Photon (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Photon" in English language version.

Last modified: 01:34:48, 13 October 2026 (UTC)

Ref.Un. Ref.Website

Global rank English rank

7262doi.org

2^nd place

6555adsabs.harvard.edu

14^th place

9^th place

5239web.archive.org

1^st place

2924semanticscholar.org

15^th place

8^th place

1915books.google.com

3^rd place

1511archive.org

6^th place

1311arxiv.org

49^th place

31^st place

1110nobelprize.org

265^th place

450^th place

1111nih.gov

5^th place

1010worldcat.org

4^th place

94hdl.handle.net

66^th place

34^th place

72lbl.gov

3,154^th place

3,216^th place

72en.wikisource.org

82^nd place

41^st place

55aps.org

1,264^th place

951^st place

41uni-augsburg.de

low place

31ekkehard-friebe.de

low place

22psu.edu

299^th place

159^th place

22ucsc.edu

4,139^th place

2,783^rd place

22jstor.org

23^rd place

15^th place

22zenodo.org

737^th place

426^th place

11atomicheritage.org

low place

11caltech.edu

240^th place

473^rd place

11ucr.edu

1,400^th place

754^th place

11iop.org

1,046^th place

1,608^th place

11uoregon.edu

3,189^th place

1,887^th place

11rri.res.in

low place

11wisc.edu

891^st place

533^rd place

11gutenberg.org

629^th place

427^th place

11aip.org

2,273^rd place

1,697^th place

11whitman.edu

low place

11cern.ch

2,552^nd place

2,008^th place

11uni-hannover.de

low place

11news.harvard.edu

3,696^th place

2,398^th place

11photonics.com

low place

11pitt.edu

1,616^th place

1,079^th place

11nasa.gov

12^th place

73^rd place

11newsweek.com

371^st place

235^th place

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; English: 9^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Amsler, C.; et al. (Particle Data Group) (2008). "Review of Particle Physics: Gauge and Higgs bosons" (PDF). Physics Letters B. 667 (1): 1. Bibcode:2008PhLB..667....1A. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2008.07.018. hdl:1854/LU-685594. S2CID 227119789. Archived from the original on 2018-12-25. Retrieved 2010-04-09.
Kimble, H.J.; Dagenais, M.; Mandel, L. (1977). "Photon Anti-bunching in Resonance Fluorescence" (PDF). Physical Review Letters. 39 (11): 691–695. Bibcode:1977PhRvL..39..691K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.39.691. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-11-25. Retrieved 2019-01-03.
Grangier, P.; Roger, G.; Aspect, A. (1986). "Experimental Evidence for a Photon Anticorrelation Effect on a Beam Splitter: A New Light on Single-Photon Interferences". Europhysics Letters. 1 (4): 173–179. Bibcode:1986EL......1..173G. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.178.4356. doi:10.1209/0295-5075/1/4/004. S2CID 250837011. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
Kobychev, V. V.; Popov, S. B. (2005). "Constraints on the photon charge from observations of extragalactic sources". Astronomy Letters. 31 (3): 147–151. arXiv:hep-ph/0411398. Bibcode:2005AstL...31..147K. doi:10.1134/1.1883345. S2CID 119409823.
Tu, Liang-Cheng; Luo, Jun; Gillies, George T (2005-01-01). "The mass of the photon". Reports on Progress in Physics. 68 (1): 77–130. Bibcode:2005RPPh...68...77T. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/68/1/R02. ISSN 0034-4885.
Goldhaber, Alfred Scharff; Nieto, Michael Martin (2010-03-23). "Photon and graviton mass limits". Reviews of Modern Physics. 82 (1): 939–979. arXiv:0809.1003. Bibcode:2010RvMP...82..939G. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.82.939. ISSN 0034-6861. Archived from the original on 2024-05-13. Retrieved 2024-02-01.
Heeck, Julian (2013-07-11). "How Stable is the Photon?". Physical Review Letters. 111 (2) 021801. arXiv:1304.2821. Bibcode:2013PhRvL.111b1801H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.021801. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 23889385. Archived from the original on 2024-05-13. Retrieved 2024-02-01.
Amsler, C.; et al. (2008). "Review of Particle Physics" (PDF). Physics Letters B. 667 (1–5): 31. Bibcode:2008PhLB..667....1A. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2008.07.018. hdl:1854/LU-685594. PMID 10020536. S2CID 227119789. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-06-01. Retrieved 2017-10-26.
Raman, C. V.; Bhagavantam, S. (1931). "Experimental proof of the spin of the photon" (PDF). Indian Journal of Physics. 6 (3244): 353. Bibcode:1932Natur.129...22R. doi:10.1038/129022a0. hdl:10821/664. S2CID 4064852. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-06-03. Retrieved 2008-12-28.
Mermin, David (February 1984). "Relativity without light". American Journal of Physics. 52 (2): 119–124. Bibcode:1984AmJPh..52..119M. doi:10.1119/1.13917.
Plimpton, S.; Lawton, W. (1936). "A Very Accurate Test of Coulomb's Law of Force Between Charges". Physical Review. 50 (11): 1066. Bibcode:1936PhRv...50.1066P. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.50.1066.
Williams, E.; Faller, J.; Hill, H. (1971). "New Experimental Test of Coulomb's Law: A Laboratory Upper Limit on the Photon Rest Mass". Physical Review Letters. 26 (12): 721. Bibcode:1971PhRvL..26..721W. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.26.721.
Chibisov, G. V. (1976). "Astrophysical upper limits on the photon rest mass". Soviet Physics Uspekhi. 19 (7): 624. Bibcode:1976SvPhU..19..624C. doi:10.1070/PU1976v019n07ABEH005277.
Lakes, Roderic (1998). "Experimental Limits on the Photon Mass and Cosmic Magnetic Vector Potential". Physical Review Letters. 80 (9): 1826. Bibcode:1998PhRvL..80.1826L. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.80.1826.
Amsler, C; Doser, M; Antonelli, M; Asner, D; Babu, K; Baer, H; Band, H; Barnett, R; et al. (2008). "Review of Particle Physics⁎" (PDF). Physics Letters B. 667 (1–5): 1. Bibcode:2008PhLB..667....1A. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2008.07.018. hdl:1854/LU-685594. S2CID 227119789. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-06-01. Retrieved 2017-10-26. Summary Table Archived 2010-01-09 at the Wayback Machine
Adelberger, Eric; Dvali, Gia; Gruzinov, Andrei (2007). "Photon-Mass Bound Destroyed by Vortices". Physical Review Letters. 98 (1) 010402. arXiv:hep-ph/0306245. Bibcode:2007PhRvL..98a0402A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.010402. PMID 17358459. S2CID 31249827.
Buchwald, J. Z. (1989). "The Rise of the Wave Theory of Light: Optical theory and experiment in the early nineteenth century". Physics Today. 43 (4). University of Chicago Press: 78–80. Bibcode:1990PhT....43d..78B. doi:10.1063/1.2810533. ISBN 978-0-226-07886-1. OCLC 18069573.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN (link)
Maxwell, James Clerk (1865). "A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 155: 459–512. Bibcode:1865RSPT..155..459M. doi:10.1098/rstl.1865.0008. S2CID 186207827. This article followed a presentation by Maxwell on 8 December 1864 to the Royal Society.
Planck, Max (1901). "Über das Gesetz der Energieverteilung im Normalspectrum". Annalen der Physik (in German). 4 (3): 553–563. Bibcode:1901AnP...309..553P. doi:10.1002/andp.19013090310. English translation
Einstein, Albert (1905). "Über einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt" (PDF). Annalen der Physik (in German). 17 (6): 132–148. Bibcode:1905AnP...322..132E. doi:10.1002/andp.19053220607. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2010-08-25. According to this picture, the energy of a light wave emitted from a point source is not spread continuously over ever larger volumes, but consists of a finite number of energy quanta that are spatially localized at points of space, move without dividing and are absorbed or generated only as a whole. An English translation is available from Wikisource.
Compton, Arthur (1923). "A quantum theory of the scattering of X-rays by light elements". Physical Review. 21 (5): 483–502. Bibcode:1923PhRv...21..483C. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.21.483. Archived from the original on 2018-01-29. Retrieved 2020-11-08.
Mandel, Leonard (1976). Wolf, E. (ed.). II the Case for and Against Semiclassical Radiation Theory. Progress in Optics. Vol. 13. North-Holland. pp. 27–69. Bibcode:1976PrOpt..13...27M. doi:10.1016/S0079-6638(08)70018-0. ISBN 978-0-444-10806-7. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
Grangier, P.; Roger, G.; Aspect, A. (1986). "Experimental evidence for a photon anticorrelation effect on a beam splitter: A new light on single-photon interferences". Europhysics Letters. 1 (4): 173–179. Bibcode:1986EL......1..173G. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.178.4356. doi:10.1209/0295-5075/1/4/004. S2CID 250837011. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
Thorn, J.J.; Neel, M.S.; Donato, V.W.; Bergreen, G.S.; Davies, R.E.; Beck, M. (2004). "Observing the quantum behavior of light in an undergraduate laboratory" (PDF). American Journal of Physics. 72 (9): 1210–1219. Bibcode:2004AmJPh..72.1210T. doi:10.1119/1.1737397. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-02-01. Retrieved 2009-06-29.
Lewis, Gilbert N. (18 December 1926). "The conservation of photons". Nature. 118 (2981): 874–875. Bibcode:1926Natur.118..874L. doi:10.1038/118874a0. eISSN 1476-4687. S2CID 4110026.
Newton, T.D.; Wigner, E.P. (1949). "Localized states for elementary particles" (PDF). Reviews of Modern Physics. 21 (3): 400–406. Bibcode:1949RvMP...21..400N. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.21.400. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-05-16. Retrieved 2023-06-21.
Bialynicki-Birula, I. (1994). "On the wave function of the photon". Acta Physica Polonica A. 86 (1–2): 97–116. Bibcode:1994AcPPA..86...97B. doi:10.12693/APhysPolA.86.97.
Sipe, J.E. (1995). "Photon wave functions". Physical Review A. 52 (3): 1875–1883. Bibcode:1995PhRvA..52.1875S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.52.1875. PMID 9912446.
Bialynicki-Birula, I. (1996). V Photon Wave Function. Progress in Optics. Vol. 36. pp. 245–294. Bibcode:1996PrOpt..36..245B. doi:10.1016/S0079-6638(08)70316-0. ISBN 978-0-444-82530-8. S2CID 17695022. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
Busch, Paul; Lahti, Pekka; Werner, Reinhard F. (2013-10-17). "Proof of Heisenberg's Error-Disturbance Relation" (PDF). Physical Review Letters. 111 (16) 160405. arXiv:1306.1565. Bibcode:2013PhRvL.111p0405B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.160405. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 24182239. S2CID 24507489.
Appleby, David Marcus (2016-05-06). "Quantum Errors and Disturbances: Response to Busch, Lahti and Werner". Entropy. 18 (5): 174. arXiv:1602.09002. Bibcode:2016Entrp..18..174A. doi:10.3390/e18050174.
Busch, P.; Grabowski, M.; Lahti, P. J. (January 1995). "Who Is Afraid of POV Measures? Unified Approach to Quantum Phase Observables". Annals of Physics. 237 (1): 1–11. Bibcode:1995AnPhy.237....1B. doi:10.1006/aphy.1995.1001.
Bose, Satyendra Nath (1924). "Plancks Gesetz und Lichtquantenhypothese". Zeitschrift für Physik (in German). 26 (1): 178–181. Bibcode:1924ZPhy...26..178B. doi:10.1007/BF01327326. S2CID 186235974.
Anderson, M. H.; Ensher, J. R.; Matthews, M. R.; Wieman, Carl E.; Cornell, Eric Allin (1995). "Observation of Bose–Einstein Condensation in a Dilute Atomic Vapor". Science. 269 (5221): 198–201. Bibcode:1995Sci...269..198A. doi:10.1126/science.269.5221.198. JSTOR 2888436. PMID 17789847. S2CID 540834.
Einstein, Albert (1916). "Strahlungs-emission und -absorption nach der Quantentheorie". Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft (in German). 18: 318–323. Bibcode:1916DPhyG..18..318E.
Einstein, Albert (1916). "Strahlungs-emission und -absorption nach der Quantentheorie". Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft (in German). 18: 318–323. Bibcode:1916DPhyG..18..318E. p. 322: Die Konstanten $A_{m}^{n}$ and $B_{m}^{n}$ würden sich direkt berechnen lassen, wenn wir im Besitz einer im Sinne der Quantenhypothese modifizierten Elektrodynamik und Mechanik wären."
Dirac, Paul A. M. (1926). "On the Theory of Quantum Mechanics". Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 112 (762): 661–677. Bibcode:1926RSPSA.112..661D. doi:10.1098/rspa.1926.0133.
Dirac, Paul A. M. (1927). "The Quantum Theory of the Emission and Absorption of Radiation". Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 114 (767): 243–265. Bibcode:1927RSPSA.114..243D. doi:10.1098/rspa.1927.0039.
Dirac, Paul A. M. (1927b). "The Quantum Theory of Dispersion". Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 114 (769): 710–728. Bibcode:1927RSPSA.114..710D. doi:10.1098/rspa.1927.0071.
Heisenberg, Werner; Pauli, Wolfgang (1929). "Zur Quantentheorie der Wellenfelder". Zeitschrift für Physik (in German). 56 (1–2): 1. Bibcode:1929ZPhy...56....1H. doi:10.1007/BF01340129. S2CID 121928597.
Heisenberg, Werner; Pauli, Wolfgang (1930). "Zur Quantentheorie der Wellenfelder". Zeitschrift für Physik (in German). 59 (3–4): 139. Bibcode:1930ZPhy...59..168H. doi:10.1007/BF01341423. S2CID 186219228.
Fermi, Enrico (1932). "Quantum Theory of Radiation". Reviews of Modern Physics. 4 (1): 87. Bibcode:1932RvMP....4...87F. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.4.87.
Born, Max (1926). "Zur Quantenmechanik der Stossvorgänge". Zeitschrift für Physik (in German). 37 (12): 863–867. Bibcode:1926ZPhy...37..863B. doi:10.1007/BF01397477. S2CID 119896026.
Born, Max (1926). "Quantenmechanik der Stossvorgänge". Zeitschrift für Physik (in German). 38 (11–12): 803. Bibcode:1926ZPhy...38..803B. doi:10.1007/BF01397184. S2CID 126244962.
Debye, Peter (1910). "Der Wahrscheinlichkeitsbegriff in der Theorie der Strahlung". Annalen der Physik (in German). 33 (16): 1427–1434. Bibcode:1910AnP...338.1427D. doi:10.1002/andp.19103381617. Archived from the original on 2020-03-14. Retrieved 2019-08-25.
Born, Max; Heisenberg, Werner; Jordan, Pascual (1925). "Quantenmechanik II". Zeitschrift für Physik (in German). 35 (8–9): 557–615. Bibcode:1926ZPhy...35..557B. doi:10.1007/BF01379806. S2CID 186237037.
Jaeger, Gregg (2019). "Are virtual particles less real?" (PDF). Entropy. 21 (2): 141. Bibcode:2019Entrp..21..141J. doi:10.3390/e21020141. PMC 7514619. PMID 33266857. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-06-11. Retrieved 2021-05-19.
Weiglein, G. (2008). "Electroweak Physics at the ILC". Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 110 (4) 042033. arXiv:0711.3003. Bibcode:2008JPhCS.110d2033W. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/110/4/042033. S2CID 118517359.
Bauer, T.H.; Spital, R.D.; Yennie, D. R.; Pipkin, F.M. (1978). "The hadronic properties of the photon in high-energy interactions". Reviews of Modern Physics. 50 (2): 261. Bibcode:1978RvMP...50..261B. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.50.261.
Sakurai, J.J. (1960). "Theory of strong interactions". Annals of Physics. 11 (1): 1–48. Bibcode:1960AnPhy..11....1S. doi:10.1016/0003-4916(60)90126-3.
Walsh, T.F.; Zerwas, P. (1973). "Two-photon processes in the parton model". Physics Letters B. 44 (2): 195. Bibcode:1973PhLB...44..195W. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(73)90520-0.
Witten, E. (1977). "Anomalous cross section for photon–photon scattering in gauge theories". Nuclear Physics B. 120 (2): 189–202. Bibcode:1977NuPhB.120..189W. doi:10.1016/0550-3213(77)90038-4.
Nisius, R. (2000). "The photon structure from deep inelastic electron–photon scattering". Physics Reports. 332 (4–6): 165–317. arXiv:hep-ex/9912049. Bibcode:2000PhR...332..165N. doi:10.1016/S0370-1573(99)00115-5. S2CID 119437227.
Jennewein, T.; Achleitner, U.; Weihs, G.; Weinfurter, H.; Zeilinger, A. (2000). "A fast and compact quantum random number generator". Review of Scientific Instruments. 71 (4): 1675–1680. arXiv:quant-ph/9912118. Bibcode:2000RScI...71.1675J. doi:10.1063/1.1150518. S2CID 13118587.
Liang, Qi-Yu; et al. (16 February 2018). "Observation of three-photon bound states in a quantum nonlinear medium". Science. 359 (6377): 783–786. arXiv:1709.01478. Bibcode:2018Sci...359..783L. doi:10.1126/science.aao7293. PMC 6467536. PMID 29449489.

