Phytosterol (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Phytosterol" in English language version.

Last modified: 16:25:28, 17 September 2026 (UTC)

Ref.Un. Ref.Website

Global rank English rank

5643nih.gov

5^th place

4840doi.org

2^nd place

77semanticscholar.org

15^th place

8^th place

74worldcat.org

4^th place

54adsabs.harvard.edu

14^th place

9^th place

51agr.gc.ca

low place

41canada.ca

1,114^th place

605^th place

32maastrichtuniversity.nl

low place

31gpo.gov

1,819^th place

1,036^th place

22europa.eu

62^nd place

100^th place

21foodstandards.gov.au

low place

11rsc.org

2,104^th place

1,855^th place

11hc-sc.gc.ca

low place

11atherosclerosis-journal.com

low place

11hdl.handle.net

66^th place

34^th place

11fda.gov

470^th place

329^th place

11cell.com

2,821^st place

4,262^nd place

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; English: 9^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Moreau, Robert A.; Nyström, Laura; Whitaker, Bruce D.; Winkler-Moser, Jill K.; Baer, David J.; Gebauer, Sarah K.; Hicks, Kevin B. (2018). "Phytosterols and their derivatives: Structural diversity, distribution, metabolism, analysis, and health-promoting uses". Progress in Lipid Research. 70: 35–61. Bibcode:2018PLipR..70...35M. doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2018.04.001. ISSN 1873-2194. PMID 29627611.
Moreau RA, Hicks KB (2004). "The in vitro hydrolysis of phytosterol conjugates in food matrices by mammalian digestive enzymes". Lipids. 39 (8): 769–76. Bibcode:2004Lipid..39..769M. doi:10.1007/s11745-004-1294-3. PMID 15638245. S2CID 4043005.
Pollak, OJ (1953). "Reduction of blood cholesterol in man". Circulation. 7 (5): 702–6. Bibcode:1953Circu...7..702P. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.7.5.702. PMID 13042924. S2CID 3165910.
Hartmann, Marie-Andrée (1998). "Plant sterols and the membrane environment". Trends in Plant Science. 3 (5): 170–175. Bibcode:1998TPS.....3..170H. doi:10.1016/S1360-1385(98)01233-3.

agr.gc.ca (Global: low place; English: low place)

www5.agr.gc.ca

Patterson, CA (July 2006). "Phytosterols and stanols: Topic 10075E" (PDF). Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Government of Canada. Retrieved 7 November 2017.

atherosclerosis-journal.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Gylling, H; Plat, J; Turley, S; et al. (2014). "Plant sterols and plant stanols in the management of dyslipidaemia and prevention of cardiovascular disease". Atherosclerosis. 232 (2): 346–60. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.11.043. hdl:11655/15574. PMID 24468148.

canada.ca (Global: 1,114^th place; English: 605^th place)

"Plant Sterols and Blood Cholesterol Lowering". Health Canada, Government of Canada. 21 May 2010. Retrieved 17 September 2026.

cell.com (Global: 2,821^st place; English: 4,262^nd place)

