Personal computer (English Wikipedia)

Stachniak, Zbigniew (2003). "The Making of the MCM/70 Microcomputer". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 25 (2): 62. Bibcode:2003IAHC...25b..62S. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2003.1203059.
Garland, Harry (March 1977). "Design Innovations in Personal Computers". Computer. 10 (3): 24. Bibcode:1977Compr..10c..24G. doi:10.1109/c-m.1977.217669. ISSN 0018-9162. S2CID 32243439. Archived from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 3 January 2017. There is little question that the current enthusiasm in personal computing was catalyzed by the introduction of the MITS Altair computer kit in January 1975.
Kinser, Jason (2015). Kinematic Labs with Mobile Devices. Morgan and Claypool. Bibcode:2015klmd.book.....K. doi:10.1088/978-1-6270-5628-1. ISBN 978-1-6270-5627-4.

annals-csis.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Chmielarz, Witold; Szumski, Oskar (2018). "Analysis of Selected Internet Platforms of Distributors of Computer Games in the Assessment of Users" (PDF). FedCSIS: 5 – via 2018 Federated Conference on Computer Science and Information Systems.

apple2history.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Apple II History". Apple II History. 4 November 2008. Archived from the original on 10 May 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2014.

archive-it.org (Global: 1,292^nd place; English: 869^th place)

wayback.archive-it.org

Joe Wilcox (16 April 2009). "Netbooks Are Destroying the Laptop Market and Microsoft Needs to Act Now". eWeek. Archived from the original on 17 April 2009. Retrieved 14 October 2010.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Ceruzzi, Paul E. (2003). A History of Modern Computing. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. p. 226. ISBN 978-0-262-53203-7. "This announcement [Altair 8800] ranks with IBM's announcement of the System/360 a decade earlier as one of the most significant in the history of computing."
Freiberger, Paul; Swaine, Michael (2000). Fire in the Valley: The Making of the Personal Computer. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-135892-7.

ban.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

old.ban.org

"Basel Action Network (BAN) : California's Santa Clara County Commits to Highest Standard of Responsible E-Waste Recycling". old.ban.org. Basel Action Network. 14 October 2010. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 20 September 2025.

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11^th place; English: 10^th place)

news.bbc.co.uk

"Computers reach one billion mark". BBC News. 1 July 2002. Archived from the original on 18 February 2008. Retrieved 14 October 2010.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

"Computing Japan". Computing Japan. 54–59: 18. 1999. Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 6 February 2012. ...its venerable PC 9800 series, which has sold more than 18 million units over the years, and is the reason why NEC has been the number one PC vendor in Japan for as long as anyone can remember.
Gookin, Dan (2005). Laptops for Dummies. Wiley. pp. 7–17. ISBN 9780764575556 – via Google Books.

canalys.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Canalys Newsroom - Global PC shipments up 3% in first quarter of 2024". www.canalys.com. Retrieved 5 May 2025.
"Canalys Newsroom - Worldwide PC shipments up 9% in Q1 2025 but tariffs threaten future market performance". www.canalys.com. Retrieved 5 May 2025.

cbc.ca (Global: 110^th place; English: 65^th place)

"Worldwide PC use to reach 1 billion by 2008: report". CBC News. Archived from the original on 23 August 2014. Retrieved 12 June 2007.

cbsnews.com (Global: 136^th place; English: 93^rd place)

Rather, Dan (23 January 2015). "1995 video shows the struggle was real for first-time PC users". CBS News. Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 1 April 2021.

cio.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Shane O'Neill (2 December 2009). "Falling PC Prices Pit Microsoft Against PC Makers". Archived from the original on 12 March 2014. Retrieved 14 October 2010.

classiccmp.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Joe's Heathkit Computer Catalog Page". www.classiccmp.org. Archived from the original on 25 May 2018. Retrieved 7 March 2019.

cnet.com (Global: 447^th place; English: 345^th place)

news.cnet.com

Kanellos, Michael (30 June 2002). "PCs: More than 1 billion served". CNET News. Archived from the original on 25 August 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2001.
HP back on top of PC market, archived from the original on 18 November 2014, retrieved 13 January 2009

cnet.com

Ackerman, Dan (22 August 2013). "Don't buy a new PC or Mac before you read this". CNET. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on 8 October 2014. Retrieved 5 October 2014.

cnn.com (Global: 36^th place; English: 26^th place)

Erica Ogg (20 August 2009). "Time to drop the Netbook label". CNN. Archived from the original on 27 May 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2009.

computer.org (Global: 6,549^th place; English: 4,616^th place)

