Pescetarianism (English Wikipedia)

Butler, Edward Cuthbert. (1919). Benedictine Monachism: Studies in Benedictine Life and Rule. London: Longmans, Green. p. 44
Clay, Rotha Mary. (1914). The Hermits and Anchorites of England. London: Methuen. p. 104
Anson, Peter F. (1932). The Quest of Solitude. London: J. M. Dent. p. 232. "The food of an anchorite or an anchoress was mainly vegetarian. They could have soups or “pottages” made of herbs, peas, or beans; or “furmity,” sweetened with milk, butter, or oil, and fish seasoned with apples or herbs."

archive.today

Erbentraut, Joseph. (2017). "'Seagan' Diet Suggests It's Not A Crazy Idea For Vegans To Eat Seafood". huffingtonpost.co.uk. Retrieved 18 January 2022.

bbc.co.uk

news.bbc.co.uk

Rohrer, Finlo (5 November 2009). "The rise of the non-veggie vegetarian". BBC News. Archived from the original on 7 November 2009. Retrieved 22 July 2013.

beefresearch.org

"Beef Research - Food Waste". Beef Research. Retrieved 25 March 2022.

blackhistorymonth.org.uk

Snider (28 June 2020). "Rastafari Culture". Black History Month. Retrieved 25 January 2022.

books.google.com

Journal of Nursing Care. Health Science Division of Technomic Publishing Company, Incorporated. 1980. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
Inc, Active Interest Media (February 1982). Vegetarian Times. Active Interest Media, Inc. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 3 December 2021. {{cite book}}: |last= has generic name (help)
Summerfield, Liane M. (8 August 2012). Nutrition, Exercise, and Behavior: An Integrated Approach to Weight Management (2nd ed.). Cengage Learning. pp. 181–182. ISBN 978-0-8400-6924-5. A plant-based diet is not necessarily a vegetarian diet. Many people on plant-based diets continue to use meat products and/or fish but in smaller quantities.

bostonglobe.com

Luna, Taryn (1 July 2015). "Legal Sea Foods launches 'Pescatarianism' ad campaign". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on 7 July 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2015.

britannica.com

"Pescetarianism | Description, Seafood, Vegetarianism, & Benefits | Britannica".

cambridge.org

O'Brien, Derek; Carter, Vaughan (2002). "Chant Down Babylon: Freedom of Religion and the Rastafarian Challenge to Majoritarianism". Journal of Law and Religion. 18 (1): 219–248. doi:10.2307/1051499. ISSN 0748-0814. JSTOR 1051499. Archived from the original on 8 November 2021. Retrieved 8 November 2021.

chabad.org

Aryeh Citron, "All About Kosher Fish" Archived 16 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine
Menachem Posner. "May fish be consumed with dairy?". Chabad.org. Archived from the original on 1 October 2018. Retrieved 14 March 2021.