De Bruyne, L; Höfte, M; De Vleesschauwer, D (2014). "Connecting growth and defense: The emerging roles of brassinosteroids and gibberellins in plant innate immunity". Molecular Plant. 7 (6): 943–59. doi:10.1093/mp/ssu050. PMID 24777987.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Moreau, Robert A.; Nyström, Laura; Whitaker, Bruce D.; Winkler-Moser, Jill K.; Baer, David J.; Gebauer, Sarah K.; Hicks, Kevin B. (2018). "Phytosterols and their derivatives: Structural diversity, distribution, metabolism, analysis, and health-promoting uses". Progress in Lipid Research. 70: 35–61. Bibcode:2018PLipR..70...35M. doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2018.04.001. ISSN 1873-2194. PMID 29627611.
Genser, B.; Silbernagel, G.; De Backer, G.; Bruckert, E.; Carmena, R.; Chapman, M. J.; Deanfield, J.; Descamps, O. S.; Rietzschel, E. R.; Dias, K. C.; März, W. (2012). "Plant sterols and cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis". European Heart Journal. 33 (4): 444–451. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehr441. PMC 3279314. PMID 22334625.
Salehi-Sahlabadi A, Varkaneh HK, Shahdadian F, Ghaedi E, Nouri M, Singh A, Farhadnejad H, Găman MA, Hekmatdoost A, Mirmiran P (2020). "Effects of Phytosterols supplementation on blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and insulin levels in humans: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". J Diabetes Metab Disord. 19 (1): 625–632. doi:10.1007/s40200-020-00526-z. PMC 7270433. PMID 32550215.
Windler, Eberhard; Beil, Frank-Ulrich; Berthold, Heiner K.; Gouni-Berthold, Ioanna; Kassner, Ursula; Klose, Gerald; Lorkowski, Stefan; März, Winfried; Parhofer, Klaus G.; Plat, Jogchum; Silbernagel, Günter; Steinhagen-Thiessen, Elisabeth; Weingärtner, Oliver; Zyriax, Birgit-Christiane; Lütjohann, Dieter (2023-02-06). "Phytosterols and Cardiovascular Risk Evaluated against the Background of Phytosterolemia Cases—A German Expert Panel Statement". Nutrients. 15 (4): 828. doi:10.3390/nu15040828. ISSN 2072-6643. PMC 9963617. PMID 36839186.
Zhang, Tao; Liu, Ruijie; Chang, Ming; Jin, Qingzhe; Zhang, Hui; Wang, Xingguo (2020). "Health benefits of 4,4-dimethyl phytosterols: an exploration beyond 4-desmethyl phytosterols". Food & Function. 11 (1): 93–110. doi:10.1039/C9FO01205B. ISSN 2042-6496. PMID 31804642. S2CID 208646899.
Moreau RA, Hicks KB (2004). "The in vitro hydrolysis of phytosterol conjugates in food matrices by mammalian digestive enzymes". Lipids. 39 (8): 769–76. Bibcode:2004Lipid..39..769M. doi:10.1007/s11745-004-1294-3. PMID 15638245. S2CID 4043005.
Valsta, L. M.; Lemström, A.; Ovaskainen, M.-L.; Lampi, A.-M.; Toivo, J.; Korhonen, T.; Piironen, V. (2007). "Estimation of plant sterol and cholesterol intake in Finland: Quality of new values and their effect on intake". British Journal of Nutrition. 92 (4): 671–8. doi:10.1079/BJN20041234. PMID 15522137.
Jesch ED, Carr TP (2017). "Food Ingredients That Inhibit Cholesterol Absorption". Prev Nutr Food Sci. 22 (2): 67–80. doi:10.3746/pnf.2017.22.2.67. PMC 5503415. PMID 28702423.
Ågren, J. J.; Tvrzicka, E.; Nenonen, M. T.; Helve, T.; Hänninen, O. (2007). "Divergent changes in serum sterols during a strict uncooked vegan diet in patients with rheumatoid arthritis". British Journal of Nutrition. 85 (2): 137–9. doi:10.1079/BJN2000234. PMID 11242480.
Weihrauch, JL; Gardner, JM (1978). "Sterol content of foods of plant origin". Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 73 (1): 39–47. doi:10.1016/S0002-8223(21)05668-6. PMID 659760. S2CID 43470157.
Andersson, S W; Skinner, J; Ellegård, L; Welch, A A; Bingham, S; Mulligan, A; Andersson, H; Khaw, K-T (2004). "Intake of dietary plant sterols is inversely related to serum cholesterol concentration in men and women in the EPIC Norfolk population: A cross-sectional study". European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 58 (10): 1378–85. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601980. PMID 15054420. S2CID 19049641.
Alfred Thomas (2007), "Fats and Fatty Oils", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (7th ed.), Wiley, p. 9, doi:10.1002/14356007.a10_173, ISBN 978-3527306732
European Food Safety Authority (2008-08-21). "Plant Sterols and Blood Cholesterol - Scientific substantiation of a health claim related to plant sterols and lower/reduced blood cholesterol and reduced risk of (coronary) heart disease pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006[1]". EFSA Journal. 6 (8): 781. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2008.781.
Pollak, OJ (1953). "Reduction of blood cholesterol in man". Circulation. 7 (5): 702–6. Bibcode:1953Circu...7..702P. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.7.5.702. PMID 13042924. S2CID 3165910.
Tilvis, RS; Miettinen, TA (1986). "Serum plant sterols and their relation to cholesterol absorption". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 43 (1): 92–7. doi:10.1093/ajcn/43.1.92. PMID 3942097.
Jones, PJ (2007). "Ingestion of phytosterols is not potentially hazardous". The Journal of Nutrition. 137 (11): 2485, author reply 2486. doi:10.1093/jn/137.11.2485. PMID 17951490.
Gylling, H; Plat, J; Turley, S; et al. (2014). "Plant sterols and plant stanols in the management of dyslipidaemia and prevention of cardiovascular disease". Atherosclerosis. 232 (2): 346–60. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.11.043. hdl:11655/15574. PMID 24468148.
Weingartner, O.; Bohm, M.; Laufs, U. (2008). "Controversial role of plant sterol esters in the management of hypercholesterolaemia". European Heart Journal. 30 (4): 404–9. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehn580. PMC 2642922. PMID 19158117.
Nguyen, Tu T. (1999). "The Cholesterol-Lowering Action of Plant Stanol Esters". The Journal of Nutrition. 129 (12): 2109–2112. doi:10.1093/jn/129.12.2109. PMID 10573535.
Trautwein, Elke A.; Duchateau, Guus S. M. J. E.; Lin, Yuguang; Mel'nikov, Sergey M.; Molhuizen, Henry O.F.; Ntanios, Fady Y. (2003). "Proposed mechanisms of cholesterol-lowering action of plant sterols". European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology. 105 (3–4): 171–185. doi:10.1002/ejlt.200390033.