Garland, Harry (March 1977). "Design Innovations in Personal Computers". Computer. 10 (3): 24. Bibcode:1977Compr..10c..24G. doi:10.1109/c-m.1977.217669. ISSN 0018-9162. S2CID 32243439. Archived from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 3 January 2017. There is little question that the current enthusiasm in personal computing was catalyzed by the introduction of the MITS Altair computer kit in January 1975.

computerhistory.org (Global: 2,702^nd place; English: 1,789^th place)

"1959: Practical Monolithic Integrated Circuit Concept Patented | The Silicon Engine | Computer History Museum". www.computerhistory.org. Archived from the original on 24 October 2019. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
"1960: Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Transistor Demonstrated | The Silicon Engine | Computer History Museum". www.computerhistory.org. Archived from the original on 27 October 2019. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
"1964: First Commercial MOS IC Introduced | The Silicon Engine | Computer History Museum". www.computerhistory.org. Archived from the original on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
"1968: Silicon Gate Technology Developed for ICs | The Silicon Engine | Computer History Museum". www.computerhistory.org. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
"1971: Microprocessor Integrates CPU Function onto a Single Chip | The Silicon Engine | Computer History Museum". www.computerhistory.org. Archived from the original on 12 August 2021. Retrieved 30 August 2019.

computerworld.com (Global: 3,446^th place; English: 2,279^th place)

Finnie, Scot (8 June 2007). "Mac vs. PC cost analysis: How does it all add up?". Computerworld. Computerworld, Inc. Archived from the original on 27 September 2014. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
"Forgotten PC history: The true origins of the personal computer". 22 August 2008. Archived from the original on 22 August 2008. Retrieved 9 January 2017.

dictionary.com (Global: 1,672^nd place; English: 1,248^th place)

"personal computer". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d. Retrieved 11 June 2018.

digitalstorm.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Houghton, Andy. "Evolution of Custom Gaming PCs: What Really Made the Difference". digitalstorm.com. Retrieved 28 September 2015.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Stachniak, Zbigniew (2003). "The Making of the MCM/70 Microcomputer". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 25 (2): 62. Bibcode:2003IAHC...25b..62S. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2003.1203059.
Garland, Harry (March 1977). "Design Innovations in Personal Computers". Computer. 10 (3): 24. Bibcode:1977Compr..10c..24G. doi:10.1109/c-m.1977.217669. ISSN 0018-9162. S2CID 32243439. Archived from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 3 January 2017. There is little question that the current enthusiasm in personal computing was catalyzed by the introduction of the MITS Altair computer kit in January 1975.
Kinser, Jason (2015). Kinematic Labs with Mobile Devices. Morgan and Claypool. Bibcode:2015klmd.book.....K. doi:10.1088/978-1-6270-5628-1. ISBN 978-1-6270-5627-4.
Petrovskaya, Elena; Deterding, Sebastian; Zendle, David I (29 April 2022). "Prevalence and Salience of Problematic Microtransactions in Top-Grossing Mobile and PC Games: A Content Analysis of User Reviews". CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI '22. New York, NY, US: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 1–12. doi:10.1145/3491102.3502056. hdl:10044/1/95775. ISBN 978-1-4503-9157-3.
Nash, Jennifer; Bosso, Christopher (2013). "Extended Producer Responsibility in the United States: Full Speed Ahead?" (PDF). Journal of Industrial Ecology. 17 (2 – RPP–2013–04): 175–185. doi:10.1111/j.1530-9290.2012.00572.x. S2CID 154297251. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 August 2014. Retrieved 23 August 2014.

earthweb.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

itmanagement.earthweb.com

Laptop Sales Soaring Amid Wider PC Growth: Gartner Archived 25 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine, 27 May 2010, Andy Patrizio, earthweb.com, retrieved at 12 September 2011

ebscohost.com (Global: 1,433^rd place; English: 739^th place)

eds.a.ebscohost.com

Garrison, Bruce (1999). "Microsoft Office 2000 software suite". World Communication: 105 – via Ebscohost.

engadget.com (Global: 613^th place; English: 442^nd place)

John Fingas (4 March 2014). "PC shipments faced their steepest-ever drop in 2013". Archived from the original on 25 June 2017. Retrieved 8 September 2017.

eweek.com (Global: 8,041^st place; English: 5,594^th place)

Joe Wilcox (16 April 2009). "Netbooks Are Destroying the Laptop Market and Microsoft Needs to Act Now". eWeek. Archived from the original on 17 April 2009. Retrieved 14 October 2010.

gamesindustry.biz (Global: 1,133^rd place; English: 707^th place)

"Newzoo: Global esports market will exceed $1 billion in 2019". GamesIndustry.biz. 12 February 2019. Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 25 April 2019.

gartner.com (Global: 7,063^rd place; English: 5,996^th place)

