Phimosis (English Wikipedia)

Domino FJ, Baldor RA, Golding J (2013). The 5-Minute Clinical Consult 2014. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 138. ISBN 978-1-4511-8850-9.
Kirk RH, Winslet MC (2007). Essential General Surgical Operations. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 365. ISBN 978-0-443-10314-8. Archived from the original on 5 November 2017.

cfp.ca

Denniston GC, Hill G (October 2010). "Gairdner was wrong". Canadian Family Physician. 56 (10): 986–7. PMC 2954072. PMID 20944034. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
McGregor TB, Pike JG, Leonard MP (March 2007). "Pathologic and physiologic phimosis: approach to the phimotic foreskin". Canadian Family Physician. 53 (3): 445–8. PMC 1949079. PMID 17872680.

circfacts.org

Moreton S. "Debunking Corner – CircFacts.Org".

cirp.org

Beaugé M (1997). "The causes of adolescent phimosis". Br J Sex Med. 26 (Sept/Oct).
Beaugé M (1991). "Conservative Treatment of Primary Phimosis in Adolescents". Faculty of Medicine, Saint-Antoine University.

cps.ca

caringforkids.cps.ca

"Caring for an uncircumcised penis". Information for parents. Canadian Paediatric Society. July 2012. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012.

doctorsopposingcircumcision.org

"Phimosis". Doctors Opposing Circumcision. 6 July 2016.