De Smet, E; Mensink, RP; Plat, J (2012). "Effects of plant sterols and stanols on intestinal cholesterol metabolism: suggested mechanisms from past to present". Molecular Nutrition & Food Research. 56 (7): 1058–72. doi:10.1002/mnfr.201100722. PMID 22623436.
Scholle, JM; Baker, WL; Talati, R; Coleman, CI (2009). "The effect of adding plant sterols or stanols to statin therapy in hypercholesterolemic patients: Systematic review and meta-analysis". Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 28 (5): 517–24. doi:10.1080/07315724.2009.10719784. PMID 20439548. S2CID 41438503.
Katan, M. B.; Grundy, S. M.; Jones, P.; Law, M.; Miettinen, T.; Paoletti, R.; Stresa Workshop, Participants (2003). "Efficacy and Safety of Plant Stanols and Sterols in the Management of Blood Cholesterol Levels". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 78 (8): 965–78. doi:10.4065/78.8.965. PMID 12911045.
Lea, L.J.; Hepburn, P.A. (2006). "Safety evaluation of phytosterol-esters. Part 9: Results of a European post-launch monitoring programme". Food and Chemical Toxicology. 44 (8): 1213–22. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2006.01.017. PMID 16542769.
Nakano, Takanari; Takashima, Erina; Yu, Liqing (2025). "Factors Affecting Circulating Phytosterol Levels: Toward an Integrated Understanding of Atherogenicity and Atheroprotection by Dietary and Circulating Phytosterols". Current Atherosclerosis Reports. 27 (1) 104. doi:10.1007/s11883-025-01334-7. ISSN 1523-3804. PMC 12540574. PMID 41118071.
Silbernagel, G.; Fauler, G.; Renner, W.; Landl, E. M.; Hoffmann, M. M.; Winkelmann, B. R.; Boehm, B. O.; Marz, W. (2008). "The relationships of cholesterol metabolism and plasma plant sterols with the severity of coronary artery disease". The Journal of Lipid Research. 50 (2): 334–41. doi:10.1194/jlr.P800013-JLR200. PMID 18769018.
Silbernagel, G.; Fauler, G.; Hoffmann, M. M.; Lutjohann, D.; Winkelmann, B. R.; Boehm, B. O.; Marz, W. (2010). "The associations of cholesterol metabolism and plasma plant sterols with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality". The Journal of Lipid Research. 51 (8): 2384–93. doi:10.1194/jlr.P002899. PMC 2903788. PMID 20228406.
Strandberg, Timo E.; Gylling, Helena; Tilvis, Reijo S.; Miettinen, Tatu A. (2010). "Serum plant and other noncholesterol sterols, cholesterol metabolism and 22-year mortality among middle-aged men". Atherosclerosis. 210 (1): 282–7. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.11.007. PMID 19962145.
Fassbender, Klaus; Lütjohann, Dieter; Dik, Miranda G.; Bremmer, Marijke; König, Jochem; Walter, Silke; Liu, Yang; Letièmbre, Maryse; Von Bergmann, Klaus (2008). "Moderately elevated plant sterol levels are associated with reduced cardiovascular risk—The LASA study". Atherosclerosis. 196 (1): 283–8. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.10.032. PMID 17137582.
Rajaratnam, Radhakrishnan A; Gylling, Helena; Miettinen, Tatu A (2000). "Independent association of serum squalene and noncholesterol sterols with coronary artery disease in postmenopausal women". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 35 (5): 1185–91. doi:10.1016/S0735-1097(00)00527-1. PMID 10758959.
Assmann, Gerd; Cullen, Paul; Erbey, John; Ramey, Dena R.; Kannenberg, Frank; Schulte, Helmut (2006). "Plasma sitosterol elevations are associated with an increased incidence of coronary events in men: Results of a nested case-control analysis of the Prospective Cardiovascular Münster (PROCAM) study". Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases. 16 (1): 13–21. doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2005.04.001. PMID 16399487.
Sudhop, Thomas; Gottwald, Britta M.; Von Bergmann, Klaus (2002). "Serum plant sterols as a potential risk factor for coronary heart disease". Metabolism. 51 (12): 1519–21. doi:10.1053/meta.2002.36298. PMID 12489060.
Pinedo, S.; Vissers, M. N.; Bergmann, K. v.; Elharchaoui, K.; Lutjohann, D.; Luben, R.; Wareham, N. J.; Kastelein, J. J. P.; Khaw, K.-T.; Boekholdt, S. M. (2006). "Plasma levels of plant sterols and the risk of coronary artery disease: The prospective EPIC-Norfolk Population Study". The Journal of Lipid Research. 48 (1): 139–44. doi:10.1194/jlr.M600371-JLR200. PMID 17074925.
Hallikainen, M A; Sarkkinen, E S; Gylling, H; Erkkilä, A T; Uusitupa, M I J (2000). "Comparison of the effects of plant sterol ester and plant stanol ester-enriched margarines in lowering serum cholesterol concentrations in hypercholesterolaemic subjects on a low-fat diet". European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 54 (9): 715–25. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601083. PMID 11002384. S2CID 19548242.
O'Neill, F.H.; Brynes, A.; Mandeno, R.; Rendell, N.; Taylor, G.; Seed, M.; Thompson, G.R. (2004). "Comparison of the effects of dietary plant sterol and stanol esters on lipid metabolism". Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases. 14 (3): 133–42. doi:10.1016/S0939-4753(04)80033-4. PMID 15330272.
Vanstone, CA; Raeini-Sarjaz, M; Parsons, WE; Jones, PJ (2002). "Unesterified plant sterols and stanols lower LDL-cholesterol concentrations equivalently in hypercholesterolemic persons". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 76 (6): 1272–8. doi:10.1093/ajcn/76.6.1272. PMID 12450893.
Talati, Ripple; Sobieraj, Diana M.; Makanji, Sagar S.; Phung, Olivia J.; Coleman, Craig I. (2010). "The Comparative Efficacy of Plant Sterols and Stanols on Serum Lipids: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 110 (5): 719–26. doi:10.1016/j.jada.2010.02.011. PMID 20430133.
Hartmann, Marie-Andrée (1998). "Plant sterols and the membrane environment". Trends in Plant Science. 3 (5): 170–175. Bibcode:1998TPS.....3..170H. doi:10.1016/S1360-1385(98)01233-3.
De Smet, E; Mensink, R. P; Plat, J (2012). "Effects of plant sterols and stanols on intestinal cholesterol metabolism: Suggested mechanisms from past to present". Molecular Nutrition & Food Research. 56 (7): 1058–72. doi:10.1002/mnfr.201100722. PMID 22623436.
De Bruyne, L; Höfte, M; De Vleesschauwer, D (2014). "Connecting growth and defense: The emerging roles of brassinosteroids and gibberellins in plant innate immunity". Molecular Plant. 7 (6): 943–59. doi:10.1093/mp/ssu050. PMID 24777987.