"Gartner Says More than 1 Billion PCs in Use Worldwide and Headed to 2 Billion Units by 2014" (Press release). Gartner. 23 June 2008. Archived from the original on 4 December 2008. Retrieved 14 October 2010.
"Gartner Says Declining Worldwide PC Shipments in Fourth Quarter of 2012 Signal Structural Shift of PC Market". Gartner.Com (Press release). 14 January 2013. Archived from the original on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2013.

gmanews.tv (Global: 6,773^rd place; English: 3,718^th place)

Global PC shipments grew 13.8 percent in 2010 – Gartner study Archived 25 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine, 13 January 2011, retrieved at 12 September 2011

greenbiz.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Mattison, Richard (3 October 2012). "The true cost of personal computers". GreenBiz. GreenBiz Group Inc. Archived from the original on 2 October 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2016.

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

Petrovskaya, Elena; Deterding, Sebastian; Zendle, David I (29 April 2022). "Prevalence and Salience of Problematic Microtransactions in Top-Grossing Mobile and PC Games: A Content Analysis of User Reviews". CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI '22. New York, NY, US: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 1–12. doi:10.1145/3491102.3502056. hdl:10044/1/95775. ISBN 978-1-4503-9157-3.

hks.harvard.edu (Global: 8,510^th place; English: 5,169^th place)

Nash, Jennifer; Bosso, Christopher (2013). "Extended Producer Responsibility in the United States: Full Speed Ahead?" (PDF). Journal of Industrial Ecology. 17 (2 – RPP–2013–04): 175–185. doi:10.1111/j.1530-9290.2012.00572.x. S2CID 154297251. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 August 2014. Retrieved 23 August 2014.

ibm.com (Global: 1,369^th place; English: 968^th place)

www03.ibm.com

"IBM Archives". Retrieved 9 January 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)

ibm.com

"The IBM PC". www.ibm.com. IBM. Archived from the original on 9 January 2025. Retrieved 20 September 2025.

idc.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

idc.com

"PC Sales Remain on Fire as Fourth Quarter Shipments Grow 26.1% Over the Previous Year, According to IDC". IDC: The premier global market intelligence company. Archived from the original on 30 December 2021. Retrieved 24 July 2022.

my.idc.com

"The PC Market Closed out 2024 with Slight Growth and Mixed Views on What 2025 Will Bring, according to IDC". IDC: The premier global market intelligence company. Retrieved 5 May 2025.

indianexpress.com (Global: 108^th place; English: 58^th place)

"Global PC sector suffers worst drop as China chip curbs loom". The Indian Express. 11 October 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2025.

indiatimes.com (Global: 31^st place; English: 19^th place)

telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com

www.ETTelecom.com. "Global PC shipments hit 341 mn units in 2021, largest since 2012 - ET Telecom". ETTelecom.com. Retrieved 5 May 2025.

intel.com (Global: 1,727^th place; English: 1,234^th place)

"Mac* vs. PC Debate". intel.com. Intel. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 5 October 2014.

interaction-design.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

The Encyclopedia of Human-Computer Interaction, second Ed. End-User Development. Interaction Design Foundation. 2017. Archived from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 22 April 2018.

internetnews.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

PC Sales Up for 2008, but Barely Archived 17 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine, 14 January 2009, Andy Patrizio, internetnews.com, retrieved at 12 September 2011

jeremyreimer.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Reimer, Jeremy (2 November 2009). "Personal Computer Market Share: 1975–2004". Archived from the original on 6 June 2012. Retrieved 17 July 2009.
Reimer, Jeremy (2 December 2012). "Personal Computer Market Share: 1975–2004". Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 9 February 2013.

latimes.com (Global: 32^nd place; English: 21^st place)

Yates, Nona (24 January 2000). "Dell Passes Compaq as Top PC Seller in U.S". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 27 December 2011. Retrieved 13 January 2009.

linfo.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"GUI Definition". www.linfo.org. Archived from the original on 1 November 2018. Retrieved 22 February 2019.

macworld.co.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

Haslam, Karen (11 December 2013). "Mac or PC? Ten reasons why Macs are better than PCs". Macworld. IDG. Archived from the original on 23 December 2014. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
iSuppli raises 2007 computer sales forecast, Macworld UK, archived from the original on 10 June 2011, retrieved 13 January 2009

martinangler.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

jackedin.martinangler.com

Angler, Martin. "Obituary: The PC is Dead". JACKED IN. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 12 February 2014.

merriam-webster.com (Global: 425^th place; English: 373^rd place)

"Definition of PERIPHERAL". Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 22 March 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2019.

microsoft.com (Global: 263^rd place; English: 259^th place)

docs.microsoft.com

"Overview of update channels for Office 365 ProPlus". Microsoft. 2018. Archived from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 22 April 2018.

news.yahoo.com (Global: 183^rd place; English: 212^th place)

Tablets, smartphones to outsell PCs https://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20110210/tc_afp/itinternettelecomequipmentmobileconsumerproduct Archived 5 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine

newsfactor.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Global PC Sales Leveling Off, newsfactor.com, archived from the original on 14 June 2011, retrieved 13 January 2009

newzoo.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Global Games Market Revenues 2018 | Per Region & Segment". Newzoo. 30 April 2018. Archived from the original on 17 October 2019. Retrieved 25 April 2019.