aip.org (Global: 2,273^rd place; English: 1,697^th place)

history.aip.org

Compton, Arthur (1923). "A quantum theory of the scattering of X-rays by light elements". Physical Review. 21 (5): 483–502. Bibcode:1923PhRv...21..483C. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.21.483. Archived from the original on 2018-01-29. Retrieved 2020-11-08.

aps.org (Global: 1,264^th place; English: 951^st place)

link.aps.org

Goldhaber, Alfred Scharff; Nieto, Michael Martin (2010-03-23). "Photon and graviton mass limits". Reviews of Modern Physics. 82 (1): 939–979. arXiv:0809.1003. Bibcode:2010RvMP...82..939G. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.82.939. ISSN 0034-6861. Archived from the original on 2024-05-13. Retrieved 2024-02-01.
Heeck, Julian (2013-07-11). "How Stable is the Photon?". Physical Review Letters. 111 (2) 021801. arXiv:1304.2821. Bibcode:2013PhRvL.111b1801H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.021801. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 23889385. Archived from the original on 2024-05-13. Retrieved 2024-02-01.
Zhang, Shanchao; Chen, J. F.; Liu, Chang; Loy, M. M. T.; Wong, G. K. L.; Du, Shengwang (June 16, 2011). "Optical Precursor of a Single Photon". Physical Review Letters. 106 (24). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.243602. ISSN 0031-9007.

aps.org

"December 18, 1926: Gilbert Lewis coins "photon" in letter to Nature". www.aps.org. Archived from the original on 2019-05-02. Retrieved 2019-03-09.

physics.aps.org

Voss, David (June 16, 2011). "Single photons obey the speed limits". Physics. 4. Archived from the original on 2026-02-04.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Halliday, David; Resnick, Robert; Walker, Jerl (2005). Fundamentals of Physics (7th ed.). John Wiley and Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-0-471-23231-5.
Plimpton, S.; Lawton, W. (1936). "A Very Accurate Test of Coulomb's Law of Force Between Charges". Physical Review. 50 (11): 1066. Bibcode:1936PhRv...50.1066P. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.50.1066.
Rothman, T. (2003). Everything's Relative and Other Fables in Science and Technology. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-20257-8.
Pais, A. (1982). Subtle is the Lord: The science and the life of Albert Einstein. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-853907-0.
Planck, Max (1922). "via Google Books". The Origin and Development of the Quantum Theory. Clarendon Press – via Internet Archive (archive.org, 2007-03-01).
Taylor, G. I. (1909). "Interference Fringes with Feeble Light". Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 15: 114. Retrieved 7 December 2024.
Landau, Lev D.; Lifschitz, Evgeny M. (1977). Quantum Mechanics: Non-Relativistic Theory. Vol. 3 (3rd ed.). Pergamon Press. ISBN 978-0-08-020940-1. OCLC 2284121.
Itzykson, C.; Zuber, J.-B. (1980). Quantum Field Theory. McGraw-Hill. Photon–photon-scattering section 7–3–1, renormalization chapter 8–2. ISBN 978-0-07-032071-0.
E.g., chapter 14 in Hughes, I.S. (1985). Elementary particles (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-26092-3.
Radiative correction to electron mass section 7–1–2, anomalous magnetic moments section 7–2–1, Lamb shift section 7–3–2 and hyperfine splitting in positronium section 10–3 in Itzykson, C.; Zuber, J.-B. (1980). Quantum Field Theory. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-032071-0.
Waymouth, John (1971). Electric Discharge Lamps. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The M.I.T. Press. ISBN 978-0-262-23048-3.