doi.org

Skiadas, P. K.; Lascaratos, J. G. (July 2001). "Dietetics in ancient Greek philosophy: Plato's concepts of healthy diet". European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 55 (7): 532–537. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601179. PMID 11464226. S2CID 1916679.
Yeh, Hsin-Yi. (2013). "Boundaries, Entities, and Modern Vegetarianism: Examining the Emergence of the First Vegetarian Organization". Qualitative Inquiry. 19: 298–309. doi:10.1177/1077800412471516. S2CID 143788478. Moreover, at the early phase of vegetarianism, while some adherents avoided eating flesh of land animals and birds, they ate fish (Newman, 1874)
Hoehn, Daniel; Margallo, María; Laso, Jara; García-Herrero, Isabel; Bala, Alba; Fullana-i-Palmer, Pere; Irabien, Angel; Aldaco, Rubén (January 2019). "Energy Embedded in Food Loss Management and in the Production of Uneaten Food: Seeking a Sustainable Pathway". Energies. 12 (4): 767. doi:10.3390/en12040767. hdl:10902/15909.
Tilman, David; Clark, Michael (November 2014). "Global diets link environmental sustainability and human health". Nature. 515 (7528): 518–522. Bibcode:2014Natur.515..518T. doi:10.1038/nature13959. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 25383533. S2CID 4453972. Archived from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
Scarborough, P.; Appleby, P. N.; Mizdrak, A.; Briggs, A. D.; Travis, R. C.; Bradbury, K. E.; Key, T. J. (11 June 2014). "Dietary greenhouse gas emissions of meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans in the UK". Climatic Change. 125 (2). Springer: 179–192. Bibcode:2014ClCh..125..179S. doi:10.1007/s10584-014-1169-1. PMC 4372775. PMID 25834298.
Magkos, Faidon; Tetens, Inge; Bügel, Susanne Gjedsted; Felby, Claus; Schacht, Simon Rønnow; Hill, James O; Ravussin, Eric; Astrup, Arne (1 January 2020). "A Perspective on the Transition to Plant-Based Diets: a Diet Change May Attenuate Climate Change, but Can It Also Attenuate Obesity and Chronic Disease Risk?". Advances in Nutrition. 11 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1093/advances/nmz090. ISSN 2161-8313. PMC 7442415. PMID 31504086.
Tilman, David; Clark, Michael (1 November 2014). "Global diets link environmental sustainability and human health". Nature. 515 (7528): 518–522. Bibcode:2014Natur.515..518T. doi:10.1038/nature13959. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 25383533. S2CID 4453972. Archived from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
Scarborough, Peter; Appleby, Paul N.; Mizdrak, Anja; Briggs, Adam D. M.; Travis, Ruth C.; Bradbury, Kathryn E.; Key, Timothy J. (1 July 2014). "Dietary greenhouse gas emissions of meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans in the UK". Climatic Change. 125 (2): 179–192. Bibcode:2014ClCh..125..179S. doi:10.1007/s10584-014-1169-1. ISSN 1573-1480. PMC 4372775. PMID 25834298.
Rabès, Anaëlle; Seconda, L.; Langevin, B.; Allès, B.; Touvier, M.; Hercberg, S.; Lairon, D.; Baudry, J.; Pointereau, P.; Kesse-Guyot, E. (2020). "Greenhouse gas emissions, energy demand and land use associated with omnivorous, pesco-vegetarian, vegetarian, and vegan diets accounting for farming practices". Sustainable Production and Consumption. 22: 138–146. doi:10.1016/j.spc.2020.02.010. S2CID 216444801.
Oita, Azusa; Nagano, Ichiro; Matsuda, Hiroyuki (1 April 2018). "Food nitrogen footprint reductions related to a balanced Japanese diet". Ambio. 47 (3): 318–326. Bibcode:2018Ambio..47..318O. doi:10.1007/s13280-017-0944-4. ISSN 0044-7447. PMC 5857260. PMID 28913773.
O’Keefe, James H.; Torres-Acosta, Noel; O’Keefe, Evan L.; Saeed, Ibrahim M.; Lavie, Carl J.; Smith, Sarah E.; Ros, Emilio (22 September 2020). "A Pesco-Mediterranean diet with intermittent fasting". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 76 (12): 1484–1493. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2020.07.049. ISSN 0735-1097. PMID 32943166.
Estruch, Ramon; Sacanella, Emilio; Ros, Emilio (4 January 2021). "Should we all go pesco-vegetarian?". European Heart Journal. 42 (12): 1144–1146. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa1088. ISSN 0195-668X. PMID 33393612.
Papier, Keren; Appleby, Paul N.; Fensom, Georgina K.; Knuppel, Anika; Perez-Cornago, Aurora; Schmidt, Julie A.; Tong, Tammy Y. N.; Key, Timothy J. (25 February 2019). "Vegetarian diets and risk of hospitalisation or death with diabetes in British adults: results from the EPIC-Oxford study". Nutrition and Diabetes. 9 (1): 7. doi:10.1038/s41387-019-0074-0. ISSN 2044-4052. PMC 6389979. PMID 30804320.
Knüppel, A.; Appleby, P. N.; Key, T. J. (7 March 2019). "Weight change over 14 years in meat-eaters, pescatarians, vegetarians and vegans". Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 78 (OCE1). doi:10.1017/S0029665119000417. ISSN 0029-6651.
Schwingshackl, Lukas; Schwedhelm, Carolina; Hoffmann, Georg; Lampousi, Anna-Maria; Knüppel, Sven; Iqbal, Khalid; Bechthold, Angela; Schlesinger, Sabrina; Boeing, Heiner (26 April 2017). "Food groups and risk of all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 105 (6): 1462–1473. doi:10.3945/ajcn.117.153148. ISSN 0002-9165. PMID 28446499. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
Rose, J D; Arlinghaus, R; Cooke, S J; Diggles, B K; Sawynok, W; Stevens, E D; Wynne, C D L (March 2014). "Can fish really feel pain?" (PDF). Fish and Fisheries. 15 (1): 97–133. Bibcode:2014AqFF...15...97R. doi:10.1111/faf.12010. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 November 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
Key, Brian (March 2015). "Fish do not feel pain and its implications for understanding phenomenal consciousness". Biology and Philosophy. 30 (2): 149–165. doi:10.1007/s10539-014-9469-4. PMC 4356734. PMID 25798021.
Karras, Spyridon; Koufakis, Theocharis; Petróczi, Andrea; Folkerts, Dirk; Kypraiou, Maria; Grammatiki, Maria; Mulrooney, Hilda; Naughton, Declan; Skoutas, Dimitrios; Adamidou, Lilian; Zebekakis, Pantelis; Kotsa, Kalliopi (21 August 2020). "Effects of Orthodox fasting on cardiometabolic risk factors: a comparative evaluation between lay fasters and Athonian monks". Endocrine Abstracts. 70. doi:10.1530/endoabs.70.EP559. S2CID 225300273. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
Karras, S N; Persynaki, A; Petróczi, A; Barkans, E; Mulrooney, H; Kypraiou, M; Tzotzas, T; Tziomalos, K; Kotsa, K; Tsioudas, A A; Pichard, C; Naughton, D P (June 2017). "Health benefits and consequences of the Eastern Orthodox fasting in monks of Mount Athos: a cross-sectional study". European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 71 (6): 743–749. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2017.26. PMID 28327563. S2CID 4768215. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
Axelrod, P; Fuerch, MA (1998). "Portuguese Orientalism and the making of the village communities of Goa". Ethnohistory. 45 (3): 439. doi:10.2307/483320. JSTOR 483320.
Chakravarti, A. K. (December 1974). "Regional Preference for Food: Some Aspects of Food Habit Patterns in India". The Canadian Geographer. 18 (4): 395–410. Bibcode:1974CGeog..18..395C. doi:10.1111/j.1541-0064.1974.tb00212.x.
O'Brien, Derek; Carter, Vaughan (2002). "Chant Down Babylon: Freedom of Religion and the Rastafarian Challenge to Majoritarianism". Journal of Law and Religion. 18 (1): 219–248. doi:10.2307/1051499. ISSN 0748-0814. JSTOR 1051499. Archived from the original on 8 November 2021. Retrieved 8 November 2021.