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

"Light and Cheap, Netbooks Are Poised to Reshape PC Industry", The New York Times, 1 April 2009, archived from the original on 26 May 2017, retrieved 14 October 2010, AT&T announced on Tuesday that customers in Atlanta could get a type of compact PC called a netbook for just 50 US$ if they signed up for an Internet service plan... 'The era of a perfect Internet computer for 99 US$ is coming this year,' said Jen-Hsun Huang, the chief executive of Nvidia, a maker of PC graphics chips that is trying to adapt to the new technological order.
Nick Wingfield (10 April 2013). "PC Sales Still in a Slump, Despite New Offerings". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 April 2013. Retrieved 11 April 2013.

oldcomputers.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Heathkit H89 computer". oldcomputers.net. Archived from the original on 19 February 2019. Retrieved 4 March 2019.

pctimeline.info (Global: low place; English: low place)

Polsson, Ken. "Chronology of Amiga Computers". Archived from the original on 2 April 2014. Retrieved 9 May 2014.

pcworld.com (Global: 1,889^th place; English: 1,323^rd place)

ISuppli Raises 2007 Computer Sales Forecast, pcworld.com, 19 June 2007, archived from the original on 19 January 2012, retrieved 13 January 2009
Nancy Weil, Average PC Price drops below $1,000, PC World December 1998. Retrieved 17 November 2010. Archived 11 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine

pocketpcmag.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

New Windows Mobile 6 Devices :: Jun/Jul 2007 Archived 4 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine

popsci.com (Global: 4,048^th place; English: 2,846^th place)

Conlon, Tom (29 January 2010), The iPad's Closed System: Sometimes I Hate Being Right, Popular Science, archived from the original on 20 April 2010, retrieved 14 October 2010, The iPad is not a personal computer in the sense that we currently understand.

post-gazette.com (Global: 819^th place; English: 433^rd place)

King, Ian; Frier, Sarah; Bass, Dina (24 August 2013). "Steve Ballmer's retirement leaves Microsoft in a replacement crisis". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 24 August 2013. Retrieved 25 August 2013.

reuters.com (Global: 38^th place; English: 30^th place)

Tarmo Virki (23 June 2008). "Computers in use pass 1 billion mark: Gartner". Reuters. Archived from the original on 19 September 2009. Retrieved 14 October 2010.

ruggedpcreview.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Conrad H. Blickenstorfer. "Rugged PC leaders". Ruggedpcreview.com. Archived from the original on 25 April 2019. Retrieved 14 October 2010.

sciencedaily.com (Global: 1,390^th place; English: 1,286^th place)

"Application software". ScienceDaily. Archived from the original on 30 April 2015.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Garland, Harry (March 1977). "Design Innovations in Personal Computers". Computer. 10 (3): 24. Bibcode:1977Compr..10c..24G. doi:10.1109/c-m.1977.217669. ISSN 0018-9162. S2CID 32243439. Archived from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 3 January 2017. There is little question that the current enthusiasm in personal computing was catalyzed by the introduction of the MITS Altair computer kit in January 1975.
Nash, Jennifer; Bosso, Christopher (2013). "Extended Producer Responsibility in the United States: Full Speed Ahead?" (PDF). Journal of Industrial Ecology. 17 (2 – RPP–2013–04): 175–185. doi:10.1111/j.1530-9290.2012.00572.x. S2CID 154297251. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 August 2014. Retrieved 23 August 2014.

sinclairzx.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Sinclair Research website". Archived from the original on 14 December 2014. Retrieved 6 August 2014.

steampowered.com (Global: 813^th place; English: 1,328^th place)

store.steampowered.com

"RetroArch". Steam. Retrieved 4 April 2024.

thefinancialist.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"The Apple Vs. Samsung Title Fight for Mobile Supremacy". The Financialist. Credit Suisse. 8 August 2013. Archived from the original on 14 August 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2013.

theregister.com (Global: 2,921^st place; English: 1,825^th place)

Kunert, Paul. "Laptops are on fire! In a good way (if you're selling). PC sales race to highest growth rate since 2011". www.theregister.com. Archived from the original on 24 July 2022. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
"PC shipments jumped 15% to 341 million units in 2021". Archived from the original on 16 October 2024. Retrieved 5 May 2025.