arxiv.org (Global: 49^th place; English: 31^st place)

Kragh, Helge (2014). "Photon: New light on an old name". arXiv:1401.0293 [physics.hist-ph].
Kobychev, V. V.; Popov, S. B. (2005). "Constraints on the photon charge from observations of extragalactic sources". Astronomy Letters. 31 (3): 147–151. arXiv:hep-ph/0411398. Bibcode:2005AstL...31..147K. doi:10.1134/1.1883345. S2CID 119409823.
Goldhaber, Alfred Scharff; Nieto, Michael Martin (2010-03-23). "Photon and graviton mass limits". Reviews of Modern Physics. 82 (1): 939–979. arXiv:0809.1003. Bibcode:2010RvMP...82..939G. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.82.939. ISSN 0034-6861. Archived from the original on 2024-05-13. Retrieved 2024-02-01.
Heeck, Julian (2013-07-11). "How Stable is the Photon?". Physical Review Letters. 111 (2) 021801. arXiv:1304.2821. Bibcode:2013PhRvL.111b1801H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.021801. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 23889385. Archived from the original on 2024-05-13. Retrieved 2024-02-01.
Adelberger, Eric; Dvali, Gia; Gruzinov, Andrei (2007). "Photon-Mass Bound Destroyed by Vortices". Physical Review Letters. 98 (1) 010402. arXiv:hep-ph/0306245. Bibcode:2007PhRvL..98a0402A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.010402. PMID 17358459. S2CID 31249827.
Busch, Paul; Lahti, Pekka; Werner, Reinhard F. (2013-10-17). "Proof of Heisenberg's Error-Disturbance Relation" (PDF). Physical Review Letters. 111 (16) 160405. arXiv:1306.1565. Bibcode:2013PhRvL.111p0405B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.160405. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 24182239. S2CID 24507489.
Appleby, David Marcus (2016-05-06). "Quantum Errors and Disturbances: Response to Busch, Lahti and Werner". Entropy. 18 (5): 174. arXiv:1602.09002. Bibcode:2016Entrp..18..174A. doi:10.3390/e18050174.
Weiglein, G. (2008). "Electroweak Physics at the ILC". Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 110 (4) 042033. arXiv:0711.3003. Bibcode:2008JPhCS.110d2033W. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/110/4/042033. S2CID 118517359.
Nisius, R. (2000). "The photon structure from deep inelastic electron–photon scattering". Physics Reports. 332 (4–6): 165–317. arXiv:hep-ex/9912049. Bibcode:2000PhR...332..165N. doi:10.1016/S0370-1573(99)00115-5. S2CID 119437227.
Jennewein, T.; Achleitner, U.; Weihs, G.; Weinfurter, H.; Zeilinger, A. (2000). "A fast and compact quantum random number generator". Review of Scientific Instruments. 71 (4): 1675–1680. arXiv:quant-ph/9912118. Bibcode:2000RScI...71.1675J. doi:10.1063/1.1150518. S2CID 13118587.
Liang, Qi-Yu; et al. (16 February 2018). "Observation of three-photon bound states in a quantum nonlinear medium". Science. 359 (6377): 783–786. arXiv:1709.01478. Bibcode:2018Sci...359..783L. doi:10.1126/science.aao7293. PMC 6467536. PMID 29449489.

atomicheritage.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Gilbert N. Lewis". Atomic Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on 2015-04-16. Retrieved 2019-03-09.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Schwartz, Matthew D. (2014). Quantum Field Theory and the Standard Model. Cambridge University Press. p. 66. ISBN 978-1-107-03473-0.
"Role as gauge boson and polarization" §5.1 in Aitchison, I.J.R.; Hey, A.J.G. (1993). Gauge Theories in Particle Physics. IOP Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85274-328-7. Archived from the original on 2023-01-17. Retrieved 2016-10-06.
Born, Max; Blin-Stoyle, Roger John; Radcliffe, J. M. (1989). "Appendix XXXII". Atomic Physics. Courier Corporation. ISBN 978-0-486-65984-8.
Descartes, René (1637). Discours de la méthode (Discourse on Method) (in French). Imprimerie de Ian Maire. ISBN 978-0-268-00870-3. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Newton, Isaac (1952) [1730]. Opticks (4th ed.). Dover, New York: Dover Publications. Book II, Part III, Propositions XII–XX; Queries 25–29. ISBN 978-0-486-60205-9. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Buchwald, J. Z. (1989). "The Rise of the Wave Theory of Light: Optical theory and experiment in the early nineteenth century". Physics Today. 43 (4). University of Chicago Press: 78–80. Bibcode:1990PhT....43d..78B. doi:10.1063/1.2810533. ISBN 978-0-226-07886-1. OCLC 18069573.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN (link)
Planck, Max (1922). "via Google Books". The Origin and Development of the Quantum Theory. Clarendon Press – via Internet Archive (archive.org, 2007-03-01).
Liddle, Andrew (2015). An Introduction to Modern Cosmology. John Wiley & Sons. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-118-69025-3. Archived from the original on 2024-05-13. Retrieved 2017-02-27.
Scully, M. O.; Zubairy, M. S. (1997). Quantum Optics. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43595-6. Archived from the original on 2024-05-13. Retrieved 2016-10-06.
Pais, A. (1986). Inward Bound: Of Matter and Forces in the Physical World. Oxford University Press. p. 260. ISBN 978-0-19-851997-3. Specifically, Born claimed to have been inspired by Einstein's never-published attempts to develop a "ghost-field" theory, in which point-like photons are guided probabilistically by ghost fields that follow Maxwell's equations.
Ryder, L. H. (1996). Quantum field theory (2nd ed.). England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-47814-4.
E.g. sections 9.1 (gravitational contribution of photons) and 10.5 (influence of gravity on light) in Stephani, H.; Stewart, J. (1990). General Relativity: An Introduction to the Theory of Gravitational Field. Cambridge University Press. pp. 86 ff, 108 ff. ISBN 978-0-521-37941-0.
Koupelis, Theo; Kuhn, Karl F. (2007). In Quest of the Universe. Jones and Bartlett Canada. p. 102. ISBN 978-0-7637-4387-1. Archived from the original on 2024-05-12. Retrieved 2020-11-29.
Lakowicz, J. R. (2006). Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy. Springer. pp. 529 ff. ISBN 978-0-387-31278-1.
Introductory-level material on the various sub-fields of quantum optics can be found in Fox, M. (2006). Quantum Optics: An introduction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-856673-1 – via Google Books.

caltech.edu (Global: 240^th place; English: 473^rd place)

authors.library.caltech.edu

Kimble, H.J.; Dagenais, M.; Mandel, L. (1977). "Photon Anti-bunching in Resonance Fluorescence" (PDF). Physical Review Letters. 39 (11): 691–695. Bibcode:1977PhRvL..39..691K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.39.691. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-11-25. Retrieved 2019-01-03.

cern.ch (Global: 2,552^nd place; English: 2,008^th place)

