, from the beginnings down to the time of Firdausi. New York: The Macmillan Company. pp.17–19. (in Public Domain)
Thackston, W. M. (1 May 1993). "The Phonology of Persian". An Introduction to Persian (3rd Rev ed.). Ibex Publishers. p. xvii. ISBN 0-936347-29-5.

archive.today

L. Johanson, "Azerbaijan: Iranian Elements in Azeri Turkish" in Encyclopedia Iranica Iranica.com^[usurped]

avesta.org

"Roland G. Kent, Old Persian, 1953". Archived from the original on 19 July 2017. Retrieved 5 September 2015.

azargoshnasp.net

Andreas Tietze, Persian loanwords in Anatolian Turkish, Oriens, 20 (1967) pp- 125–168. Archived 11 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine (accessed August 2016)

banglapedia.org

en.banglapedia.org

Abu Musa Mohammad Arif Billah (2012). "Persian". In Sirajul Islam; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN 984-32-0576-6. OCLC 52727562. OL 30677644M. Retrieved 10 June 2025.

bashgah.net

Pasad. "Bashgah.net". Bashgah.net. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 13 July 2010.

books.google.com

Baker, Mona (2001). Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. Psychology Press. p. 518. ISBN 978-0-415-25517-2. Archived from the original on 2 October 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2015. All this affected translation activities in Persian, seriously undermining the international character of the language. The problem was compounded in modern times by several factors, among them the realignment of Central Asian Persian, renamed Tajiki by the Soviet Union, with Uzbek and Russian languages, as well as the emergence of a language reform movement in Iran which paid no attention to the consequences of its pronouncements and actions for the language as a whole.
Lazard 1975: "The language known as New Persian, which usually is called at this period (early Islamic times) by the name of Dari or Farsi-Dari, can be classified linguistically as a continuation of Middle Persian, the official religious and literary language of Sassanian Iran, itself a continuation of Old Persian, the language of the Achaemenids. Unlike the other languages and dialects, ancient and modern, of the Iranian group such as Avestan, Parthian, Soghdian, Kurdish, Balochi, Pashto, etc., Old Persian, Middle Persian, and New Persian represent one and the same language at three states of its history. It had its origin in Fars (the true Persian country from the historical point of view) and is differentiated by dialectical features, still easily recognizable from the dialect prevailing in north-western and eastern Iran." Lazard, G. (1975). "The Rise of the New Persian Language". In Frye, Richard N. (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 595–633. ISBN 0-521-20093-8.
Egger, Vernon O. (16 September 2016). A History of the Muslim World since 1260: The Making of a Global Community. Routledge. ISBN 9781315511078. Archived from the original on 2 October 2022. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
Holes, Clive (2001). Dialect, Culture, and Society in Eastern Arabia: Glossary. BRILL. p. XXX. ISBN 90-04-10763-0. Archived from the original on 17 November 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
Classe, Olive (2000). Encyclopedia of literary translation into English. Taylor & Francis. p. 1057. ISBN 1-884964-36-2. Archived from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2020. Since the Arab conquest of the country in 7th century AD, many loan words have entered the language (which from this time has been written with a slightly modified version of the Arabic script) and the literature has been heavily influenced by the conventions of Arabic literature.
Vafa, A; Abedinifard, M; Azadibougar, O (2021). Persian Literature as World Literature. US: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 2–14. ISBN 978-1-501-35420-5.
Green, Nile (2012). Making Space: Sufis and Settlers in Early Modern India. Oxford University Press. pp. 12–13. ISBN 9780199088751. Archived from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2019.
Spooner, Brian; Hanaway, William L. (2012). Literacy in the Persianate World: Writing and the Social Order. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 6, 81. ISBN 978-1934536568. Archived from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
Spooner, Brian (2012). "Dari, Farsi, and Tojiki". In Schiffman, Harold (ed.). Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors: The Changing Politics of Language Choice. Leiden: Brill. p. 94. ISBN 978-9004201453. Archived from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
Campbell, George L.; King, Gareth, eds. (2013). "Persian". Compendium of the World's Languages (3rd ed.). Routledge. p. 1339. ISBN 9781136258466. Archived from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
Comrie, Bernard (2003). The Major Languages of South Asia, the Middle East and Africa. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-93257-3., p. 82. "The evolution of Persian as the culturally dominant language of major parts of the Near East, from Anatolia and Iran, to Central Asia, to northwest India until recent centuries, began with the political domination of these areas by dynasties originating in southwestern province of Iran, Pars, later Arabicised to Fars: first the Achaemenids (599–331 BC) whose official language was Old Persian; then the Sassanids (c. AD 225–651) whose official language was Middle Persian. Hence, the entire country used to be called Perse by the ancient Greeks, a practice continued to this day. The more general designation 'Iran(-shahr)" derives from Old Iranian aryanam (Khshathra)' (the realm) of Aryans'. The dominance of these two dynasties resulted in Old and Middle-Persian colonies throughout the empire, most importantly for the course of the development of Persian, in the north-east i.e., what is now Khorasan, northern Afghanistan, and Central Asia, as documented by the Middle Persian texts of the Manichean found in the oasis city of Turfan in Chinese Turkistan (Sinkiang). This led to certain degree of regionalisation".