theverge.com (Global: 208^th place; English: 158^th place)

Warren, Tom (13 July 2018). "PC sales are growing for the first time in six years". The Verge. Archived from the original on 13 July 2018. Retrieved 14 July 2018.

vintagecomputer.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Heathkit H8". vintagecomputer.com. 8 August 2013. Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 4 March 2019.

visualcapitalist.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"50 Years of Video Game Industry Revenues, by Platform". visualcapitalist.com. 31 December 2023.

wang2200.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Jim Battle (9 August 2008). "The Wang 2200". Wang2200.org. Jim Battle. Archived from the original on 31 May 2008. Retrieved 13 November 2013.

warwick.ac.uk (Global: 4,192^nd place; English: 2,461^st place)

dcs.warwick.ac.uk

"Tutorial Guide to the EDSAC Simulator" (PDF). The EDSAC Replica Project. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 5 July 2017.

washingtonpost.com (Global: 35^th place; English: 24^th place)

articles.washingtonpost.com

"Feeble PC industry stumbles to steep sales drop during first quarter as Windows makeover flops". Washington Times. Associated Press. 10 April 2013. Archived from the original on 19 April 2013. Retrieved 11 April 2013.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Conlon, Tom (29 January 2010), The iPad's Closed System: Sometimes I Hate Being Right, Popular Science, archived from the original on 20 April 2010, retrieved 14 October 2010, The iPad is not a personal computer in the sense that we currently understand.
"Overview of update channels for Office 365 ProPlus". Microsoft. 2018. Archived from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 22 April 2018.
The Encyclopedia of Human-Computer Interaction, second Ed. End-User Development. Interaction Design Foundation. 2017. Archived from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 22 April 2018.
"Mac* vs. PC Debate". intel.com. Intel. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
Finnie, Scot (8 June 2007). "Mac vs. PC cost analysis: How does it all add up?". Computerworld. Computerworld, Inc. Archived from the original on 27 September 2014. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
Ackerman, Dan (22 August 2013). "Don't buy a new PC or Mac before you read this". CNET. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on 8 October 2014. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
Haslam, Karen (11 December 2013). "Mac or PC? Ten reasons why Macs are better than PCs". Macworld. IDG. Archived from the original on 23 December 2014. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
Rather, Dan (23 January 2015). "1995 video shows the struggle was real for first-time PC users". CBS News. Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
"Tutorial Guide to the EDSAC Simulator" (PDF). The EDSAC Replica Project. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
"1959: Practical Monolithic Integrated Circuit Concept Patented | The Silicon Engine | Computer History Museum". www.computerhistory.org. Archived from the original on 24 October 2019. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
"1960: Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Transistor Demonstrated | The Silicon Engine | Computer History Museum". www.computerhistory.org. Archived from the original on 27 October 2019. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
"1964: First Commercial MOS IC Introduced | The Silicon Engine | Computer History Museum". www.computerhistory.org. Archived from the original on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
"1968: Silicon Gate Technology Developed for ICs | The Silicon Engine | Computer History Museum". www.computerhistory.org. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
"1971: Microprocessor Integrates CPU Function onto a Single Chip | The Silicon Engine | Computer History Museum". www.computerhistory.org. Archived from the original on 12 August 2021. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
"Forgotten PC history: The true origins of the personal computer". 22 August 2008. Archived from the original on 22 August 2008. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
Jim Battle (9 August 2008). "The Wang 2200". Wang2200.org. Jim Battle. Archived from the original on 31 May 2008. Retrieved 13 November 2013.
Garland, Harry (March 1977). "Design Innovations in Personal Computers". Computer. 10 (3): 24. Bibcode:1977Compr..10c..24G. doi:10.1109/c-m.1977.217669. ISSN 0018-9162. S2CID 32243439. Archived from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 3 January 2017. There is little question that the current enthusiasm in personal computing was catalyzed by the introduction of the MITS Altair computer kit in January 1975.
"Apple II History". Apple II History. 4 November 2008. Archived from the original on 10 May 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
"Joe's Heathkit Computer Catalog Page". www.classiccmp.org. Archived from the original on 25 May 2018. Retrieved 7 March 2019.
"Heathkit H8". vintagecomputer.com. 8 August 2013. Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
"Heathkit H89 computer". oldcomputers.net. Archived from the original on 19 February 2019. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
"Sinclair Research website". Archived from the original on 14 December 2014. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
Reimer, Jeremy (2 November 2009). "Personal Computer Market Share: 1975–2004". Archived from the original on 6 June 2012. Retrieved 17 July 2009.
Reimer, Jeremy (2 December 2012). "Personal Computer Market Share: 1975–2004". Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
"Computing Japan". Computing Japan. 54–59: 18. 1999. Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 6 February 2012. ...its venerable PC 9800 series, which has sold more than 18 million units over the years, and is the reason why NEC has been the number one PC vendor in Japan for as long as anyone can remember.
Polsson, Ken. "Chronology of Amiga Computers". Archived from the original on 2 April 2014. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
"The IBM PC". www.ibm.com. IBM. Archived from the original on 9 January 2025. Retrieved 20 September 2025.
Angler, Martin. "Obituary: The PC is Dead". JACKED IN. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
Bott, Ed. "The PC was supposed to die a decade ago. Instead, this happened". ZDNet. Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
Erica Ogg (20 August 2009). "Time to drop the Netbook label". CNN. Archived from the original on 27 May 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2009.
