References analysis of the Wikipedia article "Persistent carbene" in the English version

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Hopkinson, M. N.; Richter, C.; Schedler, M.; Glorius, F. (2014). "An Overview of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes". Nature. 510 (7506): 485–496. Bibcode:2014Natur.510..485H. doi:10.1038/nature13384. PMID 24965649. S2CID 672379.

Ronald Breslow (1958). "On the Mechanism of Thiamine Action. IV.1 Evidence from Studies on Model Systems". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 80 (14): 3719–3726. Bibcode:1958JAChS..80.3719B. doi:10.1021/ja01547a064.

R. Breslow (1957). "Rapid Deuterium Exchange in Thiazolium Salts". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 79 (7): 1762–1763. Bibcode:1957JAChS..79.1762B. doi:10.1021/ja01564a064.

Berkessel A.; Elfert S.; Yatham V. R.; Neudörfl J.-M.; Schlörer N. E.; Teles J. H. (2012). "Umpolung by N-Heterocyclic Carbenes: Generation and Reactivity of the Elusive 2,2-Diamino Enols (Breslow Intermediates)". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 51 (49): 12370–12374. doi:10.1002/anie.201205878. PMID 23081675.

Hans-Werner Wanzlick; E. Schikora (1960). "Ein neuer Zugang zur Carben-Chemie" [A new way into carbene chemistry]. Angew. Chem. 72 (14): 494. Bibcode:1960AngCh..72..494W. doi:10.1002/ange.19600721409.

H. W. Wanzlick; E. Schikora (1960). "Ein nucleophiles Carben" [A nucleophilic carbene]. Chem. Ber. 94 (9): 2389–2393. doi:10.1002/cber.19610940905.

H. W. Wanzlick (1962). "Aspects of Nucleophilic Carbene Chemistry". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1 (2): 75–80. doi:10.1002/anie.196200751.

D. M. Lemal; R. A. Lovald; K. I. Kawano (1964). "Tetraaminoethylenes. The Question of Dissociation". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 86 (12): 2518–2519. Bibcode:1964JAChS..86.2518L. doi:10.1021/ja01066a044.

H. E. Winberg; J. E. Carnahan; D. D. Coffman; M. Brown (1965). "Tetraaminoethylenes". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 87 (9): 2055–2056. Bibcode:1965JAChS..87.2055W. doi:10.1021/ja01087a040.

Denk M. K.; Hatano K.; Ma M. (1999). "Nucleophilic Carbenes and the Wanzlick Equilibrium A Reinvestigation". Tetrahedron Lett. 40 (11): 2057–2060. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(99)00164-1.

Böhm Volker P. W.; Herrmann Wolfgang A. (2000). "The Wanzlick Equilibrium". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 39 (22): 4036–4038. doi:10.1002/1521-3773(20001117)39:22<4036::AID-ANIE4036>3.0.CO;2-L. PMID 11093196.

H. W. Wanzlick; H. J. Schonherr (1970). "Chemie nucleophiler Carbene, XVIII, 1) 1.3.4.5-Tetraphenyl-imidazoliumperchlorat" [Chemistry of nucleophilic carbenes, XVIII. 1) 1,3,4,5-Tetraphenylimidazolium perchlorate]. Liebigs Ann. Chem. 731: 176–179. doi:10.1002/jlac.19707310121.

R. Gleiter; R. Hoffmann (1968). "Stabilizing a singlet methylene". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 90 (20): 5457–5460. Bibcode:1968JAChS..90.5457G. doi:10.1021/ja01022a023.

A. Igau; H. Grutzmacher; A. Baceiredo; G. Bertrand (1988). "Analogous α,α′-bis-carbenoid, triply bonded species: synthesis of a stable λ³-phosphino carbene-λ³-phosphaacetylene". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 110 (19): 6463–6466. doi:10.1021/ja00227a028.