cds.cern.ch

Newton, T.D.; Wigner, E.P. (1949). "Localized states for elementary particles" (PDF). Reviews of Modern Physics. 21 (3): 400–406. Bibcode:1949RvMP...21..400N. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.21.400. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-05-16. Retrieved 2023-06-21.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Amsler, C.; et al. (Particle Data Group) (2008). "Review of Particle Physics: Gauge and Higgs bosons" (PDF). Physics Letters B. 667 (1): 1. Bibcode:2008PhLB..667....1A. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2008.07.018. hdl:1854/LU-685594. S2CID 227119789. Archived from the original on 2018-12-25. Retrieved 2010-04-09.
Kimble, H.J.; Dagenais, M.; Mandel, L. (1977). "Photon Anti-bunching in Resonance Fluorescence" (PDF). Physical Review Letters. 39 (11): 691–695. Bibcode:1977PhRvL..39..691K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.39.691. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-11-25. Retrieved 2019-01-03.
Grangier, P.; Roger, G.; Aspect, A. (1986). "Experimental Evidence for a Photon Anticorrelation Effect on a Beam Splitter: A New Light on Single-Photon Interferences". Europhysics Letters. 1 (4): 173–179. Bibcode:1986EL......1..173G. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.178.4356. doi:10.1209/0295-5075/1/4/004. S2CID 250837011. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
Kobychev, V. V.; Popov, S. B. (2005). "Constraints on the photon charge from observations of extragalactic sources". Astronomy Letters. 31 (3): 147–151. arXiv:hep-ph/0411398. Bibcode:2005AstL...31..147K. doi:10.1134/1.1883345. S2CID 119409823.
Tu, Liang-Cheng; Luo, Jun; Gillies, George T (2005-01-01). "The mass of the photon". Reports on Progress in Physics. 68 (1): 77–130. Bibcode:2005RPPh...68...77T. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/68/1/R02. ISSN 0034-4885.
Goldhaber, Alfred Scharff; Nieto, Michael Martin (2010-03-23). "Photon and graviton mass limits". Reviews of Modern Physics. 82 (1): 939–979. arXiv:0809.1003. Bibcode:2010RvMP...82..939G. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.82.939. ISSN 0034-6861. Archived from the original on 2024-05-13. Retrieved 2024-02-01.
Heeck, Julian (2013-07-11). "How Stable is the Photon?". Physical Review Letters. 111 (2) 021801. arXiv:1304.2821. Bibcode:2013PhRvL.111b1801H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.021801. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 23889385. Archived from the original on 2024-05-13. Retrieved 2024-02-01.
Zhang, Shanchao; Chen, J. F.; Liu, Chang; Loy, M. M. T.; Wong, G. K. L.; Du, Shengwang (June 16, 2011). "Optical Precursor of a Single Photon". Physical Review Letters. 106 (24). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.243602. ISSN 0031-9007.
Amsler, C.; et al. (2008). "Review of Particle Physics" (PDF). Physics Letters B. 667 (1–5): 31. Bibcode:2008PhLB..667....1A. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2008.07.018. hdl:1854/LU-685594. PMID 10020536. S2CID 227119789. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-06-01. Retrieved 2017-10-26.
Raman, C. V.; Bhagavantam, S. (1931). "Experimental proof of the spin of the photon" (PDF). Indian Journal of Physics. 6 (3244): 353. Bibcode:1932Natur.129...22R. doi:10.1038/129022a0. hdl:10821/664. S2CID 4064852. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-06-03. Retrieved 2008-12-28.
Mermin, David (February 1984). "Relativity without light". American Journal of Physics. 52 (2): 119–124. Bibcode:1984AmJPh..52..119M. doi:10.1119/1.13917.
Plimpton, S.; Lawton, W. (1936). "A Very Accurate Test of Coulomb's Law of Force Between Charges". Physical Review. 50 (11): 1066. Bibcode:1936PhRv...50.1066P. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.50.1066.
Williams, E.; Faller, J.; Hill, H. (1971). "New Experimental Test of Coulomb's Law: A Laboratory Upper Limit on the Photon Rest Mass". Physical Review Letters. 26 (12): 721. Bibcode:1971PhRvL..26..721W. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.26.721.
Chibisov, G. V. (1976). "Astrophysical upper limits on the photon rest mass". Soviet Physics Uspekhi. 19 (7): 624. Bibcode:1976SvPhU..19..624C. doi:10.1070/PU1976v019n07ABEH005277.
Lakes, Roderic (1998). "Experimental Limits on the Photon Mass and Cosmic Magnetic Vector Potential". Physical Review Letters. 80 (9): 1826. Bibcode:1998PhRvL..80.1826L. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.80.1826.
Amsler, C; Doser, M; Antonelli, M; Asner, D; Babu, K; Baer, H; Band, H; Barnett, R; et al. (2008). "Review of Particle Physics⁎" (PDF). Physics Letters B. 667 (1–5): 1. Bibcode:2008PhLB..667....1A. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2008.07.018. hdl:1854/LU-685594. S2CID 227119789. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-06-01. Retrieved 2017-10-26. Summary Table Archived 2010-01-09 at the Wayback Machine
Adelberger, Eric; Dvali, Gia; Gruzinov, Andrei (2007). "Photon-Mass Bound Destroyed by Vortices". Physical Review Letters. 98 (1) 010402. arXiv:hep-ph/0306245. Bibcode:2007PhRvL..98a0402A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.010402. PMID 17358459. S2CID 31249827.
Buchwald, J. Z. (1989). "The Rise of the Wave Theory of Light: Optical theory and experiment in the early nineteenth century". Physics Today. 43 (4). University of Chicago Press: 78–80. Bibcode:1990PhT....43d..78B. doi:10.1063/1.2810533. ISBN 978-0-226-07886-1. OCLC 18069573.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN (link)
Maxwell, James Clerk (1865). "A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 155: 459–512. Bibcode:1865RSPT..155..459M. doi:10.1098/rstl.1865.0008. S2CID 186207827. This article followed a presentation by Maxwell on 8 December 1864 to the Royal Society.
Planck, Max (1901). "Über das Gesetz der Energieverteilung im Normalspectrum". Annalen der Physik (in German). 4 (3): 553–563. Bibcode:1901AnP...309..553P. doi:10.1002/andp.19013090310. English translation
Einstein, Albert (1905). "Über einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt" (PDF). Annalen der Physik (in German). 17 (6): 132–148. Bibcode:1905AnP...322..132E. doi:10.1002/andp.19053220607. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2010-08-25. According to this picture, the energy of a light wave emitted from a point source is not spread continuously over ever larger volumes, but consists of a finite number of energy quanta that are spatially localized at points of space, move without dividing and are absorbed or generated only as a whole. An English translation is available from Wikisource.
Hendry, J. (1980). "The development of attitudes to the wave–particle duality of light and quantum theory, 1900–1920". Annals of Science. 37 (1): 59–79. doi:10.1080/00033798000200121.
Compton, Arthur (1923). "A quantum theory of the scattering of X-rays by light elements". Physical Review. 21 (5): 483–502. Bibcode:1923PhRv...21..483C. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.21.483. Archived from the original on 2018-01-29. Retrieved 2020-11-08.
Bohr, Niels; Kramers, Hendrik Anthony; Slater, John C. (1924). "The Quantum Theory of Radiation". Philosophical Magazine. 47 (281): 785–802. doi:10.1080/14786442408565262. Also Zeitschrift für Physik (in German), 24, p. 69 (1924).
Howard, Don (December 2004). "Who Invented the "Copenhagen Interpretation"? A Study in Mythology". Philosophy of Science. 71 (5): 669–682. doi:10.1086/425941. ISSN 0031-8248. JSTOR 10.1086/425941. S2CID 9454552.
Mandel, Leonard (1976). Wolf, E. (ed.). II the Case for and Against Semiclassical Radiation Theory. Progress in Optics. Vol. 13. North-Holland. pp. 27–69. Bibcode:1976PrOpt..13...27M. doi:10.1016/S0079-6638(08)70018-0. ISBN 978-0-444-10806-7. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
Grangier, P.; Roger, G.; Aspect, A. (1986). "Experimental evidence for a photon anticorrelation effect on a beam splitter: A new light on single-photon interferences". Europhysics Letters. 1 (4): 173–179. Bibcode:1986EL......1..173G. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.178.4356. doi:10.1209/0295-5075/1/4/004. S2CID 250837011. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
Thorn, J.J.; Neel, M.S.; Donato, V.W.; Bergreen, G.S.; Davies, R.E.; Beck, M. (2004). "Observing the quantum behavior of light in an undergraduate laboratory" (PDF). American Journal of Physics. 72 (9): 1210–1219. Bibcode:2004AmJPh..72.1210T. doi:10.1119/1.1737397. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-02-01. Retrieved 2009-06-29.
Kragh, Helge (2000-12-01). "Max Planck: the reluctant revolutionary". Physics World. 13 (12): 31–36. doi:10.1088/2058-7058/13/12/34.
Lewis, Gilbert N. (18 December 1926). "The conservation of photons". Nature. 118 (2981): 874–875. Bibcode:1926Natur.118..874L. doi:10.1038/118874a0. eISSN 1476-4687. S2CID 4110026.
Rutherford, Ernest; Andrade, Edward N.C. (1914). "The wavelength of the soft gamma rays from Radium B". Philosophical Magazine. 27 (161): 854–868. doi:10.1080/14786440508635156. Archived from the original on 2020-03-08. Retrieved 2019-08-25.
Newton, T.D.; Wigner, E.P. (1949). "Localized states for elementary particles" (PDF). Reviews of Modern Physics. 21 (3): 400–406. Bibcode:1949RvMP...21..400N. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.21.400. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-05-16. Retrieved 2023-06-21.
Bialynicki-Birula, I. (1994). "On the wave function of the photon". Acta Physica Polonica A. 86 (1–2): 97–116. Bibcode:1994AcPPA..86...97B. doi:10.12693/APhysPolA.86.97.
Sipe, J.E. (1995). "Photon wave functions". Physical Review A. 52 (3): 1875–1883. Bibcode:1995PhRvA..52.1875S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.52.1875. PMID 9912446.
Bialynicki-Birula, I. (1996). V Photon Wave Function. Progress in Optics. Vol. 36. pp. 245–294. Bibcode:1996PrOpt..36..245B. doi:10.1016/S0079-6638(08)70316-0. ISBN 978-0-444-82530-8. S2CID 17695022. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
Busch, Paul; Lahti, Pekka; Werner, Reinhard F. (2013-10-17). "Proof of Heisenberg's Error-Disturbance Relation" (PDF). Physical Review Letters. 111 (16) 160405. arXiv:1306.1565. Bibcode:2013PhRvL.111p0405B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.160405. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 24182239. S2CID 24507489.
Appleby, David Marcus (2016-05-06). "Quantum Errors and Disturbances: Response to Busch, Lahti and Werner". Entropy. 18 (5): 174. arXiv:1602.09002. Bibcode:2016Entrp..18..174A. doi:10.3390/e18050174.
Busch, P.; Grabowski, M.; Lahti, P. J. (January 1995). "Who Is Afraid of POV Measures? Unified Approach to Quantum Phase Observables". Annals of Physics. 237 (1): 1–11. Bibcode:1995AnPhy.237....1B. doi:10.1006/aphy.1995.1001.
Bose, Satyendra Nath (1924). "Plancks Gesetz und Lichtquantenhypothese". Zeitschrift für Physik (in German). 26 (1): 178–181. Bibcode:1924ZPhy...26..178B. doi:10.1007/BF01327326. S2CID 186235974.
Einstein, Albert (1925). Quantentheorie des einatomigen idealen Gases, Zweite Abhandlung (in German). Vol. 1925. pp. 3–14. doi:10.1002/3527608958.ch28. ISBN 978-3-527-60895-9. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help); |journal= ignored (help)
Anderson, M. H.; Ensher, J. R.; Matthews, M. R.; Wieman, Carl E.; Cornell, Eric Allin (1995). "Observation of Bose–Einstein Condensation in a Dilute Atomic Vapor". Science. 269 (5221): 198–201. Bibcode:1995Sci...269..198A. doi:10.1126/science.269.5221.198. JSTOR 2888436. PMID 17789847. S2CID 540834.
Dirac, Paul A. M. (1926). "On the Theory of Quantum Mechanics". Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 112 (762): 661–677. Bibcode:1926RSPSA.112..661D. doi:10.1098/rspa.1926.0133.
Dirac, Paul A. M. (1927). "The Quantum Theory of the Emission and Absorption of Radiation". Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 114 (767): 243–265. Bibcode:1927RSPSA.114..243D. doi:10.1098/rspa.1927.0039.
Dirac, Paul A. M. (1927b). "The Quantum Theory of Dispersion". Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 114 (769): 710–728. Bibcode:1927RSPSA.114..710D. doi:10.1098/rspa.1927.0071.
Heisenberg, Werner; Pauli, Wolfgang (1929). "Zur Quantentheorie der Wellenfelder". Zeitschrift für Physik (in German). 56 (1–2): 1. Bibcode:1929ZPhy...56....1H. doi:10.1007/BF01340129. S2CID 121928597.
Heisenberg, Werner; Pauli, Wolfgang (1930). "Zur Quantentheorie der Wellenfelder". Zeitschrift für Physik (in German). 59 (3–4): 139. Bibcode:1930ZPhy...59..168H. doi:10.1007/BF01341423. S2CID 186219228.
Fermi, Enrico (1932). "Quantum Theory of Radiation". Reviews of Modern Physics. 4 (1): 87. Bibcode:1932RvMP....4...87F. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.4.87.
Born, Max (1926). "Zur Quantenmechanik der Stossvorgänge". Zeitschrift für Physik (in German). 37 (12): 863–867. Bibcode:1926ZPhy...37..863B. doi:10.1007/BF01397477. S2CID 119896026.
Born, Max (1926). "Quantenmechanik der Stossvorgänge". Zeitschrift für Physik (in German). 38 (11–12): 803. Bibcode:1926ZPhy...38..803B. doi:10.1007/BF01397184. S2CID 126244962.
Debye, Peter (1910). "Der Wahrscheinlichkeitsbegriff in der Theorie der Strahlung". Annalen der Physik (in German). 33 (16): 1427–1434. Bibcode:1910AnP...338.1427D. doi:10.1002/andp.19103381617. Archived from the original on 2020-03-14. Retrieved 2019-08-25.
Born, Max; Heisenberg, Werner; Jordan, Pascual (1925). "Quantenmechanik II". Zeitschrift für Physik (in German). 35 (8–9): 557–615. Bibcode:1926ZPhy...35..557B. doi:10.1007/BF01379806. S2CID 186237037.
Jaeger, Gregg (2019). "Are virtual particles less real?" (PDF). Entropy. 21 (2): 141. Bibcode:2019Entrp..21..141J. doi:10.3390/e21020141. PMC 7514619. PMID 33266857. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-06-11. Retrieved 2021-05-19.
Weiglein, G. (2008). "Electroweak Physics at the ILC". Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 110 (4) 042033. arXiv:0711.3003. Bibcode:2008JPhCS.110d2033W. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/110/4/042033. S2CID 118517359.
Bauer, T.H.; Spital, R.D.; Yennie, D. R.; Pipkin, F.M. (1978). "The hadronic properties of the photon in high-energy interactions". Reviews of Modern Physics. 50 (2): 261. Bibcode:1978RvMP...50..261B. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.50.261.
Sakurai, J.J. (1960). "Theory of strong interactions". Annals of Physics. 11 (1): 1–48. Bibcode:1960AnPhy..11....1S. doi:10.1016/0003-4916(60)90126-3.
Walsh, T.F.; Zerwas, P. (1973). "Two-photon processes in the parton model". Physics Letters B. 44 (2): 195. Bibcode:1973PhLB...44..195W. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(73)90520-0.
Witten, E. (1977). "Anomalous cross section for photon–photon scattering in gauge theories". Nuclear Physics B. 120 (2): 189–202. Bibcode:1977NuPhB.120..189W. doi:10.1016/0550-3213(77)90038-4.
Nisius, R. (2000). "The photon structure from deep inelastic electron–photon scattering". Physics Reports. 332 (4–6): 165–317. arXiv:hep-ex/9912049. Bibcode:2000PhR...332..165N. doi:10.1016/S0370-1573(99)00115-5. S2CID 119437227.
Denk, W.; Svoboda, K. (1997). "Photon upmanship: Why multiphoton imaging is more than a gimmick". Neuron. 18 (3): 351–357. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)81237-4. PMID 9115730. S2CID 2414593.
Jennewein, T.; Achleitner, U.; Weihs, G.; Weinfurter, H.; Zeilinger, A. (2000). "A fast and compact quantum random number generator". Review of Scientific Instruments. 71 (4): 1675–1680. arXiv:quant-ph/9912118. Bibcode:2000RScI...71.1675J. doi:10.1063/1.1150518. S2CID 13118587.
Stefanov, A.; Gisin, N.; Guinnard, O.; Guinnard, L.; Zbiden, H. (2000). "Optical quantum random number generator". Journal of Modern Optics. 47 (4): 595–598. doi:10.1080/095003400147908.
Liang, Qi-Yu; et al. (16 February 2018). "Observation of three-photon bound states in a quantum nonlinear medium". Science. 359 (6377): 783–786. arXiv:1709.01478. Bibcode:2018Sci...359..783L. doi:10.1126/science.aao7293. PMC 6467536. PMID 29449489.