doi.org

Shahid SK (5 March 2012). "Phimosis in children". ISRN Urology. 2012: 707329. doi:10.5402/2012/707329. PMC 3329654. PMID 23002427.
Huntley JS, Bourne MC, Munro FD, Wilson-Storey D (September 2003). "Troubles with the foreskin: one hundred consecutive referrals to paediatric surgeons". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 96 (9): 449–51. doi:10.1177/014107680309600908. PMC 539600. PMID 12949201.
Hill G (June 2003). "Circumcision for phimosis and other medical indications in Western Australian boys". The Medical Journal of Australia. 178 (11): 587, author reply 589–90. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2003.tb05368.x. PMID 12765511. S2CID 11588415. Archived from the original on 30 August 2008.
Spilsbury K, Semmens JB, Wisniewski ZS, Holman CD (February 2003). "Circumcision for phimosis and other medical indications in Western Australian boys". The Medical Journal of Australia. 178 (4): 155–8. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2003.tb05130.x. PMID 12580740. S2CID 9842095. Archived from the original on 9 November 2004.. Recent Australian statistics with good discussion of ascertainment problems arising from surgical statistics.
Van Howe RS (October 1998). "Cost-effective treatment of phimosis". Pediatrics. 102 (4): E43. doi:10.1542/peds.102.4.e43. PMID 9755280. A review of estimated costs and complications of 3 phimosis treatments (topical steroids, praeputioplasty, and surgical circumcision). The review concludes that topical steroids should be tried first, and praeputioplasty has advantages over surgical circumcision. This article also provides a good discussion of the difficulty distinguishing pathological from physiological phimosis in young children and alleges inflation of phimosis statistics for purposes of securing insurance coverage for post-neonatal circumcision in the United States.
Babu R, Harrison SK, Hutton KA (August 2004). "Ballooning of the foreskin and physiological phimosis: is there any objective evidence of obstructed voiding?". BJU International. 94 (3): 384–7. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2004.04935.x. PMID 15291873. S2CID 32118768.
Munarriz R, Talakoub L, Kuohung W, Gioia M, Hoag L, Flaherty E, et al. (2002). "The prevalence of phimosis of the clitoris in women presenting to the sexual dysfunction clinic: lack of correlation to disorders of desire, arousal and orgasm". Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy. 28 (Suppl 1): 181–5. doi:10.1080/00926230252851302. PMID 11898701. S2CID 45521652.
Kikiros CS, Beasley SW, Woodward AA (1 May 1993). "The response of phimosis to local steroid application" (PDF). Pediatric Surgery International. 8 (4): 329–332. doi:10.1007/BF00173357. ISSN 0179-0358. S2CID 28662055. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016.
Kayaba H, Tamura H, Kitajima S, Fujiwara Y, Kato T, Kato T (November 1996). "Analysis of shape and retractability of the prepuce in 603 Japanese boys". The Journal of Urology. 156 (5): 1813–5. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(01)65544-7. PMID 8863623.
Oster J (April 1968). "Further fate of the foreskin. Incidence of preputial adhesions, phimosis, and smegma among Danish schoolboys". Archives of Disease in Childhood. 43 (228): 200–3. doi:10.1136/adc.43.228.200. PMC 2019851. PMID 5689532.
Edwards S (June 1996). "Balanitis and balanoposthitis: a review". Genitourinary Medicine. 72 (3): 155–9. doi:10.1136/sti.72.3.155. PMC 1195642. PMID 8707315.
Buechner SA (September 2002). "Common skin disorders of the penis". BJU International. 90 (5): 498–506. doi:10.1046/j.1464-410X.2002.02962.x. PMID 12175386. S2CID 45605100.
Bromage SJ, Crump A, Pearce I (February 2008). "Phimosis as a presenting feature of diabetes". BJU International. 101 (3): 338–40. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2007.07274.x. PMID 18005214. S2CID 5694950. Archived from the original on 5 January 2013.
Hayashi Y, Kojima Y, Mizuno K, Kohri K (February 2011). "Prepuce: phimosis, paraphimosis, and circumcision". TheScientificWorldJournal. 11: 289–301. doi:10.1100/tsw.2011.31. PMC 5719994. PMID 21298220.
Zampieri N, Corroppolo M, Camoglio FS, Giacomello L, Ottolenghi A (November 2005). "Phimosis: stretching methods with or without application of topical steroids?". The Journal of Pediatrics. 147 (5): 705–6. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2005.07.017. PMID 16291369. S2CID 29301071.
Moreno G, Ramirez C, Corbalán J, Peñaloza B, Morel Marambio M, Pantoja T (25 January 2024). "Topical corticosteroids for treating phimosis in boys". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 1 (1): CD008973. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008973.pub3. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 10809033. PMID 38269441.
Cuckow PM, Rix G, Mouriquand PD (April 1994). "Preputial plasty: a good alternative to circumcision". Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 29 (4): 561–3. doi:10.1016/0022-3468(94)90092-2. PMID 8014816.
Daling JR, Madeleine MM, Johnson LG, Schwartz SM, Shera KA, Wurscher MA, et al. (September 2005). "Penile cancer: importance of circumcision, human papillomavirus and smoking in situ and invasive disease". International Journal of Cancer. 116 (4): 606–16. doi:10.1002/ijc.21009. PMID 15825185.
Shankar KR, Rickwood AM (July 1999). "The incidence of phimosis in boys" (PDF). BJU International. 84 (1): 101–2. doi:10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.00147.x. PMID 10444134. S2CID 20191682. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 February 2020. This study gives a low incidence of pathological phimosis (0.6% of uncircumcised boys by age 15 years) by asserting that balanitis xerotica obliterans is the only indisputable type of pathological phimosis and anything else should be assumed "physiological". Restrictiveness of definition and circularity of reasoning have been criticized.
Imamura E (August 1997). "Phimosis of infants and young children in Japan". Acta Paediatrica Japonica. 39 (4): 403–5. doi:10.1111/j.1442-200x.1997.tb03605.x. PMID 9316279. S2CID 19407331. A study of phimosis prevalence in over 4,500 Japanese children reporting that over a third of uncircumcised had a nonretractile foreskin by age 3 years.
Ohjimi T, Ohjimi H (April 1981). "Special surgical techniques for relief of phimosis". The Journal of Dermatologic Surgery and Oncology. 7 (4): 326–30. doi:10.1111/j.1524-4725.1981.tb00650.x. PMID 7240535.
Hodges FM (1999). "The History of Phimosis from Antiquity to the Present". In Milos MF, Denniston GC, Hodges FM (eds.). Male and Female Circumcision. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. pp. 37–62. doi:10.1007/978-0-585-39937-9_5. ISBN 978-0-306-46131-6.