L. Paul (2005), "The Language of the Shahnameh in historical and dialectical perspective", p. 150: "The language of the Shahnameh should be seen as one instance of continuous historical development from Middle to New Persian.", in Weber, Dieter; MacKenzie, D. N. (2005). Languages of Iran: Past and Present: Iranian Studies in Memoriam David Neil MacKenzie. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-05299-3. Archived from the original on 17 November 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
Lazard 1975, p. 596. Lazard, G. (1975). "The Rise of the New Persian Language". In Frye, Richard N. (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 595–633. ISBN 0-521-20093-8.
Lazard 1975, p. 597. Lazard, G. (1975). "The Rise of the New Persian Language". In Frye, Richard N. (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 595–633. ISBN 0-521-20093-8.
de Laet, Sigfried J. (1994). History of Humanity: From the seventh to the sixteenth century. UNESCO. ISBN 978-92-3-102813-7. Archived from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 18 April 2016., p 734
Ágoston, Gábor; Masters, Bruce Alan (2010). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Infobase Publishing. p. 322. ISBN 978-1-4381-1025-7. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
Wastl-Walter, Doris (2011). The Ashgate Research Companion to Border Studies. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 409. ISBN 978-0-7546-7406-1. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2019.
Spuler 2003, p. 68. Spuler, Bertold (2003). Persian Historiography and Geography: Bertold Spuler on Major Works Produced in Iran, the Caucasus, Central Asia, India, and Early Ottoman Turkey. Pustaka Nasional Pte Ltd. ISBN 978-9971774882.
Lewis, Franklin D. (2014). Rumi – Past and Present, East and West: The Life, Teachings, and Poetry of Jalâl al-Din Rumi. Oneworld Publications. p. 340. ISBN 978-1-78074-737-8. Archived from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2019.
Spuler 2003, p. 69. Spuler, Bertold (2003). Persian Historiography and Geography: Bertold Spuler on Major Works Produced in Iran, the Caucasus, Central Asia, India, and Early Ottoman Turkey. Pustaka Nasional Pte Ltd. ISBN 978-9971774882.
Spuler 2003, p. 69. Spuler, Bertold (2003). Persian Historiography and Geography: Bertold Spuler on Major Works Produced in Iran, the Caucasus, Central Asia, India, and Early Ottoman Turkey. Pustaka Nasional Pte Ltd. ISBN 978-9971774882.
Bennett, Clinton; Ramsey, Charles M. (2012). South Asian Sufis: Devotion, Deviation, and Destiny. A&C Black. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-4411-5127-8. Archived from the original on 11 February 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2019.
Mir, F. (2010). The Social Space of Language: Vernacular Culture in British Colonial Punjab. University of California Press. p. 35. ISBN 9780520262690. Archived from the original on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
Grewal, J. S. (1990). The Sikhs of the Punjab, Chapter 6: The Sikh empire (1799–1849). The New Cambridge History of India. Cambridge University Press. p. 112. ISBN 0-521-63764-3. Archived from the original on 4 May 2019. Retrieved 29 July 2020. The continuance of Persian as the language of administration.
Fenech, Louis E. (2013). The Sikh Zafar-namah of Guru Gobind Singh: A Discursive Blade in the Heart of the Mughal Empire. Oxford University Press (USA). p. 239. ISBN 978-0199931453. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2020. We see such acquaintance clearly within the Sikh court of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, for example, the principal language of which was Persian.
Menon, A.S.; Kusuman, K.K. (1990). A Panorama of Indian Culture: Professor A. Sreedhara Menon Felicitation Volume. Mittal Publications. p. 87. ISBN 9788170992141. Archived from the original on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
International Phonetic Association (1999). Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 124–125. ISBN 978-0-521-63751-0.
Jahani, Carina (2005). "The Glottal Plosive: A Phoneme in Spoken Modern Persian or Not?". In Éva Ágnes Csató; Bo Isaksson; Carina Jahani (eds.). Linguistic Convergence and Areal Diffusion: Case studies from Iranian, Semitic and Turkic. London: RoutledgeCurzon. pp. 79–96. ISBN 0-415-30804-6.
Mahootian, Shahrzad (1997). Persian. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-02311-4. Archived from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
Yousef, Saeed; Torabi, Hayedeh (2013). Basic Persian: A Grammar and Workbook. New York: Routledge. p. 37. ISBN 9781136283888. Archived from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
Owens, Jonathan (2013). The Oxford Handbook of Arabic Linguistics. OUP USA. p. 352. ISBN 978-0-19-976413-6.
Bennett, Clinton; Ramsey, Charles M. (March 2012). South Asian Sufis: Devotion, Deviation, and Destiny. A&C Black. ISBN 9781441151278. Archived from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
George L. Campbell; Gareth King (2013). Compendium of the World Languages. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-25846-6. Archived from the original on 27 September 2015. Retrieved 23 May 2014.