endocrine-abstracts.org

Karras, Spyridon; Koufakis, Theocharis; Petróczi, Andrea; Folkerts, Dirk; Kypraiou, Maria; Grammatiki, Maria; Mulrooney, Hilda; Naughton, Declan; Skoutas, Dimitrios; Adamidou, Lilian; Zebekakis, Pantelis; Kotsa, Kalliopi (21 August 2020). "Effects of Orthodox fasting on cardiometabolic risk factors: a comparative evaluation between lay fasters and Athonian monks". Endocrine Abstracts. 70. doi:10.1530/endoabs.70.EP559. S2CID 225300273. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 7 February 2021.

euronews.com

"Fish have feelings too: Why animal sentience means we should rethink food". euronews.green. 25 June 2023. Retrieved 7 May 2024.

finder.com

Johnson, Georgia-Rose (30 January 2019). "UK diet trends". Finder UK. Archived from the original on 12 May 2019. Retrieved 12 May 2019.

fitnessmag.co.za

"Flexitarian diet on trend, says GlobalData". Fitness Magazine. 12 September 2018. Archived from the original on 14 February 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2021.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Hoehn, Daniel; Margallo, María; Laso, Jara; García-Herrero, Isabel; Bala, Alba; Fullana-i-Palmer, Pere; Irabien, Angel; Aldaco, Rubén (January 2019). "Energy Embedded in Food Loss Management and in the Production of Uneaten Food: Seeking a Sustainable Pathway". Energies. 12 (4): 767. doi:10.3390/en12040767. hdl:10902/15909.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Tilman, David; Clark, Michael (November 2014). "Global diets link environmental sustainability and human health". Nature. 515 (7528): 518–522. Bibcode:2014Natur.515..518T. doi:10.1038/nature13959. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 25383533. S2CID 4453972. Archived from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
Scarborough, P.; Appleby, P. N.; Mizdrak, A.; Briggs, A. D.; Travis, R. C.; Bradbury, K. E.; Key, T. J. (11 June 2014). "Dietary greenhouse gas emissions of meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans in the UK". Climatic Change. 125 (2). Springer: 179–192. Bibcode:2014ClCh..125..179S. doi:10.1007/s10584-014-1169-1. PMC 4372775. PMID 25834298.
Tilman, David; Clark, Michael (1 November 2014). "Global diets link environmental sustainability and human health". Nature. 515 (7528): 518–522. Bibcode:2014Natur.515..518T. doi:10.1038/nature13959. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 25383533. S2CID 4453972. Archived from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
Scarborough, Peter; Appleby, Paul N.; Mizdrak, Anja; Briggs, Adam D. M.; Travis, Ruth C.; Bradbury, Kathryn E.; Key, Timothy J. (1 July 2014). "Dietary greenhouse gas emissions of meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans in the UK". Climatic Change. 125 (2): 179–192. Bibcode:2014ClCh..125..179S. doi:10.1007/s10584-014-1169-1. ISSN 1573-1480. PMC 4372775. PMID 25834298.
Oita, Azusa; Nagano, Ichiro; Matsuda, Hiroyuki (1 April 2018). "Food nitrogen footprint reductions related to a balanced Japanese diet". Ambio. 47 (3): 318–326. Bibcode:2018Ambio..47..318O. doi:10.1007/s13280-017-0944-4. ISSN 0044-7447. PMC 5857260. PMID 28913773.
Rose, J D; Arlinghaus, R; Cooke, S J; Diggles, B K; Sawynok, W; Stevens, E D; Wynne, C D L (March 2014). "Can fish really feel pain?" (PDF). Fish and Fisheries. 15 (1): 97–133. Bibcode:2014AqFF...15...97R. doi:10.1111/faf.12010. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 November 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
Chakravarti, A. K. (December 1974). "Regional Preference for Food: Some Aspects of Food Habit Patterns in India". The Canadian Geographer. 18 (4): 395–410. Bibcode:1974CGeog..18..395C. doi:10.1111/j.1541-0064.1974.tb00212.x.

heartfoundation.org.nz

"Plant-based, vegetarian and vegan diets" Archived 6 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Heart Foundation NZ. Retrieved 30 October 2020.

hu-berlin.de

agrar.hu-berlin.de

Rose, J D; Arlinghaus, R; Cooke, S J; Diggles, B K; Sawynok, W; Stevens, E D; Wynne, C D L (March 2014). "Can fish really feel pain?" (PDF). Fish and Fisheries. 15 (1): 97–133. Bibcode:2014AqFF...15...97R. doi:10.1111/faf.12010. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 November 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2020.

ipsos.com

"An exploration into diets around the world" (PDF). Ipsos. UK. August 2018. pp. 2, 10, 11. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 May 2019. Retrieved 12 May 2019.

ivu.org

Mitsuru Kakimoto. International Vegetarian Union, http://www.ivu.org/news/3-98/japan1.html Archived 11 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine

jstor.org

Axelrod, P; Fuerch, MA (1998). "Portuguese Orientalism and the making of the village communities of Goa". Ethnohistory. 45 (3): 439. doi:10.2307/483320. JSTOR 483320.
O'Brien, Derek; Carter, Vaughan (2002). "Chant Down Babylon: Freedom of Religion and the Rastafarian Challenge to Majoritarianism". Journal of Law and Religion. 18 (1): 219–248. doi:10.2307/1051499. ISSN 0748-0814. JSTOR 1051499. Archived from the original on 8 November 2021. Retrieved 8 November 2021.