G. Bertrand; R. Reed (1994). "λ³-Phosphinocarbenes λ⁵-phosphaacetylenes". Coord. Chem. Rev. 137: 323–355. doi:10.1016/0010-8545(94)03005-B.

Christophe Buron; Heinz Gornitzka; Vadim Romanenko; Guy Bertrand (2000). "Stable Versions of Transient Push-Pull Carbenes: Extending Lifetimes from Nanoseconds to Weeks". Science. 288 (5467): 834–836. Bibcode:2000Sci...288..834B. doi:10.1126/science.288.5467.834. PMID 10796999.

Arduengo, A.J.; Harlow, R.L.; Kline, M. (1991). "A stable crystalline carbene". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 113 (1): 361–363. Bibcode:1991JAChS.113..361A. doi:10.1021/ja00001a054.

A. J. Arduengo; F. Davidson; H. V. R. Dias; J. R. Goerlich; D. Khasnis; W. J. Marshall; T. K. Prakasha (1997). "An Air Stable Carbene and Mixed Carbene "Dimers"". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 119 (52): 12742–12749. Bibcode:1997JAChS.11912742A. doi:10.1021/ja973241o.

Arduengo, Anthony J.; Harlow, Richard L.; Kline, Michael (January 1991). "A stable crystalline carbene". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 113 (1): 361–363. Bibcode:1991JAChS.113..361A. doi:10.1021/ja00001a054.

A. J. Arduengo; H. V. R. Dias; R. L. Harlow; M. Kline (1992). "Electronic stabilization of nucleophilic carbenes". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 114 (14): 5530–5534. Bibcode:1992JAChS.114.5530A. doi:10.1021/ja00040a007.

J. Arduengo; J. R. Goerlich; W. J. Marshall (1995). "A stable diaminocarbene". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 117 (44): 11027–11028. Bibcode:1995JAChS.11711027A. doi:10.1021/ja00149a034.

R. W. Alder; P. R. Allen; M. Murray; A. G. Orpen (1996). "Bis(diisopropylamino)carbene". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 35 (10): 1121–1123. doi:10.1002/anie.199611211.

M. K. Denk; A. Thadani; K. Hatano; A. J. Lough (1997). "Steric Stabilization of Nucleophilic Carbenes". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 36 (23): 2607–2609. doi:10.1002/anie.199726071.

Alder, RW; Chaker, L; Paolini, FP (2004). "Bis(diethylamino)carbene and the mechanism of dimerisation for simple diaminocarbenes". Chemical Communications (19): 2172–2173. doi:10.1039/b409112d. PMID 15467857.

R. W. Alder; M. E. Blake (1997). "Bis(N-piperidyl)carbene and its slow dimerisation to tetrakis(N-piperidyl)ethene". Chem. Commun. (16): 1513–1514. doi:10.1039/a703610h.

R. W. Alder; M. E. Blake; J. M. Oliva (1999). "Diaminocarbenes; Calculation of Barriers to Rotation about C_carbene–N Bonds, Barriers to Dimerization, Proton Affinities, and ¹³C NMR Shifts". J. Phys. Chem. A. 103 (50): 11200–11211. Bibcode:1999JPCA..10311200A. doi:10.1021/jp9934228.

A. J. Arduengo, J. R. Goerlich and W. J. Marshall (1997). "A Stable Thiazol-2-ylidene and Its Dimer". Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1997 (2): 365–374. doi:10.1002/jlac.199719970213.

R. W. Alder; C. P. Butts; A. G. Orpen (1998). "Stable Aminooxy- and Aminothiocarbenes". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 120 (44): 11526–11527. Bibcode:1998JAChS.12011526A. doi:10.1021/ja9819312.

Lavallo, Vincent; Canac, Yves; Donnadieu, Bruno; Schoeller, Wolfgang W.; Bertrand, Guy (2006). "Cyclopropenylidenes: From Interstellar Space to an Isolated Derivative in the Laboratory". Science. 312 (5774): 722–724. Bibcode:2006Sci...312..722L. doi:10.1126/science.1126675. PMC 2427275. PMID 16614171.