brillonline.com

referenceworks.brillonline.com

Perry 2011. Perry, John R. (2011). "Persian". In Edzard, Lutz; de Jong, Rudolf (eds.). Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics. Brill Online.

britannica.com

de Bruijn, J.T.P. (14 December 2015). "Persian literature". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 10 June 2019. Retrieved 10 July 2019.

destinationiran.com

"Western Iranian languages History". Destination Iran. 16 June 2024. Archived from the original on 28 November 2024. Retrieved 28 November 2024. Achomi or Khodmooni (Larestani) is a southwestern Iranian language spoken in southern Fars province and the Ajam (non-arab) population in Persian Gulf countries such as UAE, Bahrain, and Kuwait. It is a descendant of Middle Persian and has several dialects including Lari, Evazi, Khoni, Bastaki, and more.

doi.org

Foltz, Richard (1996). "The Tajiks of Uzbekistan". Central Asian Survey. 15 (2): 213–216. doi:10.1080/02634939608400946. ISSN 0263-4937.
Talei, Maryam; Rovshan, Belghis (24 October 2024). "Semantic Network in Lari Language". Persian Language and Iranian Dialects. doi:10.22124/plid.2024.27553.1673. ISSN 2476-6585. Archived from the original on 28 November 2024. This descriptive-analytical research examines sense relations between the lexemes of the Lari language, the continuation of the Middle Persian and one of the endangered Iranian languages spoken in Lar, Fars province
Borjian, Habib (2006). "Tabari Language Materials from Il'ya Berezin's Recherches sur les dialectes persans". Iran & the Caucasus. 10 (2): 243–258. doi:10.1163/157338406780346005. It embraces Gilani, Talysh, Tabari, Kurdish, Gabri, and the Tati Persian of the Caucasus, all but the last belonging to the north-western group of Iranian language.

ethnologue.com

Persian language at Ethnologue (28th ed., 2025)
"Persian, Iranian". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2021.

etymonline.com

Harper, Douglas. "Persia". Online Etymology Dictionary.