macmillandictionary.com

"Seaganism". macmillandictionary.com. Retrieved 18 January 2022.

merriam-webster.com

"Definition of Pescatarian by Merriam-Webster". Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
"Pescaterian". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. 31 May 2022. Retrieved 29 June 2022.

nap.edu

Committee on the Toxicological Effects of Methylmercury, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, National Research Council, Council, National Research; Studies, Division on Earth Life; Sciences, Commission on Life; Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and; Methylmercury, Committee on the Toxicological Effects of (2000). Toxicological Effects of Methylmercury. National Academies Press. ISBN 978-0-309-07140-6. Archived from the original on 6 February 2012. Retrieved 12 May 2007.

nature.com

Tilman, David; Clark, Michael (November 2014). "Global diets link environmental sustainability and human health". Nature. 515 (7528): 518–522. Bibcode:2014Natur.515..518T. doi:10.1038/nature13959. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 25383533. S2CID 4453972. Archived from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
Tilman, David; Clark, Michael (1 November 2014). "Global diets link environmental sustainability and human health". Nature. 515 (7528): 518–522. Bibcode:2014Natur.515..518T. doi:10.1038/nature13959. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 25383533. S2CID 4453972. Archived from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2021.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Skiadas, P. K.; Lascaratos, J. G. (July 2001). "Dietetics in ancient Greek philosophy: Plato's concepts of healthy diet". European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 55 (7): 532–537. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601179. PMID 11464226. S2CID 1916679.
Tilman, David; Clark, Michael (November 2014). "Global diets link environmental sustainability and human health". Nature. 515 (7528): 518–522. Bibcode:2014Natur.515..518T. doi:10.1038/nature13959. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 25383533. S2CID 4453972. Archived from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
Scarborough, P.; Appleby, P. N.; Mizdrak, A.; Briggs, A. D.; Travis, R. C.; Bradbury, K. E.; Key, T. J. (11 June 2014). "Dietary greenhouse gas emissions of meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans in the UK". Climatic Change. 125 (2). Springer: 179–192. Bibcode:2014ClCh..125..179S. doi:10.1007/s10584-014-1169-1. PMC 4372775. PMID 25834298.
Magkos, Faidon; Tetens, Inge; Bügel, Susanne Gjedsted; Felby, Claus; Schacht, Simon Rønnow; Hill, James O; Ravussin, Eric; Astrup, Arne (1 January 2020). "A Perspective on the Transition to Plant-Based Diets: a Diet Change May Attenuate Climate Change, but Can It Also Attenuate Obesity and Chronic Disease Risk?". Advances in Nutrition. 11 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1093/advances/nmz090. ISSN 2161-8313. PMC 7442415. PMID 31504086.
Tilman, David; Clark, Michael (1 November 2014). "Global diets link environmental sustainability and human health". Nature. 515 (7528): 518–522. Bibcode:2014Natur.515..518T. doi:10.1038/nature13959. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 25383533. S2CID 4453972. Archived from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
Scarborough, Peter; Appleby, Paul N.; Mizdrak, Anja; Briggs, Adam D. M.; Travis, Ruth C.; Bradbury, Kathryn E.; Key, Timothy J. (1 July 2014). "Dietary greenhouse gas emissions of meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans in the UK". Climatic Change. 125 (2): 179–192. Bibcode:2014ClCh..125..179S. doi:10.1007/s10584-014-1169-1. ISSN 1573-1480. PMC 4372775. PMID 25834298.
Oita, Azusa; Nagano, Ichiro; Matsuda, Hiroyuki (1 April 2018). "Food nitrogen footprint reductions related to a balanced Japanese diet". Ambio. 47 (3): 318–326. Bibcode:2018Ambio..47..318O. doi:10.1007/s13280-017-0944-4. ISSN 0044-7447. PMC 5857260. PMID 28913773.
O’Keefe, James H.; Torres-Acosta, Noel; O’Keefe, Evan L.; Saeed, Ibrahim M.; Lavie, Carl J.; Smith, Sarah E.; Ros, Emilio (22 September 2020). "A Pesco-Mediterranean diet with intermittent fasting". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 76 (12): 1484–1493. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2020.07.049. ISSN 0735-1097. PMID 32943166.
Estruch, Ramon; Sacanella, Emilio; Ros, Emilio (4 January 2021). "Should we all go pesco-vegetarian?". European Heart Journal. 42 (12): 1144–1146. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa1088. ISSN 0195-668X. PMID 33393612.
Papier, Keren; Appleby, Paul N.; Fensom, Georgina K.; Knuppel, Anika; Perez-Cornago, Aurora; Schmidt, Julie A.; Tong, Tammy Y. N.; Key, Timothy J. (25 February 2019). "Vegetarian diets and risk of hospitalisation or death with diabetes in British adults: results from the EPIC-Oxford study". Nutrition and Diabetes. 9 (1): 7. doi:10.1038/s41387-019-0074-0. ISSN 2044-4052. PMC 6389979. PMID 30804320.
Schwingshackl, Lukas; Schwedhelm, Carolina; Hoffmann, Georg; Lampousi, Anna-Maria; Knüppel, Sven; Iqbal, Khalid; Bechthold, Angela; Schlesinger, Sabrina; Boeing, Heiner (26 April 2017). "Food groups and risk of all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 105 (6): 1462–1473. doi:10.3945/ajcn.117.153148. ISSN 0002-9165. PMID 28446499. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
Key, Brian (March 2015). "Fish do not feel pain and its implications for understanding phenomenal consciousness". Biology and Philosophy. 30 (2): 149–165. doi:10.1007/s10539-014-9469-4. PMC 4356734. PMID 25798021.
Karras, S N; Persynaki, A; Petróczi, A; Barkans, E; Mulrooney, H; Kypraiou, M; Tzotzas, T; Tziomalos, K; Kotsa, K; Tsioudas, A A; Pichard, C; Naughton, D P (June 2017). "Health benefits and consequences of the Eastern Orthodox fasting in monks of Mount Athos: a cross-sectional study". European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 71 (6): 743–749. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2017.26. PMID 28327563. S2CID 4768215. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 7 February 2021.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Scarborough, P.; Appleby, P. N.; Mizdrak, A.; Briggs, A. D.; Travis, R. C.; Bradbury, K. E.; Key, T. J. (11 June 2014). "Dietary greenhouse gas emissions of meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans in the UK". Climatic Change. 125 (2). Springer: 179–192. Bibcode:2014ClCh..125..179S. doi:10.1007/s10584-014-1169-1. PMC 4372775. PMID 25834298.
Magkos, Faidon; Tetens, Inge; Bügel, Susanne Gjedsted; Felby, Claus; Schacht, Simon Rønnow; Hill, James O; Ravussin, Eric; Astrup, Arne (1 January 2020). "A Perspective on the Transition to Plant-Based Diets: a Diet Change May Attenuate Climate Change, but Can It Also Attenuate Obesity and Chronic Disease Risk?". Advances in Nutrition. 11 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1093/advances/nmz090. ISSN 2161-8313. PMC 7442415. PMID 31504086.
Scarborough, Peter; Appleby, Paul N.; Mizdrak, Anja; Briggs, Adam D. M.; Travis, Ruth C.; Bradbury, Kathryn E.; Key, Timothy J. (1 July 2014). "Dietary greenhouse gas emissions of meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans in the UK". Climatic Change. 125 (2): 179–192. Bibcode:2014ClCh..125..179S. doi:10.1007/s10584-014-1169-1. ISSN 1573-1480. PMC 4372775. PMID 25834298.
Oita, Azusa; Nagano, Ichiro; Matsuda, Hiroyuki (1 April 2018). "Food nitrogen footprint reductions related to a balanced Japanese diet". Ambio. 47 (3): 318–326. Bibcode:2018Ambio..47..318O. doi:10.1007/s13280-017-0944-4. ISSN 0044-7447. PMC 5857260. PMID 28913773.
Papier, Keren; Appleby, Paul N.; Fensom, Georgina K.; Knuppel, Anika; Perez-Cornago, Aurora; Schmidt, Julie A.; Tong, Tammy Y. N.; Key, Timothy J. (25 February 2019). "Vegetarian diets and risk of hospitalisation or death with diabetes in British adults: results from the EPIC-Oxford study". Nutrition and Diabetes. 9 (1): 7. doi:10.1038/s41387-019-0074-0. ISSN 2044-4052. PMC 6389979. PMID 30804320.
Key, Brian (March 2015). "Fish do not feel pain and its implications for understanding phenomenal consciousness". Biology and Philosophy. 30 (2): 149–165. doi:10.1007/s10539-014-9469-4. PMC 4356734. PMID 25798021.