Solé, Stéphane; Gornitzka, Heinz; Schoeller, Wolfgang W.; Bourissou, Didier; Bertrand, Guy (2001). "(Amino)(Aryl)Carbenes: Stable Singlet Carbenes Featuring a Spectator Substituent". Science. 292 (5523): 1901–1903. Bibcode:2001Sci...292.1901S. doi:10.1126/science.292.5523.1901. PMID 11397943.

Lai Chun-Liang; Guo Wen-Hsin; Lee Ming-Tsung; Hu Ching-Han (2005). "Ligand properties of N-heterocyclic and Bertrand carbenes: A density functional study". J. Organomet. Chem. 690 (24–25): 5867–5875. doi:10.1016/j.jorganchem.2005.07.058.

H. D. Haztzler (1970). "Nucleophilic 1,3-dithiolium carbenes". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 92 (5): 1412–1413. Bibcode:1970JAChS..92.1412H. doi:10.1021/ja00708a058.

H. D. Hartzler (1972). "1,3-Dithiolium carbenes from acetylenes and carbon disulfide". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 95 (13): 4379–4387. doi:10.1021/ja00794a039.

R. W. Alder; M. E. Blake; C. Bortolotti; S. Buffali; C. P. Butts; E. Lineham; J. M. Oliva; A. G. Orpen; M. J. Quayle (1999). "Complexation of stable carbenes with alkali metals". Chem. Commun. (3): 241–242. doi:10.1039/a808951e.

Präsang, C; Donnadieu, B; Bertrand, G (2005). "Stable Planar Six-π-Electron Six-Membered N-Heterocyclic Carbenes with Tunable Electronic Properties". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127 (29): 10182–10183. Bibcode:2005JAChS.12710182P. doi:10.1021/ja052987g. PMC 2440681. PMID 16028925.

W. A. Herrmann; C. Kocher; L. J. Goossen; G. R. J. Artus (1996). "Heterocyclic Carbenes: A High-Yielding Synthesis of Novel, Functionalized N-Heterocyclic Carbenes in Liquid Ammonia". Chem. Eur. J. 2 (12): 1627–1636. doi:10.1002/chem.19960021222.

W. A. Herrmann; M. Elison; J. Fischer; C. Kocher; G. R. J. Artus (1996). "N-Heterocyclic Carbenes: Generation under Mild Conditions and Formation of Group 8–10 Transition Metal Complexes Relevant to Catalysis". Chem. Eur. J. 2 (7): 772–780. Bibcode:1996ChEuJ...2..772H. doi:10.1002/chem.19960020708.

H. V. R. Dias; W. C. Jin (1994). "A stable tridentate carbene ligand". Tetrahedron Lett. 35 (9): 1365–1366. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(00)76219-8.

Wolf, J; Böhlmann, W; Findeisen, M; Gelbrich, T; Hofmann, HJ; Schulze, B (2007). "Synthesis of stable isothiazole carbenes". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 46 (17): 3118–3121. Bibcode:2007ACIE...46.3118W. doi:10.1002/anie.200604305. PMID 17372997.

DeHope, A; Lavallo, V; Donnadieu, B; Schoeller, WW; Bertrand, G (2007). "Recently reported crystalline isothiazole carbenes: Myth or reality". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 46 (36): 6922–6925. Bibcode:2007ACIE...46.6922D. doi:10.1002/anie.200702272. PMID 17661300.

Wolf Janine; Böhlmann Winfried; Findeisen Matthias; Gelbrich Thomas; Hofmann Hans-Jorg; Schulze Borbel (2007). "Reply to "Recently Reported Crystalline Isothiazole Carbenes: Myth or Reality"". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 46 (36): 6926. Bibcode:2007ACIE...46.6926W. doi:10.1002/anie.200702746.