drmomma.org

"Natural Foreskin Retraction in Intact Children and Teens". Peaceful Parenting.

emedicine.com

Cantu Jr. S. Phimosis and paraphimosis at eMedicine

etymonline.com

Harper D. "phimosis". Online Etymology Dictionary.

fimose.org

Kikiros CS, Beasley SW, Woodward AA (1 May 1993). "The response of phimosis to local steroid application" (PDF). Pediatric Surgery International. 8 (4): 329–332. doi:10.1007/BF00173357. ISSN 0179-0358. S2CID 28662055. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016.

healthychildren.org

"Care of the Uncircumcised Penis". Guide for parents. American Academy of Pediatrics. September 2007. Archived from the original on 30 August 2012.

historyofcircumcision.net

"Circumcision and phimosis in eighteenth century France". History of Circumcision. Retrieved 16 December 2016.

merriam-webster.com

Entry "phimosis" in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary Archived 2017-09-22 at the Wayback Machine.

mja.com.au

Hill G (June 2003). "Circumcision for phimosis and other medical indications in Western Australian boys". The Medical Journal of Australia. 178 (11): 587, author reply 589–90. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2003.tb05368.x. PMID 12765511. S2CID 11588415. Archived from the original on 30 August 2008.
Spilsbury K, Semmens JB, Wisniewski ZS, Holman CD (February 2003). "Circumcision for phimosis and other medical indications in Western Australian boys". The Medical Journal of Australia. 178 (4): 155–8. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2003.tb05130.x. PMID 12580740. S2CID 9842095. Archived from the original on 9 November 2004.. Recent Australian statistics with good discussion of ascertainment problems arising from surgical statistics.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