ekkehard-friebe.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

Einstein, Albert (1909). "Über die Entwicklung unserer Anschauungen über das Wesen und die Konstitution der Strahlung" (PDF). Physikalische Zeitschrift (in German). 10: 817–825. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-06-07. Retrieved 2010-08-25. An English translation is available from Wikisource.

en.wikisource.org (Global: 82^nd place; English: 41^st place)

Einstein, Albert (1905). "Über einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt" (PDF). Annalen der Physik (in German). 17 (6): 132–148. Bibcode:1905AnP...322..132E. doi:10.1002/andp.19053220607. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2010-08-25. According to this picture, the energy of a light wave emitted from a point source is not spread continuously over ever larger volumes, but consists of a finite number of energy quanta that are spatially localized at points of space, move without dividing and are absorbed or generated only as a whole. An English translation is available from Wikisource.
Einstein, Albert (1909). "Über die Entwicklung unserer Anschauungen über das Wesen und die Konstitution der Strahlung" (PDF). Physikalische Zeitschrift (in German). 10: 817–825. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-06-07. Retrieved 2010-08-25. An English translation is available from Wikisource.

gutenberg.org (Global: 629^th place; English: 427^th place)

Huygens, Christiaan (1678). Traité de la lumière (in French).. An English translation is available from Project Gutenberg

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

Amsler, C.; et al. (Particle Data Group) (2008). "Review of Particle Physics: Gauge and Higgs bosons" (PDF). Physics Letters B. 667 (1): 1. Bibcode:2008PhLB..667....1A. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2008.07.018. hdl:1854/LU-685594. S2CID 227119789. Archived from the original on 2018-12-25. Retrieved 2010-04-09.
Amsler, C.; et al. (2008). "Review of Particle Physics" (PDF). Physics Letters B. 667 (1–5): 31. Bibcode:2008PhLB..667....1A. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2008.07.018. hdl:1854/LU-685594. PMID 10020536. S2CID 227119789. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-06-01. Retrieved 2017-10-26.
Raman, C. V.; Bhagavantam, S. (1931). "Experimental proof of the spin of the photon" (PDF). Indian Journal of Physics. 6 (3244): 353. Bibcode:1932Natur.129...22R. doi:10.1038/129022a0. hdl:10821/664. S2CID 4064852. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-06-03. Retrieved 2008-12-28.
Amsler, C; Doser, M; Antonelli, M; Asner, D; Babu, K; Baer, H; Band, H; Barnett, R; et al. (2008). "Review of Particle Physics⁎" (PDF). Physics Letters B. 667 (1–5): 1. Bibcode:2008PhLB..667....1A. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2008.07.018. hdl:1854/LU-685594. S2CID 227119789. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-06-01. Retrieved 2017-10-26. Summary Table Archived 2010-01-09 at the Wayback Machine

iop.org (Global: 1,046^th place; English: 1,608^th place)

iopscience.iop.org

Tu, Liang-Cheng; Luo, Jun; Gillies, George T (2005-01-01). "The mass of the photon". Reports on Progress in Physics. 68 (1): 77–130. Bibcode:2005RPPh...68...77T. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/68/1/R02. ISSN 0034-4885.

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

Howard, Don (December 2004). "Who Invented the "Copenhagen Interpretation"? A Study in Mythology". Philosophy of Science. 71 (5): 669–682. doi:10.1086/425941. ISSN 0031-8248. JSTOR 10.1086/425941. S2CID 9454552.
Anderson, M. H.; Ensher, J. R.; Matthews, M. R.; Wieman, Carl E.; Cornell, Eric Allin (1995). "Observation of Bose–Einstein Condensation in a Dilute Atomic Vapor". Science. 269 (5221): 198–201. Bibcode:1995Sci...269..198A. doi:10.1126/science.269.5221.198. JSTOR 2888436. PMID 17789847. S2CID 540834.

lbl.gov (Global: 3,154^th place; English: 3,216^th place)

pdg.lbl.gov

Amsler, C.; et al. (Particle Data Group) (2008). "Review of Particle Physics: Gauge and Higgs bosons" (PDF). Physics Letters B. 667 (1): 1. Bibcode:2008PhLB..667....1A. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2008.07.018. hdl:1854/LU-685594. S2CID 227119789. Archived from the original on 2018-12-25. Retrieved 2010-04-09.
Amsler, C; Doser, M; Antonelli, M; Asner, D; Babu, K; Baer, H; Band, H; Barnett, R; et al. (2008). "Review of Particle Physics⁎" (PDF). Physics Letters B. 667 (1–5): 1. Bibcode:2008PhLB..667....1A. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2008.07.018. hdl:1854/LU-685594. S2CID 227119789. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-06-01. Retrieved 2017-10-26. Summary Table Archived 2010-01-09 at the Wayback Machine

nasa.gov (Global: 12^th place; English: 73^rd place)

solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov

"The Solar Interior". Marshall Space Flight Center: Solar Physics. National Aeronautics and Space Commission. Retrieved 4 December 2024.

news.harvard.edu (Global: 3,696^th place; English: 2,398^th place)

Cuneo, Michael (1999-02-18). "Physicists Slow Speed of Light". Harvard Gazette. Archived from the original on 2000-10-15. Retrieved 2023-12-07.

newsweek.com (Global: 371^st place; English: 235^th place)

Hignett, Katherine (16 February 2018). "Physics creates new form of light that could drive the quantum computing revolution". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 25 April 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2018.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Heeck, Julian (2013-07-11). "How Stable is the Photon?". Physical Review Letters. 111 (2) 021801. arXiv:1304.2821. Bibcode:2013PhRvL.111b1801H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.021801. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 23889385. Archived from the original on 2024-05-13. Retrieved 2024-02-01.
Amsler, C.; et al. (2008). "Review of Particle Physics" (PDF). Physics Letters B. 667 (1–5): 31. Bibcode:2008PhLB..667....1A. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2008.07.018. hdl:1854/LU-685594. PMID 10020536. S2CID 227119789. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-06-01. Retrieved 2017-10-26.
Adelberger, Eric; Dvali, Gia; Gruzinov, Andrei (2007). "Photon-Mass Bound Destroyed by Vortices". Physical Review Letters. 98 (1) 010402. arXiv:hep-ph/0306245. Bibcode:2007PhRvL..98a0402A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.010402. PMID 17358459. S2CID 31249827.
Sipe, J.E. (1995). "Photon wave functions". Physical Review A. 52 (3): 1875–1883. Bibcode:1995PhRvA..52.1875S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.52.1875. PMID 9912446.
Busch, Paul; Lahti, Pekka; Werner, Reinhard F. (2013-10-17). "Proof of Heisenberg's Error-Disturbance Relation" (PDF). Physical Review Letters. 111 (16) 160405. arXiv:1306.1565. Bibcode:2013PhRvL.111p0405B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.160405. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 24182239. S2CID 24507489.
Anderson, M. H.; Ensher, J. R.; Matthews, M. R.; Wieman, Carl E.; Cornell, Eric Allin (1995). "Observation of Bose–Einstein Condensation in a Dilute Atomic Vapor". Science. 269 (5221): 198–201. Bibcode:1995Sci...269..198A. doi:10.1126/science.269.5221.198. JSTOR 2888436. PMID 17789847. S2CID 540834.
Jaeger, Gregg (2019). "Are virtual particles less real?" (PDF). Entropy. 21 (2): 141. Bibcode:2019Entrp..21..141J. doi:10.3390/e21020141. PMC 7514619. PMID 33266857. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-06-11. Retrieved 2021-05-19.
Denk, W.; Svoboda, K. (1997). "Photon upmanship: Why multiphoton imaging is more than a gimmick". Neuron. 18 (3): 351–357. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)81237-4. PMID 9115730. S2CID 2414593.
Liang, Qi-Yu; et al. (16 February 2018). "Observation of three-photon bound states in a quantum nonlinear medium". Science. 359 (6377): 783–786. arXiv:1709.01478. Bibcode:2018Sci...359..783L. doi:10.1126/science.aao7293. PMC 6467536. PMID 29449489.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Jaeger, Gregg (2019). "Are virtual particles less real?" (PDF). Entropy. 21 (2): 141. Bibcode:2019Entrp..21..141J. doi:10.3390/e21020141. PMC 7514619. PMID 33266857. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-06-11. Retrieved 2021-05-19.
Liang, Qi-Yu; et al. (16 February 2018). "Observation of three-photon bound states in a quantum nonlinear medium". Science. 359 (6377): 783–786. arXiv:1709.01478. Bibcode:2018Sci...359..783L. doi:10.1126/science.aao7293. PMC 6467536. PMID 29449489.