nytimes.com

Meehan, Peter (12 October 2012). "Ital Is Vital". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 8 November 2021. Retrieved 8 November 2021.

oukosher.org

Verifying Kosher Fish Archived 28 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine OU Kosher Certification. Retrieved 9 August 2019.

ourworldindata.org

"What share of people say they are vegetarian, vegan, or flexitarian?". Our World in Data. Retrieved 13 June 2022.

pbs.org

Avey, Tori (28 January 2014). "From Pythagorean to Pescatarian – The Evolution of Vegetarianism". PBS. Archived from the original on 4 October 2018. Retrieved 4 August 2020.

pewresearch.org

Corichi, Manolo (8 July 2021). "Eight-in-ten Indians limit meat in their diets, and four-in-ten consider themselves vegetarian". Pew Research Center. Retrieved 31 January 2022.

researchgate.net

Schwingshackl, Lukas; Schwedhelm, Carolina; Hoffmann, Georg; Lampousi, Anna-Maria; Knüppel, Sven; Iqbal, Khalid; Bechthold, Angela; Schlesinger, Sabrina; Boeing, Heiner (26 April 2017). "Food groups and risk of all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 105 (6): 1462–1473. doi:10.3945/ajcn.117.153148. ISSN 0002-9165. PMID 28446499. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2019.