McGregor TB, Pike JG, Leonard MP (March 2007). "Pathologic and physiologic phimosis: approach to the phimotic foreskin". Canadian Family Physician. 53 (3): 445–8. PMC 1949079. PMID 17872680.
Shahid SK (5 March 2012). "Phimosis in children". ISRN Urology. 2012: 707329. doi:10.5402/2012/707329. PMC 3329654. PMID 23002427.
Huntley JS, Bourne MC, Munro FD, Wilson-Storey D (September 2003). "Troubles with the foreskin: one hundred consecutive referrals to paediatric surgeons". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 96 (9): 449–51. doi:10.1177/014107680309600908. PMC 539600. PMID 12949201.
Denniston GC, Hill G (October 2010). "Gairdner was wrong". Canadian Family Physician. 56 (10): 986–7. PMC 2954072. PMID 20944034. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
Hill G (June 2003). "Circumcision for phimosis and other medical indications in Western Australian boys". The Medical Journal of Australia. 178 (11): 587, author reply 589–90. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2003.tb05368.x. PMID 12765511. S2CID 11588415. Archived from the original on 30 August 2008.
Thorvaldsen MA, Meyhoff HH (April 2005). "[Pathological or physiological phimosis?]" (PDF). Ugeskrift for Laeger. 167 (17): 1858–62. PMID 15929334. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 February 2016. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
Rickwood AM, Walker J (September 1989). "Is phimosis overdiagnosed in boys and are too many circumcisions performed in consequence?". Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 71 (5): 275–7. PMC 2499015. PMID 2802472. Authors review English referral statistics and suggest phimosis is overdiagnosed, especially in boys under 5 years, because of confusion with developmentally nonretractile foreskin.
Spilsbury K, Semmens JB, Wisniewski ZS, Holman CD (February 2003). "Circumcision for phimosis and other medical indications in Western Australian boys". The Medical Journal of Australia. 178 (4): 155–8. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2003.tb05130.x. PMID 12580740. S2CID 9842095. Archived from the original on 9 November 2004.. Recent Australian statistics with good discussion of ascertainment problems arising from surgical statistics.
Van Howe RS (October 1998). "Cost-effective treatment of phimosis". Pediatrics. 102 (4): E43. doi:10.1542/peds.102.4.e43. PMID 9755280. A review of estimated costs and complications of 3 phimosis treatments (topical steroids, praeputioplasty, and surgical circumcision). The review concludes that topical steroids should be tried first, and praeputioplasty has advantages over surgical circumcision. This article also provides a good discussion of the difficulty distinguishing pathological from physiological phimosis in young children and alleges inflation of phimosis statistics for purposes of securing insurance coverage for post-neonatal circumcision in the United States.
McGregor TB, Pike JG, Leonard MP (March 2007). "Pathologic and physiologic phimosis: approach to the phimotic foreskin". Canadian Family Physician. 53 (3): 445–8. PMC 1949079. PMID 17872680.
Babu R, Harrison SK, Hutton KA (August 2004). "Ballooning of the foreskin and physiological phimosis: is there any objective evidence of obstructed voiding?". BJU International. 94 (3): 384–7. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2004.04935.x. PMID 15291873. S2CID 32118768.
Munarriz R, Talakoub L, Kuohung W, Gioia M, Hoag L, Flaherty E, et al. (2002). "The prevalence of phimosis of the clitoris in women presenting to the sexual dysfunction clinic: lack of correlation to disorders of desire, arousal and orgasm". Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy. 28 (Suppl 1): 181–5. doi:10.1080/00926230252851302. PMID 11898701. S2CID 45521652.
Kayaba H, Tamura H, Kitajima S, Fujiwara Y, Kato T, Kato T (November 1996). "Analysis of shape and retractability of the prepuce in 603 Japanese boys". The Journal of Urology. 156 (5): 1813–5. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(01)65544-7. PMID 8863623.
Oster J (April 1968). "Further fate of the foreskin. Incidence of preputial adhesions, phimosis, and smegma among Danish schoolboys". Archives of Disease in Childhood. 43 (228): 200–3. doi:10.1136/adc.43.228.200. PMC 2019851. PMID 5689532.
Edwards S (June 1996). "Balanitis and balanoposthitis: a review". Genitourinary Medicine. 72 (3): 155–9. doi:10.1136/sti.72.3.155. PMC 1195642. PMID 8707315.
Bolla G, Sartore G, Longo L, Rossi C (2005). "[The sclero-atrophic lichen as principal cause of acquired phimosis in pediatric age]". La Pediatria Medica e Chirurgica (in Italian). 27 (3–4): 91–3. PMID 16910457.
Buechner SA (September 2002). "Common skin disorders of the penis". BJU International. 90 (5): 498–506. doi:10.1046/j.1464-410X.2002.02962.x. PMID 12175386. S2CID 45605100.
Bromage SJ, Crump A, Pearce I (February 2008). "Phimosis as a presenting feature of diabetes". BJU International. 101 (3): 338–40. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2007.07274.x. PMID 18005214. S2CID 5694950. Archived from the original on 5 January 2013.
Hayashi Y, Kojima Y, Mizuno K, Kohri K (February 2011). "Prepuce: phimosis, paraphimosis, and circumcision". TheScientificWorldJournal. 11: 289–301. doi:10.1100/tsw.2011.31. PMC 5719994. PMID 21298220.
Zampieri N, Corroppolo M, Camoglio FS, Giacomello L, Ottolenghi A (November 2005). "Phimosis: stretching methods with or without application of topical steroids?". The Journal of Pediatrics. 147 (5): 705–6. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2005.07.017. PMID 16291369. S2CID 29301071.
Moreno G, Ramirez C, Corbalán J, Peñaloza B, Morel Marambio M, Pantoja T (25 January 2024). "Topical corticosteroids for treating phimosis in boys". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 1 (1): CD008973. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008973.pub3. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 10809033. PMID 38269441.
Cuckow PM, Rix G, Mouriquand PD (April 1994). "Preputial plasty: a good alternative to circumcision". Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 29 (4): 561–3. doi:10.1016/0022-3468(94)90092-2. PMID 8014816.
Minagawa T, Murata Y (June 2008). "[A case of urinary retention caused by true phimosis]". Hinyokika Kiyo. Acta Urologica Japonica (in Japanese). 54 (6): 427–9. PMID 18634440.
Daling JR, Madeleine MM, Johnson LG, Schwartz SM, Shera KA, Wurscher MA, et al. (September 2005). "Penile cancer: importance of circumcision, human papillomavirus and smoking in situ and invasive disease". International Journal of Cancer. 116 (4): 606–16. doi:10.1002/ijc.21009. PMID 15825185.
Shankar KR, Rickwood AM (July 1999). "The incidence of phimosis in boys" (PDF). BJU International. 84 (1): 101–2. doi:10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.00147.x. PMID 10444134. S2CID 20191682. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 February 2020. This study gives a low incidence of pathological phimosis (0.6% of uncircumcised boys by age 15 years) by asserting that balanitis xerotica obliterans is the only indisputable type of pathological phimosis and anything else should be assumed "physiological". Restrictiveness of definition and circularity of reasoning have been criticized.
Imamura E (August 1997). "Phimosis of infants and young children in Japan". Acta Paediatrica Japonica. 39 (4): 403–5. doi:10.1111/j.1442-200x.1997.tb03605.x. PMID 9316279. S2CID 19407331. A study of phimosis prevalence in over 4,500 Japanese children reporting that over a third of uncircumcised had a nonretractile foreskin by age 3 years.
Ohjimi T, Ohjimi H (April 1981). "Special surgical techniques for relief of phimosis". The Journal of Dermatologic Surgery and Oncology. 7 (4): 326–30. doi:10.1111/j.1524-4725.1981.tb00650.x. PMID 7240535.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