"Light and Cheap, Netbooks Are Poised to Reshape PC Industry", The New York Times, 1 April 2009, archived from the original on 26 May 2017, retrieved 14 October 2010, AT&T announced on Tuesday that customers in Atlanta could get a type of compact PC called a netbook for just 50 US$ if they signed up for an Internet service plan... 'The era of a perfect Internet computer for 99 US$ is coming this year,' said Jen-Hsun Huang, the chief executive of Nvidia, a maker of PC graphics chips that is trying to adapt to the new technological order.
New Windows Mobile 6 Devices :: Jun/Jul 2007 Archived 4 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine
"Definition of PERIPHERAL". Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 22 March 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
"Wordreference.com: WordNet 2.0". Princeton University, Princeton, NJ. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 19 August 2007.
"GUI Definition". www.linfo.org. Archived from the original on 1 November 2018. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
"Application software". ScienceDaily. Archived from the original on 30 April 2015.
"Newzoo: Global esports market will exceed $1 billion in 2019". GamesIndustry.biz. 12 February 2019. Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
"Global Games Market Revenues 2018 | Per Region & Segment". Newzoo. 30 April 2018. Archived from the original on 17 October 2019. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
Kanellos, Michael (30 June 2002). "PCs: More than 1 billion served". CNET News. Archived from the original on 25 August 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2001.
"Computers reach one billion mark". BBC News. 1 July 2002. Archived from the original on 18 February 2008. Retrieved 14 October 2010.
Global PC shipments grew 13.8 percent in 2010 – Gartner study Archived 25 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine, 13 January 2011, retrieved at 12 September 2011
Laptop Sales Soaring Amid Wider PC Growth: Gartner Archived 25 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine, 27 May 2010, Andy Patrizio, earthweb.com, retrieved at 12 September 2011
Worldwide PC Shipments in 2008 Archived 27 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine, 16 March 2009, ZDNet, retrieved at 12 September 2011
PC Sales Up for 2008, but Barely Archived 17 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine, 14 January 2009, Andy Patrizio, internetnews.com, retrieved at 12 September 2011
ISuppli Raises 2007 Computer Sales Forecast, pcworld.com, 19 June 2007, archived from the original on 19 January 2012, retrieved 13 January 2009
iSuppli raises 2007 computer sales forecast, Macworld UK, archived from the original on 10 June 2011, retrieved 13 January 2009
Global PC Sales Leveling Off, newsfactor.com, archived from the original on 14 June 2011, retrieved 13 January 2009
HP back on top of PC market, archived from the original on 18 November 2014, retrieved 13 January 2009
Yates, Nona (24 January 2000). "Dell Passes Compaq as Top PC Seller in U.S". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 27 December 2011. Retrieved 13 January 2009.
"Worldwide PC use to reach 1 billion by 2008: report". CBC News. Archived from the original on 23 August 2014. Retrieved 12 June 2007.
"Gartner Says More than 1 Billion PCs in Use Worldwide and Headed to 2 Billion Units by 2014" (Press release). Gartner. 23 June 2008. Archived from the original on 4 December 2008. Retrieved 14 October 2010.
Tarmo Virki (23 June 2008). "Computers in use pass 1 billion mark: Gartner". Reuters. Archived from the original on 19 September 2009. Retrieved 14 October 2010.
Conrad H. Blickenstorfer. "Rugged PC leaders". Ruggedpcreview.com. Archived from the original on 25 April 2019. Retrieved 14 October 2010.
Tablets, smartphones to outsell PCs https://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20110210/tc_afp/itinternettelecomequipmentmobileconsumerproduct Archived 5 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine
"Gartner Says Declining Worldwide PC Shipments in Fourth Quarter of 2012 Signal Structural Shift of PC Market". Gartner.Com (Press release). 14 January 2013. Archived from the original on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
"Feeble PC industry stumbles to steep sales drop during first quarter as Windows makeover flops". Washington Times. Associated Press. 10 April 2013. Archived from the original on 19 April 2013. Retrieved 11 April 2013.
Nick Wingfield (10 April 2013). "PC Sales Still in a Slump, Despite New Offerings". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 April 2013. Retrieved 11 April 2013.
King, Ian; Frier, Sarah; Bass, Dina (24 August 2013). "Steve Ballmer's retirement leaves Microsoft in a replacement crisis". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 24 August 2013. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
"The Apple Vs. Samsung Title Fight for Mobile Supremacy". The Financialist. Credit Suisse. 8 August 2013. Archived from the original on 14 August 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
John Fingas (4 March 2014). "PC shipments faced their steepest-ever drop in 2013". Archived from the original on 25 June 2017. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
Warren, Tom (13 July 2018). "PC sales are growing for the first time in six years". The Verge. Archived from the original on 13 July 2018. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
"PC Sales Remain on Fire as Fourth Quarter Shipments Grow 26.1% Over the Previous Year, According to IDC". IDC: The premier global market intelligence company. Archived from the original on 30 December 2021. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
Kunert, Paul. "Laptops are on fire! In a good way (if you're selling). PC sales race to highest growth rate since 2011". www.theregister.com. Archived from the original on 24 July 2022. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
"PC shipments jumped 15% to 341 million units in 2021". Archived from the original on 16 October 2024. Retrieved 5 May 2025.
Nancy Weil, Average PC Price drops below $1,000, PC World December 1998. Retrieved 17 November 2010. Archived 11 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine
Shane O'Neill (2 December 2009). "Falling PC Prices Pit Microsoft Against PC Makers". Archived from the original on 12 March 2014. Retrieved 14 October 2010.
Mattison, Richard (3 October 2012). "The true cost of personal computers". GreenBiz. GreenBiz Group Inc. Archived from the original on 2 October 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
Nash, Jennifer; Bosso, Christopher (2013). "Extended Producer Responsibility in the United States: Full Speed Ahead?" (PDF). Journal of Industrial Ecology. 17 (2 – RPP–2013–04): 175–185. doi:10.1111/j.1530-9290.2012.00572.x. S2CID 154297251. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 August 2014. Retrieved 23 August 2014.
"Basel Action Network (BAN) : California's Santa Clara County Commits to Highest Standard of Responsible E-Waste Recycling". old.ban.org. Basel Action Network. 14 October 2010. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 20 September 2025.