guilan.ac.ir

zaban.guilan.ac.ir

Talei, Maryam; Rovshan, Belghis (24 October 2024). "Semantic Network in Lari Language". Persian Language and Iranian Dialects. doi:10.22124/plid.2024.27553.1673. ISSN 2476-6585. Archived from the original on 28 November 2024. This descriptive-analytical research examines sense relations between the lexemes of the Lari language, the continuation of the Middle Persian and one of the endangered Iranian languages spoken in Lar, Fars province

iranchamber.com

according to iranchamber.com Archived 29 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine "the language (ninth to thirteenth centuries), preserved in the literature of the Empire, is known as Classical Persian, due to the eminence and distinction of poets such as Roudaki, Ferdowsi, and Khayyam. During this period, Persian was adopted as the lingua franca of the eastern Islamic nations. Extensive contact with Arabic led to a large influx of Arab vocabulary. In fact, a writer of Classical Persian had at one's disposal the entire Arabic lexicon and could use Arab terms freely either for literary effect or to display erudition. Classical Persian remained essentially unchanged until the nineteenth century, when the dialect of Teheran rose in prominence, having been chosen as the capital of Persia by the Qajar Dynasty in 1787. This Modern Persian dialect became the basis of what is now called Contemporary Standard Persian. Although it still contains a large number of Arab terms, most borrowings have been nativized, with a much lower percentage of Arabic words in colloquial forms of the language."

iranicaonline.org

"IRAQ". Encyclopædia Iranica. Archived from the original on 17 November 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
Skjærvø, Prods Oktor (2006). "Iran, vi. Iranian languages and scripts". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. XIII. pp. 344–377. Archived from the original on 23 April 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2019. (...) Persian, the language originally spoken in the province of Fārs, which is descended from Old Persian, the language of the Achaemenid empire (6th–4th centuries B.C.E.), and Middle Persian, the language of the Sasanian empire (3rd–7th centuries C.E.).
Skjærvø, Prods Oktor. "Iran vi. Iranian languages and scripts (2) Documentation". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. XIII. pp. 348–366. Archived from the original on 17 November 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
Jazayeri, M. A. (15 December 1999). "Farhangestān". Encyclopædia Iranica. Archived from the original on 25 April 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2014.
Lazard, Gilbert (17 November 2011). "Darī". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. VII. pp. 34–35. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 22 July 2019. It is derived from the word for dar (court, lit., "gate"). Darī was thus the language of the court and of the capital, Ctesiphon. On the other hand, it is equally clear from this passage that darī was also in use in the eastern part of the empire, in Khorasan, where it is known that in the course of the Sasanian period Persian gradually supplanted Parthian and where no dialect that was not Persian survived. The passage thus suggests that darī was actually a form of Persian, the common language of Persia. (...) Both were called pārsī (Persian), but it is very likely that the language of the north, that is, the Persian used on former Parthian territory and also in the Sasanian capital, was distinguished from its congener by a new name, darī ([language] of the court).
Paul, Ludwig (19 November 2013). "Persian Language: i: Early New Persian". Encyclopædia Iranica. Archived from the original on 17 March 2019. Retrieved 18 March 2019. Northeast. Khorasan, the homeland of the Parthians (called abaršahr "the upper lands" in MP), had been partly Persianized already in late Sasanian times. Following Ebn al-Moqaffaʿ, the variant of Persian spoken there was called Darī and was based upon the one used in the Sasanian capital Seleucia-Ctesiphon (Ar. al-Madāʾen). (...) Under the specific historical conditions that have been sketched above, the Dari (Middle) Persian of the 7th century was developed, within two centuries, to the Dari (New) Persian that is attested in the earliest specimens of NP poetry in the late 9th century.
Perry, John (20 July 2009). "Tajik ii. Tajik Persian". Encyclopædia Iranica. Archived from the original on 1 February 2020. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
Yazıcı, Tahsin (2010). "Persian authors of Asia Minor part 1". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Archived from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 6 July 2021. Persian language and culture were actually so popular and dominant in this period that in the late 14th century, Moḥammad (Meḥmed) Bey, the founder and the governing head of the Qaramanids, published an official edict to end this supremacy, saying that: "The Turkish language should be spoken in courts, palaces, and at official institutions from now on!"
Aliev, Bahriddin; Okawa, Aya (2010). "TAJIK iii. COLLOQUIAL TAJIKI IN COMPARISON WITH PERSIAN OF IRAN". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
"ARMENIA AND IRAN iv. Iranian influences in Armenian Language". Archived from the original on 17 November 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
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iso.org

"ISO 233-3:1999". International Organization for Standardization. 14 May 2010. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 13 July 2010.