"Phimosis". PubMed Health. Archived from the original on 5 November 2017. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
McGregor TB, Pike JG, Leonard MP (March 2007). "Pathologic and physiologic phimosis: approach to the phimotic foreskin". Canadian Family Physician. 53 (3): 445–8. PMC 1949079. PMID 17872680.
"What are the treatment options for phimosis?". PubMed Health. Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care. 7 October 2015. Archived from the original on 5 November 2017. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
Shahid SK (5 March 2012). "Phimosis in children". ISRN Urology. 2012: 707329. doi:10.5402/2012/707329. PMC 3329654. PMID 23002427.
Huntley JS, Bourne MC, Munro FD, Wilson-Storey D (September 2003). "Troubles with the foreskin: one hundred consecutive referrals to paediatric surgeons". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 96 (9): 449–51. doi:10.1177/014107680309600908. PMC 539600. PMID 12949201.
Denniston GC, Hill G (October 2010). "Gairdner was wrong". Canadian Family Physician. 56 (10): 986–7. PMC 2954072. PMID 20944034. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
Rickwood AM, Walker J (September 1989). "Is phimosis overdiagnosed in boys and are too many circumcisions performed in consequence?". Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 71 (5): 275–7. PMC 2499015. PMID 2802472. Authors review English referral statistics and suggest phimosis is overdiagnosed, especially in boys under 5 years, because of confusion with developmentally nonretractile foreskin.
McGregor TB, Pike JG, Leonard MP (March 2007). "Pathologic and physiologic phimosis: approach to the phimotic foreskin". Canadian Family Physician. 53 (3): 445–8. PMC 1949079. PMID 17872680.
Oster J (April 1968). "Further fate of the foreskin. Incidence of preputial adhesions, phimosis, and smegma among Danish schoolboys". Archives of Disease in Childhood. 43 (228): 200–3. doi:10.1136/adc.43.228.200. PMC 2019851. PMID 5689532.
Edwards S (June 1996). "Balanitis and balanoposthitis: a review". Genitourinary Medicine. 72 (3): 155–9. doi:10.1136/sti.72.3.155. PMC 1195642. PMID 8707315.
Hayashi Y, Kojima Y, Mizuno K, Kohri K (February 2011). "Prepuce: phimosis, paraphimosis, and circumcision". TheScientificWorldJournal. 11: 289–301. doi:10.1100/tsw.2011.31. PMC 5719994. PMID 21298220.
Moreno G, Ramirez C, Corbalán J, Peñaloza B, Morel Marambio M, Pantoja T (25 January 2024). "Topical corticosteroids for treating phimosis in boys". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 1 (1): CD008973. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008973.pub3. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 10809033. PMID 38269441.