windowscentral.com (Global: 4,468^th place; English: 3,038^th place)

Rubino, Daniel (12 January 2022). "Report: Record-breaking 341 million PCs shipped in 2021, highest since 2012, with 'digital acceleration' for 2022". Windows Central. Retrieved 5 May 2025.

wordreference.com (Global: 8,247^th place; English: low place)

"Wordreference.com: WordNet 2.0". Princeton University, Princeton, NJ. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 19 August 2007.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Garland, Harry (March 1977). "Design Innovations in Personal Computers". Computer. 10 (3): 24. Bibcode:1977Compr..10c..24G. doi:10.1109/c-m.1977.217669. ISSN 0018-9162. S2CID 32243439. Archived from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 3 January 2017. There is little question that the current enthusiasm in personal computing was catalyzed by the introduction of the MITS Altair computer kit in January 1975.

zdnet.com (Global: 1,235^th place; English: 855^th place)

Bott, Ed. "The PC was supposed to die a decade ago. Instead, this happened". ZDNet. Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
Worldwide PC Shipments in 2008 Archived 27 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine, 16 March 2009, ZDNet, retrieved at 12 September 2011

zdnetasia.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Economic recovery bumps AP 1999 PC shipments to record high, zdnetasia.com, retrieved 13 January 2009^{[dead link]}

Personal computer (English Wikipedia)

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14th place; English: 9th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

annals-csis.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

apple2history.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

archive-it.org (Global: 1,292nd place; English: 869th place)

wayback.archive-it.org

archive.org (Global: 6th place; English: 6th place)

ban.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

old.ban.org

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11th place; English: 10th place)

news.bbc.co.uk

books.google.com (Global: 3rd place; English: 3rd place)

canalys.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

cbc.ca (Global: 110th place; English: 65th place)

cbsnews.com (Global: 136th place; English: 93rd place)

cio.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

classiccmp.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

cnet.com (Global: 447th place; English: 345th place)

news.cnet.com

cnet.com

cnn.com (Global: 36th place; English: 26th place)

computer.org (Global: 6,549th place; English: 4,616th place)

computerhistory.org (Global: 2,702nd place; English: 1,789th place)

computerworld.com (Global: 3,446th place; English: 2,279th place)

dictionary.com (Global: 1,672nd place; English: 1,248th place)