sciencedaily.com

"Change your diet to save both water and your health". ScienceDaily. Archived from the original on 25 June 2021. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
"Do fish feel pain? Not as humans do, study suggests". ScienceDaily. 8 August 2013. Archived from the original on 8 November 2017. Retrieved 18 January 2018.
"Experts Say Consumers Can Eat Around Toxins In Fish". ScienceDaily. Archived from the original on 30 April 2019. Retrieved 7 January 2015.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Skiadas, P. K.; Lascaratos, J. G. (July 2001). "Dietetics in ancient Greek philosophy: Plato's concepts of healthy diet". European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 55 (7): 532–537. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601179. PMID 11464226. S2CID 1916679.
Yeh, Hsin-Yi. (2013). "Boundaries, Entities, and Modern Vegetarianism: Examining the Emergence of the First Vegetarian Organization". Qualitative Inquiry. 19: 298–309. doi:10.1177/1077800412471516. S2CID 143788478. Moreover, at the early phase of vegetarianism, while some adherents avoided eating flesh of land animals and birds, they ate fish (Newman, 1874)
Tilman, David; Clark, Michael (November 2014). "Global diets link environmental sustainability and human health". Nature. 515 (7528): 518–522. Bibcode:2014Natur.515..518T. doi:10.1038/nature13959. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 25383533. S2CID 4453972. Archived from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
Tilman, David; Clark, Michael (1 November 2014). "Global diets link environmental sustainability and human health". Nature. 515 (7528): 518–522. Bibcode:2014Natur.515..518T. doi:10.1038/nature13959. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 25383533. S2CID 4453972. Archived from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
Rabès, Anaëlle; Seconda, L.; Langevin, B.; Allès, B.; Touvier, M.; Hercberg, S.; Lairon, D.; Baudry, J.; Pointereau, P.; Kesse-Guyot, E. (2020). "Greenhouse gas emissions, energy demand and land use associated with omnivorous, pesco-vegetarian, vegetarian, and vegan diets accounting for farming practices". Sustainable Production and Consumption. 22: 138–146. doi:10.1016/j.spc.2020.02.010. S2CID 216444801.
Karras, Spyridon; Koufakis, Theocharis; Petróczi, Andrea; Folkerts, Dirk; Kypraiou, Maria; Grammatiki, Maria; Mulrooney, Hilda; Naughton, Declan; Skoutas, Dimitrios; Adamidou, Lilian; Zebekakis, Pantelis; Kotsa, Kalliopi (21 August 2020). "Effects of Orthodox fasting on cardiometabolic risk factors: a comparative evaluation between lay fasters and Athonian monks". Endocrine Abstracts. 70. doi:10.1530/endoabs.70.EP559. S2CID 225300273. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
Karras, S N; Persynaki, A; Petróczi, A; Barkans, E; Mulrooney, H; Kypraiou, M; Tzotzas, T; Tziomalos, K; Kotsa, K; Tsioudas, A A; Pichard, C; Naughton, D P (June 2017). "Health benefits and consequences of the Eastern Orthodox fasting in monks of Mount Athos: a cross-sectional study". European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 71 (6): 743–749. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2017.26. PMID 28327563. S2CID 4768215. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 7 February 2021.

smithsonianmag.com

"It's Official: Fish Feel Pain". Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 28 May 2021.

soyinfocenter.com

Shurtleff, W.; Aoyagi, A. (2014). History of Seventh-day Adventist Work with Soyfoods, Vegetarianism, Meat Alternatives, Wheat Gluten, Dietary Fiber and Peanut Butter (1863-2013): Extensively Annotated Bibliography and Sourcebook (PDF). Soyinfo Center. p. 1081. ISBN 978-1-928914-64-8. Retrieved 10 April 2018.

stanthonylc.org

"Fasting Rules". St. Anthony. 17 May 2013. Archived from the original on 9 January 2020. Retrieved 4 March 2021.

statista.com

"Adults following pescatarian diet GB 2019". Statista. Archived from the original on 15 January 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2021.

thegrocer.co.uk

Tatum, Megan (13 April 2018). "12% of Brits follow meat-free diet, The Grocer research shows". The Grocer. Archived from the original on 22 August 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2021.

theguardian.com

"Fishy business: should we all be seagans?". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 January 2022.

thepescetariansociety.org

"Pescetarian Society Home Page". The Pescetarian Society. 2019. Archived from the original on 27 September 2018. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
"Popular Pescetarian Meals – Healthy Living". thepescetariansociety.org. 10 June 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2022.

todaysdietitian.com

"The Pescetarian Diet By Judith C. Thalheimer, RD, LDN" Archived 27 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Today's Dietitian. Retrieved 30 October 2020.

umich.edu

css.umich.edu

"Carbon footprint factsheet". Center for Sustainable Systems, University of Michigan. 2018. Archived from the original on 19 June 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2019.

veganz.com

"The results of the Veganz nutrition study 2020 are here!". Veganz. 30 October 2020. Archived from the original on 26 August 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021.

verdictfoodservice.com

"Survey: Most meat eaters are influenced by ethical concerns". Verdict Food Service. 30 July 2019. Retrieved 29 April 2022.

washingtonpost.com

"Scientists say fish feel pain. It could lead to major changes in the fishing industry". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 15 October 2021. Retrieved 28 May 2021.