nobelprize.org (Global: 265^th place; English: 450^th place)

Compton, Arthur H. (1965) [12 Dec 1927]. "X-rays as a branch of optics" (PDF). From Nobel Lectures, Physics 1922–1941. Amsterdam: Elsevier Publishing Company. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 May 2024. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
Wien, W. (1911). "Wilhelm Wien Nobel Lecture". nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 2011-07-15. Retrieved 2006-08-25.
Planck, Max (1920). "Max Planck's Nobel Lecture". nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 2011-07-15. Retrieved 2006-08-25.
Presentation speech by Svante Arrhenius for the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics, December 10, 1922. Online text Archived 2011-09-04 at the Wayback Machine from [nobelprize.org], The Nobel Foundation 2008. Access date 2008-12-05.
Millikan, Robert A. (1924). "Robert A. Millikan's Nobel Lecture". Archived from the original on 2011-07-15. Retrieved 2006-08-25.
Heisenberg, Werner (1933). "Heisenberg Nobel lecture". Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2006-09-11.
Sheldon Glashow Nobel lecture Archived 2008-04-18 at the Wayback Machine, delivered 8 December 1979.
Abdus Salam Nobel lecture Archived 2008-04-18 at the Wayback Machine, delivered 8 December 1979.
Steven Weinberg Nobel lecture Archived 2008-04-18 at the Wayback Machine, delivered 8 December 1979.
Nobel lecture given by G. Wald on December 12, 1967, online at nobelprize.org: The Molecular Basis of Visual Excitation Archived 2016-04-23 at the Wayback Machine.

photonics.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Light Changed to Matter, Then Stopped and Moved". www.photonics.com. Archived from the original on 2019-04-02. Retrieved 2023-12-07.

pitt.edu (Global: 1,616^th place; English: 1,079^th place)

philsci-archive.pitt.edu

Jaeger, Gregg (2019). "Are virtual particles less real?" (PDF). Entropy. 21 (2): 141. Bibcode:2019Entrp..21..141J. doi:10.3390/e21020141. PMC 7514619. PMID 33266857. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-06-11. Retrieved 2021-05-19.

psu.edu (Global: 299^th place; English: 159^th place)

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu

Grangier, P.; Roger, G.; Aspect, A. (1986). "Experimental Evidence for a Photon Anticorrelation Effect on a Beam Splitter: A New Light on Single-Photon Interferences". Europhysics Letters. 1 (4): 173–179. Bibcode:1986EL......1..173G. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.178.4356. doi:10.1209/0295-5075/1/4/004. S2CID 250837011. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
Grangier, P.; Roger, G.; Aspect, A. (1986). "Experimental evidence for a photon anticorrelation effect on a beam splitter: A new light on single-photon interferences". Europhysics Letters. 1 (4): 173–179. Bibcode:1986EL......1..173G. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.178.4356. doi:10.1209/0295-5075/1/4/004. S2CID 250837011. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)

rri.res.in (Global: low place; English: low place)

dspace.rri.res.in

Raman, C. V.; Bhagavantam, S. (1931). "Experimental proof of the spin of the photon" (PDF). Indian Journal of Physics. 6 (3244): 353. Bibcode:1932Natur.129...22R. doi:10.1038/129022a0. hdl:10821/664. S2CID 4064852. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-06-03. Retrieved 2008-12-28.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Amsler, C.; et al. (Particle Data Group) (2008). "Review of Particle Physics: Gauge and Higgs bosons" (PDF). Physics Letters B. 667 (1): 1. Bibcode:2008PhLB..667....1A. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2008.07.018. hdl:1854/LU-685594. S2CID 227119789. Archived from the original on 2018-12-25. Retrieved 2010-04-09.
Grangier, P.; Roger, G.; Aspect, A. (1986). "Experimental Evidence for a Photon Anticorrelation Effect on a Beam Splitter: A New Light on Single-Photon Interferences". Europhysics Letters. 1 (4): 173–179. Bibcode:1986EL......1..173G. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.178.4356. doi:10.1209/0295-5075/1/4/004. S2CID 250837011. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
Kobychev, V. V.; Popov, S. B. (2005). "Constraints on the photon charge from observations of extragalactic sources". Astronomy Letters. 31 (3): 147–151. arXiv:hep-ph/0411398. Bibcode:2005AstL...31..147K. doi:10.1134/1.1883345. S2CID 119409823.
Amsler, C.; et al. (2008). "Review of Particle Physics" (PDF). Physics Letters B. 667 (1–5): 31. Bibcode:2008PhLB..667....1A. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2008.07.018. hdl:1854/LU-685594. PMID 10020536. S2CID 227119789. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-06-01. Retrieved 2017-10-26.
Raman, C. V.; Bhagavantam, S. (1931). "Experimental proof of the spin of the photon" (PDF). Indian Journal of Physics. 6 (3244): 353. Bibcode:1932Natur.129...22R. doi:10.1038/129022a0. hdl:10821/664. S2CID 4064852. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-06-03. Retrieved 2008-12-28.
Amsler, C; Doser, M; Antonelli, M; Asner, D; Babu, K; Baer, H; Band, H; Barnett, R; et al. (2008). "Review of Particle Physics⁎" (PDF). Physics Letters B. 667 (1–5): 1. Bibcode:2008PhLB..667....1A. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2008.07.018. hdl:1854/LU-685594. S2CID 227119789. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-06-01. Retrieved 2017-10-26. Summary Table Archived 2010-01-09 at the Wayback Machine
Adelberger, Eric; Dvali, Gia; Gruzinov, Andrei (2007). "Photon-Mass Bound Destroyed by Vortices". Physical Review Letters. 98 (1) 010402. arXiv:hep-ph/0306245. Bibcode:2007PhRvL..98a0402A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.010402. PMID 17358459. S2CID 31249827.
Maxwell, James Clerk (1865). "A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 155: 459–512. Bibcode:1865RSPT..155..459M. doi:10.1098/rstl.1865.0008. S2CID 186207827. This article followed a presentation by Maxwell on 8 December 1864 to the Royal Society.
Howard, Don (December 2004). "Who Invented the "Copenhagen Interpretation"? A Study in Mythology". Philosophy of Science. 71 (5): 669–682. doi:10.1086/425941. ISSN 0031-8248. JSTOR 10.1086/425941. S2CID 9454552.
Grangier, P.; Roger, G.; Aspect, A. (1986). "Experimental evidence for a photon anticorrelation effect on a beam splitter: A new light on single-photon interferences". Europhysics Letters. 1 (4): 173–179. Bibcode:1986EL......1..173G. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.178.4356. doi:10.1209/0295-5075/1/4/004. S2CID 250837011. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
Lewis, Gilbert N. (18 December 1926). "The conservation of photons". Nature. 118 (2981): 874–875. Bibcode:1926Natur.118..874L. doi:10.1038/118874a0. eISSN 1476-4687. S2CID 4110026.
Bialynicki-Birula, I. (1996). V Photon Wave Function. Progress in Optics. Vol. 36. pp. 245–294. Bibcode:1996PrOpt..36..245B. doi:10.1016/S0079-6638(08)70316-0. ISBN 978-0-444-82530-8. S2CID 17695022. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
Busch, Paul; Lahti, Pekka; Werner, Reinhard F. (2013-10-17). "Proof of Heisenberg's Error-Disturbance Relation" (PDF). Physical Review Letters. 111 (16) 160405. arXiv:1306.1565. Bibcode:2013PhRvL.111p0405B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.160405. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 24182239. S2CID 24507489.
Bose, Satyendra Nath (1924). "Plancks Gesetz und Lichtquantenhypothese". Zeitschrift für Physik (in German). 26 (1): 178–181. Bibcode:1924ZPhy...26..178B. doi:10.1007/BF01327326. S2CID 186235974.
Anderson, M. H.; Ensher, J. R.; Matthews, M. R.; Wieman, Carl E.; Cornell, Eric Allin (1995). "Observation of Bose–Einstein Condensation in a Dilute Atomic Vapor". Science. 269 (5221): 198–201. Bibcode:1995Sci...269..198A. doi:10.1126/science.269.5221.198. JSTOR 2888436. PMID 17789847. S2CID 540834.
Heisenberg, Werner; Pauli, Wolfgang (1929). "Zur Quantentheorie der Wellenfelder". Zeitschrift für Physik (in German). 56 (1–2): 1. Bibcode:1929ZPhy...56....1H. doi:10.1007/BF01340129. S2CID 121928597.
Heisenberg, Werner; Pauli, Wolfgang (1930). "Zur Quantentheorie der Wellenfelder". Zeitschrift für Physik (in German). 59 (3–4): 139. Bibcode:1930ZPhy...59..168H. doi:10.1007/BF01341423. S2CID 186219228.
Born, Max (1926). "Zur Quantenmechanik der Stossvorgänge". Zeitschrift für Physik (in German). 37 (12): 863–867. Bibcode:1926ZPhy...37..863B. doi:10.1007/BF01397477. S2CID 119896026.
Born, Max (1926). "Quantenmechanik der Stossvorgänge". Zeitschrift für Physik (in German). 38 (11–12): 803. Bibcode:1926ZPhy...38..803B. doi:10.1007/BF01397184. S2CID 126244962.
Born, Max; Heisenberg, Werner; Jordan, Pascual (1925). "Quantenmechanik II". Zeitschrift für Physik (in German). 35 (8–9): 557–615. Bibcode:1926ZPhy...35..557B. doi:10.1007/BF01379806. S2CID 186237037.
Weiglein, G. (2008). "Electroweak Physics at the ILC". Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 110 (4) 042033. arXiv:0711.3003. Bibcode:2008JPhCS.110d2033W. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/110/4/042033. S2CID 118517359.
Nisius, R. (2000). "The photon structure from deep inelastic electron–photon scattering". Physics Reports. 332 (4–6): 165–317. arXiv:hep-ex/9912049. Bibcode:2000PhR...332..165N. doi:10.1016/S0370-1573(99)00115-5. S2CID 119437227.
Denk, W.; Svoboda, K. (1997). "Photon upmanship: Why multiphoton imaging is more than a gimmick". Neuron. 18 (3): 351–357. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)81237-4. PMID 9115730. S2CID 2414593.
Jennewein, T.; Achleitner, U.; Weihs, G.; Weinfurter, H.; Zeilinger, A. (2000). "A fast and compact quantum random number generator". Review of Scientific Instruments. 71 (4): 1675–1680. arXiv:quant-ph/9912118. Bibcode:2000RScI...71.1675J. doi:10.1063/1.1150518. S2CID 13118587.