digitalstorm.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

earthweb.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

itmanagement.earthweb.com

ebscohost.com (Global: 1,433rd place; English: 739th place)

eds.a.ebscohost.com

engadget.com (Global: 613th place; English: 442nd place)

eweek.com (Global: 8,041st place; English: 5,594th place)

gamesindustry.biz (Global: 1,133rd place; English: 707th place)

gartner.com (Global: 7,063rd place; English: 5,996th place)

gmanews.tv (Global: 6,773rd place; English: 3,718th place)

greenbiz.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66th place; English: 34th place)

hks.harvard.edu (Global: 8,510th place; English: 5,169th place)

ibm.com (Global: 1,369th place; English: 968th place)

www03.ibm.com

ibm.com

idc.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

idc.com

my.idc.com

indianexpress.com (Global: 108th place; English: 58th place)

indiatimes.com (Global: 31st place; English: 19th place)

telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com

intel.com (Global: 1,727th place; English: 1,234th place)

interaction-design.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

internetnews.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

jeremyreimer.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

latimes.com (Global: 32nd place; English: 21st place)

linfo.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

macworld.co.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

martinangler.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

jackedin.martinangler.com

merriam-webster.com (Global: 425th place; English: 373rd place)

microsoft.com (Global: 263rd place; English: 259th place)

docs.microsoft.com

news.yahoo.com (Global: 183rd place; English: 212th place)

newsfactor.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

newzoo.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

nytimes.com (Global: 7th place; English: 7th place)

oldcomputers.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

pctimeline.info (Global: low place; English: low place)

pcworld.com (Global: 1,889th place; English: 1,323rd place)

pocketpcmag.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

popsci.com (Global: 4,048th place; English: 2,846th place)

post-gazette.com (Global: 819th place; English: 433rd place)

reuters.com (Global: 38th place; English: 30th place)

ruggedpcreview.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

sciencedaily.com (Global: 1,390th place; English: 1,286th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15th place; English: 8th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

sinclairzx.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

steampowered.com (Global: 813th place; English: 1,328th place)

store.steampowered.com

thefinancialist.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; English: 9^th place)

archive-it.org (Global: 1,292^nd place; English: 869^th place)

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11^th place; English: 10^th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

cbc.ca (Global: 110^th place; English: 65^th place)

cbsnews.com (Global: 136^th place; English: 93^rd place)

cnet.com (Global: 447^th place; English: 345^th place)

cnn.com (Global: 36^th place; English: 26^th place)

computer.org (Global: 6,549^th place; English: 4,616^th place)

computerhistory.org (Global: 2,702^nd place; English: 1,789^th place)

computerworld.com (Global: 3,446^th place; English: 2,279^th place)

dictionary.com (Global: 1,672^nd place; English: 1,248^th place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

ebscohost.com (Global: 1,433^rd place; English: 739^th place)

engadget.com (Global: 613^th place; English: 442^nd place)

eweek.com (Global: 8,041^st place; English: 5,594^th place)

gamesindustry.biz (Global: 1,133^rd place; English: 707^th place)

gartner.com (Global: 7,063^rd place; English: 5,996^th place)

gmanews.tv (Global: 6,773^rd place; English: 3,718^th place)

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

hks.harvard.edu (Global: 8,510^th place; English: 5,169^th place)

ibm.com (Global: 1,369^th place; English: 968^th place)

indianexpress.com (Global: 108^th place; English: 58^th place)

indiatimes.com (Global: 31^st place; English: 19^th place)

intel.com (Global: 1,727^th place; English: 1,234^th place)

latimes.com (Global: 32^nd place; English: 21^st place)

merriam-webster.com (Global: 425^th place; English: 373^rd place)

microsoft.com (Global: 263^rd place; English: 259^th place)

news.yahoo.com (Global: 183^rd place; English: 212^th place)

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

pcworld.com (Global: 1,889^th place; English: 1,323^rd place)

popsci.com (Global: 4,048^th place; English: 2,846^th place)

post-gazette.com (Global: 819^th place; English: 433^rd place)

reuters.com (Global: 38^th place; English: 30^th place)

sciencedaily.com (Global: 1,390^th place; English: 1,286^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

steampowered.com (Global: 813^th place; English: 1,328^th place)

theregister.com (Global: 2,921^st place; English: 1,825^th place)

theverge.com (Global: 208^th place; English: 158^th place)

warwick.ac.uk (Global: 4,192^nd place; English: 2,461^st place)

washingtonpost.com (Global: 35^th place; English: 24^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

windowscentral.com (Global: 4,468^th place; English: 3,038^th place)

wordreference.com (Global: 8,247^th place; English: low place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

zdnet.com (Global: 1,235^th place; English: 855^th place)