web.archive.org

Luna, Taryn (1 July 2015). "Legal Sea Foods launches 'Pescatarianism' ad campaign". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on 7 July 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2015.
"Flexitarian diet on trend, says GlobalData". Fitness Magazine. 12 September 2018. Archived from the original on 14 February 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
"An exploration into diets around the world" (PDF). Ipsos. UK. August 2018. pp. 2, 10, 11. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 May 2019. Retrieved 12 May 2019.
"Definition of Pescatarian by Merriam-Webster". Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
Journal of Nursing Care. Health Science Division of Technomic Publishing Company, Incorporated. 1980. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
Inc, Active Interest Media (February 1982). Vegetarian Times. Active Interest Media, Inc. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 3 December 2021. {{cite book}}: |last= has generic name (help)
Avey, Tori (28 January 2014). "From Pythagorean to Pescatarian – The Evolution of Vegetarianism". PBS. Archived from the original on 4 October 2018. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
Mitsuru Kakimoto. International Vegetarian Union, http://www.ivu.org/news/3-98/japan1.html Archived 11 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
"Asceticism" Archived 8 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1911.
"Plant-based, vegetarian and vegan diets" Archived 6 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Heart Foundation NZ. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
"The Pescetarian Diet By Judith C. Thalheimer, RD, LDN" Archived 27 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Today's Dietitian. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
Tatum, Megan (13 April 2018). "12% of Brits follow meat-free diet, The Grocer research shows". The Grocer. Archived from the original on 22 August 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2021.
"Consumer Focus: the rise of plant-based food products and implications for meat and dairy" (PDF). Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board (ADHB). July 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
Johnson, Georgia-Rose (30 January 2019). "UK diet trends". Finder UK. Archived from the original on 12 May 2019. Retrieved 12 May 2019.
"Adults following pescatarian diet GB 2019". Statista. Archived from the original on 15 January 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
"The results of the Veganz nutrition study 2020 are here!". Veganz. 30 October 2020. Archived from the original on 26 August 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
Tilman, David; Clark, Michael (November 2014). "Global diets link environmental sustainability and human health". Nature. 515 (7528): 518–522. Bibcode:2014Natur.515..518T. doi:10.1038/nature13959. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 25383533. S2CID 4453972. Archived from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
"Carbon footprint factsheet". Center for Sustainable Systems, University of Michigan. 2018. Archived from the original on 19 June 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
Tilman, David; Clark, Michael (1 November 2014). "Global diets link environmental sustainability and human health". Nature. 515 (7528): 518–522. Bibcode:2014Natur.515..518T. doi:10.1038/nature13959. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 25383533. S2CID 4453972. Archived from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
"Change your diet to save both water and your health". ScienceDaily. Archived from the original on 25 June 2021. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
Schwingshackl, Lukas; Schwedhelm, Carolina; Hoffmann, Georg; Lampousi, Anna-Maria; Knüppel, Sven; Iqbal, Khalid; Bechthold, Angela; Schlesinger, Sabrina; Boeing, Heiner (26 April 2017). "Food groups and risk of all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 105 (6): 1462–1473. doi:10.3945/ajcn.117.153148. ISSN 0002-9165. PMID 28446499. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
"Do fish feel pain? Not as humans do, study suggests". ScienceDaily. 8 August 2013. Archived from the original on 8 November 2017. Retrieved 18 January 2018.
Rose, J D; Arlinghaus, R; Cooke, S J; Diggles, B K; Sawynok, W; Stevens, E D; Wynne, C D L (March 2014). "Can fish really feel pain?" (PDF). Fish and Fisheries. 15 (1): 97–133. Bibcode:2014AqFF...15...97R. doi:10.1111/faf.12010. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 November 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
"It's Official: Fish Feel Pain". Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
"Scientists say fish feel pain. It could lead to major changes in the fishing industry". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 15 October 2021. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
Rohrer, Finlo (5 November 2009). "The rise of the non-veggie vegetarian". BBC News. Archived from the original on 7 November 2009. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
Committee on the Toxicological Effects of Methylmercury, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, National Research Council, Council, National Research; Studies, Division on Earth Life; Sciences, Commission on Life; Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and; Methylmercury, Committee on the Toxicological Effects of (2000). Toxicological Effects of Methylmercury. National Academies Press. ISBN 978-0-309-07140-6. Archived from the original on 6 February 2012. Retrieved 12 May 2007.
"Experts Say Consumers Can Eat Around Toxins In Fish". ScienceDaily. Archived from the original on 30 April 2019. Retrieved 7 January 2015.
"The Fasting Rule of the Orthodox Church". www.abbamoses.com. Archived from the original on 8 August 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2019.
"Fasting Rules". St. Anthony. 17 May 2013. Archived from the original on 9 January 2020. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
Karras, Spyridon; Koufakis, Theocharis; Petróczi, Andrea; Folkerts, Dirk; Kypraiou, Maria; Grammatiki, Maria; Mulrooney, Hilda; Naughton, Declan; Skoutas, Dimitrios; Adamidou, Lilian; Zebekakis, Pantelis; Kotsa, Kalliopi (21 August 2020). "Effects of Orthodox fasting on cardiometabolic risk factors: a comparative evaluation between lay fasters and Athonian monks". Endocrine Abstracts. 70. doi:10.1530/endoabs.70.EP559. S2CID 225300273. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
Karras, S N; Persynaki, A; Petróczi, A; Barkans, E; Mulrooney, H; Kypraiou, M; Tzotzas, T; Tziomalos, K; Kotsa, K; Tsioudas, A A; Pichard, C; Naughton, D P (June 2017). "Health benefits and consequences of the Eastern Orthodox fasting in monks of Mount Athos: a cross-sectional study". European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 71 (6): 743–749. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2017.26. PMID 28327563. S2CID 4768215. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
Aryeh Citron, "All About Kosher Fish" Archived 16 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine
Verifying Kosher Fish Archived 28 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine OU Kosher Certification. Retrieved 9 August 2019.
Menachem Posner. "May fish be consumed with dairy?". Chabad.org. Archived from the original on 1 October 2018. Retrieved 14 March 2021.
"Pescetarian Society Home Page". The Pescetarian Society. 2019. Archived from the original on 27 September 2018. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
Meehan, Peter (12 October 2012). "Ital Is Vital". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 8 November 2021. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
"Rasta fare | alimentarium". www.alimentarium.org. Archived from the original on 8 November 2021. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
O'Brien, Derek; Carter, Vaughan (2002). "Chant Down Babylon: Freedom of Religion and the Rastafarian Challenge to Majoritarianism". Journal of Law and Religion. 18 (1): 219–248. doi:10.2307/1051499. ISSN 0748-0814. JSTOR 1051499. Archived from the original on 8 November 2021. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
"The Ital Diet, A Rastafarian Recipe For Eating Right". Worldcrunch. 8 June 2021. Archived from the original on 8 November 2021. Retrieved 8 November 2021.