jofamericanscience.org

Taherkhani, Neda; Ourang, Muhammed (2013). "A Study of Derivational Morphemes in Lari & Tati as Two Endangered Iranian Languages: An Analytical Contrastive Examination with Persian" (PDF). Journal of American Science. ISSN 1545-1003. Lari is of the SW branch of Middle Iranian languages, Pahlavi, in the Middle period of Persian Language Evolution and consists of nine dialects, which are prominently different in pronunciation (Geravand, 2010). Being a branch of Pahlavi language, Lari has several common features with it as its mother language. The ergative structure (the difference between the conjugation of transitive and intransitive verbs) existing in Lari can be mentioned as such an example. The speech community of this language includes Fars province, Hormozgan Province and some of the Arabic-speaking countries like the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, and Oman (Khonji, 2010, p. 15).

openlibrary.org

Abu Musa Mohammad Arif Billah (2012). "Persian". In Sirajul Islam; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN 984-32-0576-6. OCLC 52727562. OL 30677644M. Retrieved 10 June 2025.

parliran.ir

en.parliran.ir

"The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran". Islamic Parliament of Iran. Archived from the original on 27 October 2016. Retrieved 18 January 2022.

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ucis.pitt.edu

Beeman, William. "Persian, Dari and Tajik" (PDF). Brown University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 30 March 2013.

researchgate.net

Miller, Corey (January 2012). "Vowel system of Contemporary Iranian Persian". Variation in Persian Vowel Systems. Retrieved 7 May 2022 – via ResearchGate.
Okati 2012, p. 93. Okati, Farideh (2012). The Vowel Systems of Five Iranian Balochi Dialects. Sweden. ISBN 978-91-554-8536-8. Retrieved 2 April 2025.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Okati 2012, p. 92. Okati, Farideh (2012). The Vowel Systems of Five Iranian Balochi Dialects. Sweden. ISBN 978-91-554-8536-8. Retrieved 2 April 2025.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

scholar.google.com

C Kerslake, Journal of Islamic Studies (2010) 21 (1): 147–151. excerpt: "It is a comparison of the verbal systems of three varieties of Persian—standard Persian, Tat, and Tajik—in terms of the 'innovations' that the latter two have developed for expressing finer differentiations of tense, aspect, and modality..." [1] Archived 17 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine

sil.org

iso639-3.sil.org

"639 Identifier Documentation: fas". Sil.org. Archived from the original on 16 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
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stanford.edu

cgi.stanford.edu

Namazi, Nushin (24 November 2008). "Persian Loan Words in Arabic". Archived from the original on 20 May 2011. Retrieved 1 June 2009.

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Sarah Anjum Bari (12 April 2019). "A Tale of Two Languages: How the Persian language seeped into Bengali". The Daily Star (Bangladesh). Archived from the original on 21 June 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2020.

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perseus.tufts.edu

Περσίς. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project.

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Johanson, Lars, and Christiane Bulut. 2006. Turkic-Iranian contact areas: historical and linguistic aspects Archived 2 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.

unesco.org

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"Kuwaiti Persian". UNESCO.