novoglan.com

store.novoglan.com

"patient centric review of the experiential & clinical data associated with the safety, efficacy, tolerability & usability of the Novoglan foreskin tissue expander to treat uncomplicated phimosis - post marketing surveillance program". NOVOGLAN.

phimosis.ca

Thorvaldsen MA, Meyhoff HH (April 2005). "[Pathological or physiological phimosis?]" (PDF). Ugeskrift for Laeger. 167 (17): 1858–62. PMID 15929334. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 February 2016. Retrieved 3 December 2012.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Hill G (June 2003). "Circumcision for phimosis and other medical indications in Western Australian boys". The Medical Journal of Australia. 178 (11): 587, author reply 589–90. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2003.tb05368.x. PMID 12765511. S2CID 11588415. Archived from the original on 30 August 2008.
Spilsbury K, Semmens JB, Wisniewski ZS, Holman CD (February 2003). "Circumcision for phimosis and other medical indications in Western Australian boys". The Medical Journal of Australia. 178 (4): 155–8. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2003.tb05130.x. PMID 12580740. S2CID 9842095. Archived from the original on 9 November 2004.. Recent Australian statistics with good discussion of ascertainment problems arising from surgical statistics.
Babu R, Harrison SK, Hutton KA (August 2004). "Ballooning of the foreskin and physiological phimosis: is there any objective evidence of obstructed voiding?". BJU International. 94 (3): 384–7. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2004.04935.x. PMID 15291873. S2CID 32118768.
Munarriz R, Talakoub L, Kuohung W, Gioia M, Hoag L, Flaherty E, et al. (2002). "The prevalence of phimosis of the clitoris in women presenting to the sexual dysfunction clinic: lack of correlation to disorders of desire, arousal and orgasm". Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy. 28 (Suppl 1): 181–5. doi:10.1080/00926230252851302. PMID 11898701. S2CID 45521652.
Kikiros CS, Beasley SW, Woodward AA (1 May 1993). "The response of phimosis to local steroid application" (PDF). Pediatric Surgery International. 8 (4): 329–332. doi:10.1007/BF00173357. ISSN 0179-0358. S2CID 28662055. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016.
Buechner SA (September 2002). "Common skin disorders of the penis". BJU International. 90 (5): 498–506. doi:10.1046/j.1464-410X.2002.02962.x. PMID 12175386. S2CID 45605100.
Bromage SJ, Crump A, Pearce I (February 2008). "Phimosis as a presenting feature of diabetes". BJU International. 101 (3): 338–40. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2007.07274.x. PMID 18005214. S2CID 5694950. Archived from the original on 5 January 2013.
Zampieri N, Corroppolo M, Camoglio FS, Giacomello L, Ottolenghi A (November 2005). "Phimosis: stretching methods with or without application of topical steroids?". The Journal of Pediatrics. 147 (5): 705–6. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2005.07.017. PMID 16291369. S2CID 29301071.
Shankar KR, Rickwood AM (July 1999). "The incidence of phimosis in boys" (PDF). BJU International. 84 (1): 101–2. doi:10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.00147.x. PMID 10444134. S2CID 20191682. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 February 2020. This study gives a low incidence of pathological phimosis (0.6% of uncircumcised boys by age 15 years) by asserting that balanitis xerotica obliterans is the only indisputable type of pathological phimosis and anything else should be assumed "physiological". Restrictiveness of definition and circularity of reasoning have been criticized.
Imamura E (August 1997). "Phimosis of infants and young children in Japan". Acta Paediatrica Japonica. 39 (4): 403–5. doi:10.1111/j.1442-200x.1997.tb03605.x. PMID 9316279. S2CID 19407331. A study of phimosis prevalence in over 4,500 Japanese children reporting that over a third of uncircumcised had a nonretractile foreskin by age 3 years.