wikimedia.org

commons.wikimedia.org

May Vegetarians Eat Fish?. Dundee Evening Telegraph (11 September 1895).

wikisource.org

en.wikisource.org

"Asceticism" Archived 8 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1911.

worldcat.org

Tilman, David; Clark, Michael (November 2014). "Global diets link environmental sustainability and human health". Nature. 515 (7528): 518–522. Bibcode:2014Natur.515..518T. doi:10.1038/nature13959. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 25383533. S2CID 4453972. Archived from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
Magkos, Faidon; Tetens, Inge; Bügel, Susanne Gjedsted; Felby, Claus; Schacht, Simon Rønnow; Hill, James O; Ravussin, Eric; Astrup, Arne (1 January 2020). "A Perspective on the Transition to Plant-Based Diets: a Diet Change May Attenuate Climate Change, but Can It Also Attenuate Obesity and Chronic Disease Risk?". Advances in Nutrition. 11 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1093/advances/nmz090. ISSN 2161-8313. PMC 7442415. PMID 31504086.
Tilman, David; Clark, Michael (1 November 2014). "Global diets link environmental sustainability and human health". Nature. 515 (7528): 518–522. Bibcode:2014Natur.515..518T. doi:10.1038/nature13959. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 25383533. S2CID 4453972. Archived from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
Scarborough, Peter; Appleby, Paul N.; Mizdrak, Anja; Briggs, Adam D. M.; Travis, Ruth C.; Bradbury, Kathryn E.; Key, Timothy J. (1 July 2014). "Dietary greenhouse gas emissions of meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans in the UK". Climatic Change. 125 (2): 179–192. Bibcode:2014ClCh..125..179S. doi:10.1007/s10584-014-1169-1. ISSN 1573-1480. PMC 4372775. PMID 25834298.
Oita, Azusa; Nagano, Ichiro; Matsuda, Hiroyuki (1 April 2018). "Food nitrogen footprint reductions related to a balanced Japanese diet". Ambio. 47 (3): 318–326. Bibcode:2018Ambio..47..318O. doi:10.1007/s13280-017-0944-4. ISSN 0044-7447. PMC 5857260. PMID 28913773.
O’Keefe, James H.; Torres-Acosta, Noel; O’Keefe, Evan L.; Saeed, Ibrahim M.; Lavie, Carl J.; Smith, Sarah E.; Ros, Emilio (22 September 2020). "A Pesco-Mediterranean diet with intermittent fasting". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 76 (12): 1484–1493. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2020.07.049. ISSN 0735-1097. PMID 32943166.
Estruch, Ramon; Sacanella, Emilio; Ros, Emilio (4 January 2021). "Should we all go pesco-vegetarian?". European Heart Journal. 42 (12): 1144–1146. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa1088. ISSN 0195-668X. PMID 33393612.
Papier, Keren; Appleby, Paul N.; Fensom, Georgina K.; Knuppel, Anika; Perez-Cornago, Aurora; Schmidt, Julie A.; Tong, Tammy Y. N.; Key, Timothy J. (25 February 2019). "Vegetarian diets and risk of hospitalisation or death with diabetes in British adults: results from the EPIC-Oxford study". Nutrition and Diabetes. 9 (1): 7. doi:10.1038/s41387-019-0074-0. ISSN 2044-4052. PMC 6389979. PMID 30804320.
Knüppel, A.; Appleby, P. N.; Key, T. J. (7 March 2019). "Weight change over 14 years in meat-eaters, pescatarians, vegetarians and vegans". Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 78 (OCE1). doi:10.1017/S0029665119000417. ISSN 0029-6651.
Schwingshackl, Lukas; Schwedhelm, Carolina; Hoffmann, Georg; Lampousi, Anna-Maria; Knüppel, Sven; Iqbal, Khalid; Bechthold, Angela; Schlesinger, Sabrina; Boeing, Heiner (26 April 2017). "Food groups and risk of all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 105 (6): 1462–1473. doi:10.3945/ajcn.117.153148. ISSN 0002-9165. PMID 28446499. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
"Scientists say fish feel pain. It could lead to major changes in the fishing industry". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 15 October 2021. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
O'Brien, Derek; Carter, Vaughan (2002). "Chant Down Babylon: Freedom of Religion and the Rastafarian Challenge to Majoritarianism". Journal of Law and Religion. 18 (1): 219–248. doi:10.2307/1051499. ISSN 0748-0814. JSTOR 1051499. Archived from the original on 8 November 2021. Retrieved 8 November 2021.

worldcrunch.com

"The Ital Diet, A Rastafarian Recipe For Eating Right". Worldcrunch. 8 June 2021. Archived from the original on 8 November 2021. Retrieved 8 November 2021.

worldhistory.org

"Pythagoras". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 19 February 2022.