G. Bertrand; A. Igau; A. Baceiredo; G. Trinquier (1989). "[Bis(diisopropylamino)phosphino]trimethylsilylcarbene: A Stable Nucleophilic Carbene". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 28 (5): 621–622. doi:10.1002/anie.198906211.

Tomioka, H; Iwamoto, E; Itakura, H; Hirai, K (2001). "Generation and characterization of a fairly stable triplet carbene". Nature. 412 (6847): 626–628. Bibcode:2001Natur.412..626T. doi:10.1038/35088038. PMID 11493917. S2CID 4373216.

Michael Freemantle (2001-08-13). "Triplet Carbene has Long Life". Chemical & Engineering News. 79 (33): 11. doi:10.1021/cen-v079n033.p011a.

Itoh, T; Nakata, Y; Hirai, K; Tomioka, H (2006). "Triplet Diphenylcarbenes Protected by Trifluoromethyl and Bromine Groups. A Triplet Carbene Surviving a Day in Solution at Room Temperature". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128 (3): 957–967. Bibcode:2006JAChS.128..957I. doi:10.1021/ja056575j. PMID 16417387.

D. Enders; K. Breuer; G. Raabe; J. Runsink; J. H. Teles; J. P. Melder; K. Ebel; S. Brode (1995). "Preparation, Structure, and Reactivity of 1,3,4-Triphenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-ylidene, a New Stable Carbene". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 34 (9): 1021–1023. doi:10.1002/anie.199510211.

Enders, D.; Breuer, K.; Runsink, J.; Teles, J.H. (1996). "Chemical Reactions of the Stable Carbene 1,3,4-Triphenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-ylidene". Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1996 (12): 2019–2028. doi:10.1002/jlac.199619961212.

Enders, D.; Breuer, K.; Teles, J.H.; Ebel, K. (1997). "1,3,4-Triphenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-ylidene – applications of a stable carbene in synthesis and catalysis". J. Prakt. Chem. 339: 397–399. doi:10.1002/prac.19973390170.

R. W. Alder; P. R. Allen; S. J. Williams (1995). "Stable carbenes as strong bases". Chem. Commun. (12): 1267. doi:10.1039/c39950001267.

Massey Richard S (2012). "Proton Transfer Reactions of Triazol-3-ylidenes: Kinetic Acidities and Carbon Acid pKaValues for Twenty Triazolium Salts in Aqueous Solution" (PDF). J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134 (50): 20421–20432. Bibcode:2012JAChS.13420421M. doi:10.1021/ja308420c. PMID 23173841.

Higgins, Eleanor M.; Sherwood, Jennifer A.; Lindsay, Anita G.; Armstrong, James; Massey, Richard S.; Alder, Roger W.; O'Donoghue, Annmarie C. (2011). "pK_as of the conjugate acids of N-heterocyclic carbenes in water". Chem. Commun. 47 (5): 1559–1561. doi:10.1039/C0CC03367G. PMID 21116519. S2CID 205757477.

R. Breslow (1957). "Rapid Deuterium Exchange in Thiazolium Salts". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 79 (7): 1762–1763. Bibcode:1957JAChS..79.1762B. doi:10.1021/ja01564a064.

Alder, Roger W.; Blake, Michael E.; Chaker, Leila; Harvey, Jeremy N.; Paolini, François; Schütz, Jan (2004). "When and How Do Diaminocarbenes Dimerize?". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 43 (44): 5896–5911. Bibcode:2004ACIE...43.5896A. doi:10.1002/anie.200400654. PMID 15457494.

T. A. Taton; P. Chen (1996). "A Stable Tetraazafulvalene". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 35 (9): 1011–1013. doi:10.1002/anie.199610111.

Wolfgang A. Herrmann; Christian Köcher (1997). "N-Heterocyclic Carbenes". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 36 (20): 2162–2187. doi:10.1002/anie.199721621. S2CID 97336589.