pdfs.semanticscholar.org

Shankar KR, Rickwood AM (July 1999). "The incidence of phimosis in boys" (PDF). BJU International. 84 (1): 101–2. doi:10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.00147.x. PMID 10444134. S2CID 20191682. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 February 2020. This study gives a low incidence of pathological phimosis (0.6% of uncircumcised boys by age 15 years) by asserting that balanitis xerotica obliterans is the only indisputable type of pathological phimosis and anything else should be assumed "physiological". Restrictiveness of definition and circularity of reasoning have been criticized.

tufts.edu

perseus.tufts.edu

φίμωσις, φιμός. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project.

web.archive.org

Entry "phimosis" in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary Archived 2017-09-22 at the Wayback Machine.
"Phimosis". PubMed Health. Archived from the original on 5 November 2017. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
"What are the treatment options for phimosis?". PubMed Health. Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care. 7 October 2015. Archived from the original on 5 November 2017. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
Kirk RH, Winslet MC (2007). Essential General Surgical Operations. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 365. ISBN 978-0-443-10314-8. Archived from the original on 5 November 2017.
"Care of the Uncircumcised Penis". Guide for parents. American Academy of Pediatrics. September 2007. Archived from the original on 30 August 2012.
"Caring for an uncircumcised penis". Information for parents. Canadian Paediatric Society. July 2012. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012.
Denniston GC, Hill G (October 2010). "Gairdner was wrong". Canadian Family Physician. 56 (10): 986–7. PMC 2954072. PMID 20944034. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
Hill G (June 2003). "Circumcision for phimosis and other medical indications in Western Australian boys". The Medical Journal of Australia. 178 (11): 587, author reply 589–90. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2003.tb05368.x. PMID 12765511. S2CID 11588415. Archived from the original on 30 August 2008.
Thorvaldsen MA, Meyhoff HH (April 2005). "[Pathological or physiological phimosis?]" (PDF). Ugeskrift for Laeger. 167 (17): 1858–62. PMID 15929334. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 February 2016. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
Spilsbury K, Semmens JB, Wisniewski ZS, Holman CD (February 2003). "Circumcision for phimosis and other medical indications in Western Australian boys". The Medical Journal of Australia. 178 (4): 155–8. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2003.tb05130.x. PMID 12580740. S2CID 9842095. Archived from the original on 9 November 2004.. Recent Australian statistics with good discussion of ascertainment problems arising from surgical statistics.
Kikiros CS, Beasley SW, Woodward AA (1 May 1993). "The response of phimosis to local steroid application" (PDF). Pediatric Surgery International. 8 (4): 329–332. doi:10.1007/BF00173357. ISSN 0179-0358. S2CID 28662055. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016.
Shankar KR, Rickwood AM (July 1999). "The incidence of phimosis in boys" (PDF). BJU International. 84 (1): 101–2. doi:10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.00147.x. PMID 10444134. S2CID 20191682. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 February 2020. This study gives a low incidence of pathological phimosis (0.6% of uncircumcised boys by age 15 years) by asserting that balanitis xerotica obliterans is the only indisputable type of pathological phimosis and anything else should be assumed "physiological". Restrictiveness of definition and circularity of reasoning have been criticized.

wiley.com

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Bromage SJ, Crump A, Pearce I (February 2008). "Phimosis as a presenting feature of diabetes". BJU International. 101 (3): 338–40. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2007.07274.x. PMID 18005214. S2CID 5694950. Archived from the original on 5 January 2013.

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Kikiros CS, Beasley SW, Woodward AA (1 May 1993). "The response of phimosis to local steroid application" (PDF). Pediatric Surgery International. 8 (4): 329–332. doi:10.1007/BF00173357. ISSN 0179-0358. S2CID 28662055. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016.
Moreno G, Ramirez C, Corbalán J, Peñaloza B, Morel Marambio M, Pantoja T (25 January 2024). "Topical corticosteroids for treating phimosis in boys". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 1 (1): CD008973. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008973.pub3. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 10809033. PMID 38269441.