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"IRAQ". Encyclopædia Iranica. Archived from the original on 17 November 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
"Persian, Iranian". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
"639 Identifier Documentation: fas". Sil.org. Archived from the original on 16 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
"The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran". Islamic Parliament of Iran. Archived from the original on 27 October 2016. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
Baker, Mona (2001). Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. Psychology Press. p. 518. ISBN 978-0-415-25517-2. Archived from the original on 2 October 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2015. All this affected translation activities in Persian, seriously undermining the international character of the language. The problem was compounded in modern times by several factors, among them the realignment of Central Asian Persian, renamed Tajiki by the Soviet Union, with Uzbek and Russian languages, as well as the emergence of a language reform movement in Iran which paid no attention to the consequences of its pronouncements and actions for the language as a whole.
Skjærvø, Prods Oktor (2006). "Iran, vi. Iranian languages and scripts". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. XIII. pp. 344–377. Archived from the original on 23 April 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2019. (...) Persian, the language originally spoken in the province of Fārs, which is descended from Old Persian, the language of the Achaemenid empire (6th–4th centuries B.C.E.), and Middle Persian, the language of the Sasanian empire (3rd–7th centuries C.E.).
de Bruijn, J.T.P. (14 December 2015). "Persian literature". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 10 June 2019. Retrieved 10 July 2019.
Skjærvø, Prods Oktor. "Iran vi. Iranian languages and scripts (2) Documentation". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. XIII. pp. 348–366. Archived from the original on 17 November 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
Egger, Vernon O. (16 September 2016). A History of the Muslim World since 1260: The Making of a Global Community. Routledge. ISBN 9781315511078. Archived from the original on 2 October 2022. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
Holes, Clive (2001). Dialect, Culture, and Society in Eastern Arabia: Glossary. BRILL. p. XXX. ISBN 90-04-10763-0. Archived from the original on 17 November 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
Namazi, Nushin (24 November 2008). "Persian Loan Words in Arabic". Archived from the original on 20 May 2011. Retrieved 1 June 2009.
Classe, Olive (2000). Encyclopedia of literary translation into English. Taylor & Francis. p. 1057. ISBN 1-884964-36-2. Archived from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2020. Since the Arab conquest of the country in 7th century AD, many loan words have entered the language (which from this time has been written with a slightly modified version of the Arabic script) and the literature has been heavily influenced by the conventions of Arabic literature.
Green, Nile (2012). Making Space: Sufis and Settlers in Early Modern India. Oxford University Press. pp. 12–13. ISBN 9780199088751. Archived from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2019.
Jazayeri, M. A. (15 December 1999). "Farhangestān". Encyclopædia Iranica. Archived from the original on 25 April 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2014.
Spooner, Brian; Hanaway, William L. (2012). Literacy in the Persianate World: Writing and the Social Order. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 6, 81. ISBN 978-1934536568. Archived from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
Spooner, Brian (2012). "Dari, Farsi, and Tojiki". In Schiffman, Harold (ed.). Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors: The Changing Politics of Language Choice. Leiden: Brill. p. 94. ISBN 978-9004201453. Archived from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
Campbell, George L.; King, Gareth, eds. (2013). "Persian". Compendium of the World's Languages (3rd ed.). Routledge. p. 1339. ISBN 9781136258466. Archived from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
Lazard, Gilbert (17 November 2011). "Darī". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. VII. pp. 34–35. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 22 July 2019. It is derived from the word for dar (court, lit., "gate"). Darī was thus the language of the court and of the capital, Ctesiphon. On the other hand, it is equally clear from this passage that darī was also in use in the eastern part of the empire, in Khorasan, where it is known that in the course of the Sasanian period Persian gradually supplanted Parthian and where no dialect that was not Persian survived. The passage thus suggests that darī was actually a form of Persian, the common language of Persia. (...) Both were called pārsī (Persian), but it is very likely that the language of the north, that is, the Persian used on former Parthian territory and also in the Sasanian capital, was distinguished from its congener by a new name, darī ([language] of the court).
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Foltz, Richard (1996). "The Tajiks of Uzbekistan". Central Asian Survey. 15 (2): 213–216. doi:10.1080/02634939608400946. ISSN 0263-4937.
Abu Musa Mohammad Arif Billah (2012). "Persian". In Sirajul Islam; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN 984-32-0576-6. OCLC 52727562. OL 30677644M. Retrieved 10 June 2025.
Talei, Maryam; Rovshan, Belghis (24 October 2024). "Semantic Network in Lari Language". Persian Language and Iranian Dialects. doi:10.22124/plid.2024.27553.1673. ISSN 2476-6585. Archived from the original on 28 November 2024. This descriptive-analytical research examines sense relations between the lexemes of the Lari language, the continuation of the Middle Persian and one of the endangered Iranian languages spoken in Lar, Fars province
Taherkhani, Neda; Ourang, Muhammed (2013). "A Study of Derivational Morphemes in Lari & Tati as Two Endangered Iranian Languages: An Analytical Contrastive Examination with Persian" (PDF). Journal of American Science. ISSN 1545-1003. Lari is of the SW branch of Middle Iranian languages, Pahlavi, in the Middle period of Persian Language Evolution and consists of nine dialects, which are prominently different in pronunciation (Geravand, 2010). Being a branch of Pahlavi language, Lari has several common features with it as its mother language. The ergative structure (the difference between the conjugation of transitive and intransitive verbs) existing in Lari can be mentioned as such an example. The speech community of this language includes Fars province, Hormozgan Province and some of the Arabic-speaking countries like the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, and Oman (Khonji, 2010, p. 15).