Gernot Boche; Christof Hilf; Klaus Harms; Michael Marsch; John C. W. Lohrenz (1995). "Crystal Structure of the Dimeric (4-tert-Butylthiazolato)(glyme)lithium: Carbene Character of a Formyl Anion Equivalent". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 34 (4): 487–489. doi:10.1002/anie.199504871.

D. Enders; H. Gielen; G. Raabe; J. Runsink; J. H. Teles (1996). "Synthesis and Stereochemistry of the First Chiral (Imidazolinylidene)- and (Triazolinylidene)palladium(II) Complexes". Chem. Ber. 129 (12): 1483–1488. doi:10.1002/cber.19961291213.

Wolfgang A. Herrmann; Martina Elison; Jakob Fischer; Christian Köcher; Georg R. J. Artus (1995). "Metal Complexes of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes – A New Structural Principle for Catalysts in Homogeneous Catalysis". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 34 (21): 2371–2374. doi:10.1002/anie.199523711.

Wolfgang A. Herrmann; Lukas J. Goossen; Christian Köcher; Georg R. J. Artus (1996). "Chiral Heterocylic Carbenes in Asymmetric Homogeneous Catalysis". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 35 (23–24): 2805–2807. doi:10.1002/anie.199628051.

M. Scholl; T. M. Trnka; J. P. Morgan; R. H. Grubbs (1999). "Increased ring closing metathesis activity of ruthenium-based olefin metathesis catalysts coordinated with imidazolin-2-ylidene ligands". Tetrahedron Lett. 40 (12): 2247–2250. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(99)00217-8.

Haque RA, Zulikha HZ, Ghdhayeb MZ, et al. (January 2012). "Cationic Nitrile-Functionalized Ag(I)- and Hg(II)-N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes of CCC, CNC, and NCN Pincer-Type Carbene Ligands: Synthesis, Crystal Structures, and Characterization". Heteroatom Chemistry. 23 (5). Wiley: 486–497. doi:10.1002/hc.21041.

Haque RA, Choo SY, Budagumpi S, et al. (July 2015). "Synthesis, crystal structures, characterization and biological studies of nitrile-functionalized silver(I) N-heterocyclic carbene complexes". Inorganica Chimica Acta. 433: 35–44. doi:10.1016/j.ica.2015.04.023.

Haque RA, Ghdhayeb MZ, Budagumpi S, et al. (January 2013). "Non-symmetrically substituted N-heterocyclic carbene–Ag(I) complexes of benzimidazol-2-ylidenes: Synthesis, crystal structures, anticancer activity and transmetallation studies". Inorganica Chimica Acta. 394: 519–525. doi:10.1016/j.ica.2012.09.013.

Liu QX, Zhao XJ, Wu XM, et al. (December 2007). "New mercury(II) and silver(I) complexes containing NHC metallacrown ethers with the π–π stacking interactions". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 692 (25). Elsevier: 5671–5679. doi:10.1016/j.jorganchem.2007.09.027.

Tapu, Daniela; Dixon, David A.; Roe, Christopher (12 August 2009). "13C NMR Spectroscopy of "Arduengo-type" Carbenes and Their Derivatives". Chem. Rev. 109 (8): 3385–3407. doi:10.1021/cr800521g. PMID 19281270.

Han Vinh Huynh; et al. (2009). "13C NMR Spectroscopic Determination of Ligand Donor Strengths Using N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes of Palladium(II)". Organometallics. 28 (18): 5395–5404. doi:10.1021/om900667d.

Díez-González, Silvia; Marion, Nicolas; Nolan, Steven P. (2009-08-12). "N-Heterocyclic Carbenes in Late Transition Metal Catalysis". Chem. Rev. 109 (8): 3612–3676. doi:10.1021/cr900074m. ISSN 0009-2665. PMID 19588961. S2CID 206902952.

Garrison Jered C.; Youngs Wiley J. (2005). "Ag(I) N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis, Structure, and Application". Chem. Rev. 105 (11): 3978–4008. doi:10.1021/cr050004s. PMID 16277368. S2CID 43090499.