ucr.edu (Global: 1,400^th place; English: 754^th place)

math.ucr.edu

Baez, John. "What is the mass of a photon?" (pers. academic site). U.C. Riverside. Archived from the original on 2014-05-31. Retrieved 2009-01-13.

ucsc.edu (Global: 4,139^th place; English: 2,783^rd place)

scipp.ucsc.edu

Amsler, C.; et al. (2008). "Review of Particle Physics" (PDF). Physics Letters B. 667 (1–5): 31. Bibcode:2008PhLB..667....1A. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2008.07.018. hdl:1854/LU-685594. PMID 10020536. S2CID 227119789. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-06-01. Retrieved 2017-10-26.
Amsler, C; Doser, M; Antonelli, M; Asner, D; Babu, K; Baer, H; Band, H; Barnett, R; et al. (2008). "Review of Particle Physics⁎" (PDF). Physics Letters B. 667 (1–5): 1. Bibcode:2008PhLB..667....1A. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2008.07.018. hdl:1854/LU-685594. S2CID 227119789. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-06-01. Retrieved 2017-10-26. Summary Table Archived 2010-01-09 at the Wayback Machine

uni-augsburg.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

physik.uni-augsburg.de

Einstein, Albert (1905). "Über einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt" (PDF). Annalen der Physik (in German). 17 (6): 132–148. Bibcode:1905AnP...322..132E. doi:10.1002/andp.19053220607. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2010-08-25. According to this picture, the energy of a light wave emitted from a point source is not spread continuously over ever larger volumes, but consists of a finite number of energy quanta that are spatially localized at points of space, move without dividing and are absorbed or generated only as a whole. An English translation is available from Wikisource.

uni-hannover.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

repo.uni-hannover.de

Busch, Paul; Lahti, Pekka; Werner, Reinhard F. (2013-10-17). "Proof of Heisenberg's Error-Disturbance Relation" (PDF). Physical Review Letters. 111 (16) 160405. arXiv:1306.1565. Bibcode:2013PhRvL.111p0405B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.160405. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 24182239. S2CID 24507489.

uoregon.edu (Global: 3,189^th place; English: 1,887^th place)

pages.uoregon.edu

Soper, Davison E. "Electromagnetic radiation is made of photons". Institute of Theoretical Science. University of Oregon. Archived from the original on 2023-04-08. Retrieved 2024-03-21.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Amsler, C.; et al. (Particle Data Group) (2008). "Review of Particle Physics: Gauge and Higgs bosons" (PDF). Physics Letters B. 667 (1): 1. Bibcode:2008PhLB..667....1A. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2008.07.018. hdl:1854/LU-685594. S2CID 227119789. Archived from the original on 2018-12-25. Retrieved 2010-04-09.
"December 18, 1926: Gilbert Lewis coins "photon" in letter to Nature". www.aps.org. Archived from the original on 2019-05-02. Retrieved 2019-03-09.
"Gilbert N. Lewis". Atomic Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on 2015-04-16. Retrieved 2019-03-09.
Compton, Arthur H. (1965) [12 Dec 1927]. "X-rays as a branch of optics" (PDF). From Nobel Lectures, Physics 1922–1941. Amsterdam: Elsevier Publishing Company. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 May 2024. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
Kimble, H.J.; Dagenais, M.; Mandel, L. (1977). "Photon Anti-bunching in Resonance Fluorescence" (PDF). Physical Review Letters. 39 (11): 691–695. Bibcode:1977PhRvL..39..691K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.39.691. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-11-25. Retrieved 2019-01-03.
Baez, John. "What is the mass of a photon?" (pers. academic site). U.C. Riverside. Archived from the original on 2014-05-31. Retrieved 2009-01-13.
Goldhaber, Alfred Scharff; Nieto, Michael Martin (2010-03-23). "Photon and graviton mass limits". Reviews of Modern Physics. 82 (1): 939–979. arXiv:0809.1003. Bibcode:2010RvMP...82..939G. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.82.939. ISSN 0034-6861. Archived from the original on 2024-05-13. Retrieved 2024-02-01.
Heeck, Julian (2013-07-11). "How Stable is the Photon?". Physical Review Letters. 111 (2) 021801. arXiv:1304.2821. Bibcode:2013PhRvL.111b1801H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.021801. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 23889385. Archived from the original on 2024-05-13. Retrieved 2024-02-01.
Voss, David (June 16, 2011). "Single photons obey the speed limits". Physics. 4. Archived from the original on 2026-02-04.
"Role as gauge boson and polarization" §5.1 in Aitchison, I.J.R.; Hey, A.J.G. (1993). Gauge Theories in Particle Physics. IOP Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85274-328-7. Archived from the original on 2023-01-17. Retrieved 2016-10-06.
Amsler, C.; et al. (2008). "Review of Particle Physics" (PDF). Physics Letters B. 667 (1–5): 31. Bibcode:2008PhLB..667....1A. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2008.07.018. hdl:1854/LU-685594. PMID 10020536. S2CID 227119789. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-06-01. Retrieved 2017-10-26.
Soper, Davison E. "Electromagnetic radiation is made of photons". Institute of Theoretical Science. University of Oregon. Archived from the original on 2023-04-08. Retrieved 2024-03-21.
Raman, C. V.; Bhagavantam, S. (1931). "Experimental proof of the spin of the photon" (PDF). Indian Journal of Physics. 6 (3244): 353. Bibcode:1932Natur.129...22R. doi:10.1038/129022a0. hdl:10821/664. S2CID 4064852. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-06-03. Retrieved 2008-12-28.
Amsler, C; Doser, M; Antonelli, M; Asner, D; Babu, K; Baer, H; Band, H; Barnett, R; et al. (2008). "Review of Particle Physics⁎" (PDF). Physics Letters B. 667 (1–5): 1. Bibcode:2008PhLB..667....1A. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2008.07.018. hdl:1854/LU-685594. S2CID 227119789. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-06-01. Retrieved 2017-10-26. Summary Table Archived 2010-01-09 at the Wayback Machine
Hooke, Robert (1667). Micrographia: or some physiological descriptions of minute bodies made by magnifying glasses with observations and inquiries thereupon ... London, UK: Royal Society of London. ISBN 978-0-486-49564-4. Archived from the original on 2008-12-02. Retrieved 2006-09-26. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Wien, W. (1911). "Wilhelm Wien Nobel Lecture". nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 2011-07-15. Retrieved 2006-08-25.
Planck, Max (1901). "Über das Gesetz der Energieverteilung im Normalspectrum". Annalen der Physik (in German). 4 (3): 553–563. Bibcode:1901AnP...309..553P. doi:10.1002/andp.19013090310. English translation
Planck, Max (1920). "Max Planck's Nobel Lecture". nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 2011-07-15. Retrieved 2006-08-25.
Einstein, Albert (1905). "Über einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt" (PDF). Annalen der Physik (in German). 17 (6): 132–148. Bibcode:1905AnP...322..132E. doi:10.1002/andp.19053220607. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2010-08-25. According to this picture, the energy of a light wave emitted from a point source is not spread continuously over ever larger volumes, but consists of a finite number of energy quanta that are spatially localized at points of space, move without dividing and are absorbed or generated only as a whole. An English translation is available from Wikisource.
Einstein, Albert (1909). "Über die Entwicklung unserer Anschauungen über das Wesen und die Konstitution der Strahlung" (PDF). Physikalische Zeitschrift (in German). 10: 817–825. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-06-07. Retrieved 2010-08-25. An English translation is available from Wikisource.
Presentation speech by Svante Arrhenius for the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics, December 10, 1922. Online text Archived 2011-09-04 at the Wayback Machine from [nobelprize.org], The Nobel Foundation 2008. Access date 2008-12-05.
Millikan, Robert A. (1924). "Robert A. Millikan's Nobel Lecture". Archived from the original on 2011-07-15. Retrieved 2006-08-25.
Compton, Arthur (1923). "A quantum theory of the scattering of X-rays by light elements". Physical Review. 21 (5): 483–502. Bibcode:1923PhRv...21..483C. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.21.483. Archived from the original on 2018-01-29. Retrieved 2020-11-08.
Heisenberg, Werner (1933). "Heisenberg Nobel lecture". Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2006-09-11.
Thorn, J.J.; Neel, M.S.; Donato, V.W.; Bergreen, G.S.; Davies, R.E.; Beck, M. (2004). "Observing the quantum behavior of light in an undergraduate laboratory" (PDF). American Journal of Physics. 72 (9): 1210–1219. Bibcode:2004AmJPh..72.1210T. doi:10.1119/1.1737397. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-02-01. Retrieved 2009-06-29.
Rutherford, Ernest; Andrade, Edward N.C. (1914). "The wavelength of the soft gamma rays from Radium B". Philosophical Magazine. 27 (161): 854–868. doi:10.1080/14786440508635156. Archived from the original on 2020-03-08. Retrieved 2019-08-25.
Liddle, Andrew (2015). An Introduction to Modern Cosmology. John Wiley & Sons. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-118-69025-3. Archived from the original on 2024-05-13. Retrieved 2017-02-27.
Newton, T.D.; Wigner, E.P. (1949). "Localized states for elementary particles" (PDF). Reviews of Modern Physics. 21 (3): 400–406. Bibcode:1949RvMP...21..400N. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.21.400. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-05-16. Retrieved 2023-06-21.
Scully, M. O.; Zubairy, M. S. (1997). Quantum Optics. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43595-6. Archived from the original on 2024-05-13. Retrieved 2016-10-06.
Cuneo, Michael (1999-02-18). "Physicists Slow Speed of Light". Harvard Gazette. Archived from the original on 2000-10-15. Retrieved 2023-12-07.
"Light Changed to Matter, Then Stopped and Moved". www.photonics.com. Archived from the original on 2019-04-02. Retrieved 2023-12-07.
Debye, Peter (1910). "Der Wahrscheinlichkeitsbegriff in der Theorie der Strahlung". Annalen der Physik (in German). 33 (16): 1427–1434. Bibcode:1910AnP...338.1427D. doi:10.1002/andp.19103381617. Archived from the original on 2020-03-14. Retrieved 2019-08-25.
Jaeger, Gregg (2019). "Are virtual particles less real?" (PDF). Entropy. 21 (2): 141. Bibcode:2019Entrp..21..141J. doi:10.3390/e21020141. PMC 7514619. PMID 33266857. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-06-11. Retrieved 2021-05-19.
Sheldon Glashow Nobel lecture Archived 2008-04-18 at the Wayback Machine, delivered 8 December 1979.
Abdus Salam Nobel lecture Archived 2008-04-18 at the Wayback Machine, delivered 8 December 1979.
Steven Weinberg Nobel lecture Archived 2008-04-18 at the Wayback Machine, delivered 8 December 1979.
Koupelis, Theo; Kuhn, Karl F. (2007). In Quest of the Universe. Jones and Bartlett Canada. p. 102. ISBN 978-0-7637-4387-1. Archived from the original on 2024-05-12. Retrieved 2020-11-29.
Nobel lecture given by G. Wald on December 12, 1967, online at nobelprize.org: The Molecular Basis of Visual Excitation Archived 2016-04-23 at the Wayback Machine.
Hignett, Katherine (16 February 2018). "Physics creates new form of light that could drive the quantum computing revolution". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 25 April 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2018.

whitman.edu (Global: low place; English: low place)

people.whitman.edu

Thorn, J.J.; Neel, M.S.; Donato, V.W.; Bergreen, G.S.; Davies, R.E.; Beck, M. (2004). "Observing the quantum behavior of light in an undergraduate laboratory" (PDF). American Journal of Physics. 72 (9): 1210–1219. Bibcode:2004AmJPh..72.1210T. doi:10.1119/1.1737397. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-02-01. Retrieved 2009-06-29.

wisc.edu (Global: 891^st place; English: 533^rd place)

digital.library.wisc.edu

Hooke, Robert (1667). Micrographia: or some physiological descriptions of minute bodies made by magnifying glasses with observations and inquiries thereupon ... London, UK: Royal Society of London. ISBN 978-0-486-49564-4. Archived from the original on 2008-12-02. Retrieved 2006-09-26. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Tu, Liang-Cheng; Luo, Jun; Gillies, George T (2005-01-01). "The mass of the photon". Reports on Progress in Physics. 68 (1): 77–130. Bibcode:2005RPPh...68...77T. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/68/1/R02. ISSN 0034-4885.
Goldhaber, Alfred Scharff; Nieto, Michael Martin (2010-03-23). "Photon and graviton mass limits". Reviews of Modern Physics. 82 (1): 939–979. arXiv:0809.1003. Bibcode:2010RvMP...82..939G. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.82.939. ISSN 0034-6861. Archived from the original on 2024-05-13. Retrieved 2024-02-01.
Heeck, Julian (2013-07-11). "How Stable is the Photon?". Physical Review Letters. 111 (2) 021801. arXiv:1304.2821. Bibcode:2013PhRvL.111b1801H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.021801. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 23889385. Archived from the original on 2024-05-13. Retrieved 2024-02-01.
Zhang, Shanchao; Chen, J. F.; Liu, Chang; Loy, M. M. T.; Wong, G. K. L.; Du, Shengwang (June 16, 2011). "Optical Precursor of a Single Photon". Physical Review Letters. 106 (24). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.243602. ISSN 0031-9007.
Buchwald, J. Z. (1989). "The Rise of the Wave Theory of Light: Optical theory and experiment in the early nineteenth century". Physics Today. 43 (4). University of Chicago Press: 78–80. Bibcode:1990PhT....43d..78B. doi:10.1063/1.2810533. ISBN 978-0-226-07886-1. OCLC 18069573.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN (link)
Howard, Don (December 2004). "Who Invented the "Copenhagen Interpretation"? A Study in Mythology". Philosophy of Science. 71 (5): 669–682. doi:10.1086/425941. ISSN 0031-8248. JSTOR 10.1086/425941. S2CID 9454552.
Lewis, Gilbert N. (18 December 1926). "The conservation of photons". Nature. 118 (2981): 874–875. Bibcode:1926Natur.118..874L. doi:10.1038/118874a0. eISSN 1476-4687. S2CID 4110026.
Busch, Paul; Lahti, Pekka; Werner, Reinhard F. (2013-10-17). "Proof of Heisenberg's Error-Disturbance Relation" (PDF). Physical Review Letters. 111 (16) 160405. arXiv:1306.1565. Bibcode:2013PhRvL.111p0405B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.160405. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 24182239. S2CID 24507489.
Landau, Lev D.; Lifschitz, Evgeny M. (1977). Quantum Mechanics: Non-Relativistic Theory. Vol. 3 (3rd ed.). Pergamon Press. ISBN 978-0-08-020940-1. OCLC 2284121.
Zee, Anthony (2003). Quantum Field Theory in a Nutshell. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-01019-6. OCLC 50479292.

zenodo.org (Global: 737^th place; English: 426^th place)

Rutherford, Ernest; Andrade, Edward N.C. (1914). "The wavelength of the soft gamma rays from Radium B". Philosophical Magazine. 27 (161): 854–868. doi:10.1080/14786440508635156. Archived from the original on 2020-03-08. Retrieved 2019-08-25.
Debye, Peter (1910). "Der Wahrscheinlichkeitsbegriff in der Theorie der Strahlung". Annalen der Physik (in German). 33 (16): 1427–1434. Bibcode:1910AnP...338.1427D. doi:10.1002/andp.19103381617. Archived from the original on 2020-03-14. Retrieved 2019-08-25.

Photon (English Wikipedia)

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14th place; English: 9th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

aip.org (Global: 2,273rd place; English: 1,697th place)

history.aip.org

aps.org (Global: 1,264th place; English: 951st place)

link.aps.org

aps.org

physics.aps.org

archive.org (Global: 6th place; English: 6th place)

arxiv.org (Global: 49th place; English: 31st place)

atomicheritage.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

books.google.com (Global: 3rd place; English: 3rd place)

caltech.edu (Global: 240th place; English: 473rd place)

authors.library.caltech.edu

cern.ch (Global: 2,552nd place; English: 2,008th place)

cds.cern.ch

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

ekkehard-friebe.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

en.wikisource.org (Global: 82nd place; English: 41st place)

gutenberg.org (Global: 629th place; English: 427th place)

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66th place; English: 34th place)

iop.org (Global: 1,046th place; English: 1,608th place)

iopscience.iop.org

jstor.org (Global: 23rd place; English: 15th place)

lbl.gov (Global: 3,154th place; English: 3,216th place)

pdg.lbl.gov

nasa.gov (Global: 12th place; English: 73rd place)

solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov

news.harvard.edu (Global: 3,696th place; English: 2,398th place)

newsweek.com (Global: 371st place; English: 235th place)

nih.gov (Global: 5th place; English: 5th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

nobelprize.org (Global: 265th place; English: 450th place)

photonics.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

pitt.edu (Global: 1,616th place; English: 1,079th place)

philsci-archive.pitt.edu

psu.edu (Global: 299th place; English: 159th place)

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu

rri.res.in (Global: low place; English: low place)

dspace.rri.res.in

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15th place; English: 8th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

ucr.edu (Global: 1,400th place; English: 754th place)

math.ucr.edu

ucsc.edu (Global: 4,139th place; English: 2,783rd place)

scipp.ucsc.edu

uni-augsburg.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

physik.uni-augsburg.de

uni-hannover.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

repo.uni-hannover.de

uoregon.edu (Global: 3,189th place; English: 1,887th place)

pages.uoregon.edu

web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; English: 1st place)

whitman.edu (Global: low place; English: low place)

people.whitman.edu

wisc.edu (Global: 891st place; English: 533rd place)

digital.library.wisc.edu

worldcat.org (Global: 4th place; English: 4th place)

search.worldcat.org

zenodo.org (Global: 737th place; English: 426th place)

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; English: 9^th place)

aip.org (Global: 2,273^rd place; English: 1,697^th place)

aps.org (Global: 1,264^th place; English: 951^st place)

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

arxiv.org (Global: 49^th place; English: 31^st place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

caltech.edu (Global: 240^th place; English: 473^rd place)

cern.ch (Global: 2,552^nd place; English: 2,008^th place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

en.wikisource.org (Global: 82^nd place; English: 41^st place)

gutenberg.org (Global: 629^th place; English: 427^th place)

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

iop.org (Global: 1,046^th place; English: 1,608^th place)

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

lbl.gov (Global: 3,154^th place; English: 3,216^th place)

nasa.gov (Global: 12^th place; English: 73^rd place)

news.harvard.edu (Global: 3,696^th place; English: 2,398^th place)

newsweek.com (Global: 371^st place; English: 235^th place)

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

nobelprize.org (Global: 265^th place; English: 450^th place)

pitt.edu (Global: 1,616^th place; English: 1,079^th place)

psu.edu (Global: 299^th place; English: 159^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

ucr.edu (Global: 1,400^th place; English: 754^th place)

ucsc.edu (Global: 4,139^th place; English: 2,783^rd place)

uoregon.edu (Global: 3,189^th place; English: 1,887^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

wisc.edu (Global: 891^st place; English: 533^rd place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

zenodo.org (Global: 737^th place; English: 426^th place)