Roger W. Alder; Michael E. Blake; Simone Bufali; Craig P. Butts; A. Guy Orpen; Jan Schütz; Stuart J. Williams (2001). "Preparation of tetraalkylformamidinium salts and related species as precursors to stable carbenes". J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 (14): 1586–1593. doi:10.1039/b104110j.

N. Kuhn; T. Kratz (1993). "Synthesis of Imidazol-2-ylidenes by Reduction of Imidazole-2(3H)-thiones". Synthesis. 1993 (6): 561–562. doi:10.1055/s-1993-25902.

D. Kovacs; M. S. Lee; D. Olson; J. E. Jackson (1996). "Carbene-to-Carbene Oxygen Atom Transfer". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 118 (34): 8144–8145. Bibcode:1996JAChS.118.8144K. doi:10.1021/ja961324j.

Michael Otto; Salvador Conejero; Yves Canac; Vadim D. Romanenko; Valentyn Rudzevitch; Guy Bertrand (2004). "Mono- and Diaminocarbenes from Chloroiminium and -amidinium Salts: Synthesis of Metal-Free Bis(dimethylamino)carbene". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126 (4): 1016–1017. Bibcode:2004JAChS.126.1016O. doi:10.1021/ja0393325. PMID 14746458.

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R. Breslow (1957). "Rapid Deuterium Exchange in Thiazolium Salts". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 79 (7): 1762–1763. Bibcode:1957JAChS..79.1762B. doi:10.1021/ja01564a064.

D. M. Lemal; R. A. Lovald; K. I. Kawano (1964). "Tetraaminoethylenes. The Question of Dissociation". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 86 (12): 2518–2519. Bibcode:1964JAChS..86.2518L. doi:10.1021/ja01066a044.

H. E. Winberg; J. E. Carnahan; D. D. Coffman; M. Brown (1965). "Tetraaminoethylenes". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 87 (9): 2055–2056. Bibcode:1965JAChS..87.2055W. doi:10.1021/ja01087a040.

R. Gleiter; R. Hoffmann (1968). "Stabilizing a singlet methylene". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 90 (20): 5457–5460. Bibcode:1968JAChS..90.5457G. doi:10.1021/ja01022a023.

Arduengo, A.J.; Harlow, R.L.; Kline, M. (1991). "A stable crystalline carbene". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 113 (1): 361–363. Bibcode:1991JAChS.113..361A. doi:10.1021/ja00001a054.

J. Arduengo; J. R. Goerlich; W. J. Marshall (1995). "A stable diaminocarbene". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 117 (44): 11027–11028. Bibcode:1995JAChS.11711027A. doi:10.1021/ja00149a034.

R. W. Alder; C. P. Butts; A. G. Orpen (1998). "Stable Aminooxy- and Aminothiocarbenes". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 120 (44): 11526–11527. Bibcode:1998JAChS.12011526A. doi:10.1021/ja9819312.

H. D. Haztzler (1970). "Nucleophilic 1,3-dithiolium carbenes". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 92 (5): 1412–1413. Bibcode:1970JAChS..92.1412H. doi:10.1021/ja00708a058.

R. Breslow (1957). "Rapid Deuterium Exchange in Thiazolium Salts". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 79 (7): 1762–1763. Bibcode:1957JAChS..79.1762B. doi:10.1021/ja01564a064.

D. Kovacs; M. S. Lee; D. Olson; J. E. Jackson (1996). "Carbene-to-Carbene Oxygen Atom Transfer". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 118 (34): 8144–8145. Bibcode:1996JAChS.118.8144K. doi:10.1021/ja961324j.

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Wolfgang A. Herrmann; Christian Köcher (1997). "N-Heterocyclic Carbenes". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 36 (20): 2162–2187. doi:10.1002/anie.199721621. S2CID 97336589.

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Persistent carbene (English Wikipedia)

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