europa.eu (Global: 62^nd place; English: 100^th place)

efsa.europa.eu

"Blood cholesterol reduction health claims on phytosterols can now be judged against EFSA new scientific advice". European Food Safety Authority. 31 July 2009. Retrieved 17 September 2026.
European Food Safety Authority (2008-08-21). "Plant Sterols and Blood Cholesterol - Scientific substantiation of a health claim related to plant sterols and lower/reduced blood cholesterol and reduced risk of (coronary) heart disease pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006[1]". EFSA Journal. 6 (8): 781. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2008.781.

fda.gov (Global: 470^th place; English: 329^th place)

accessdata.fda.gov

FDA. "GRAS Notice 000181: Phytosterols" (PDF).^{[dead link]}

foodstandards.gov.au (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Plant sterols". Food Standards Australia New Zealand. 26 November 2025. Retrieved 17 September 2026.

gpo.gov (Global: 1,819^th place; English: 1,036^th place)

edocket.access.gpo.gov

"Food Labeling; Health Claim; Phytosterols and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease" (PDF). Federal Register, volume 85, number 235, US Food and Drug Administration. 8 December 2010. Retrieved 17 September 2026.

hc-sc.gc.ca (Global: low place; English: low place)

Health Canada (May 2010). "Plant Sterols and Blood Cholesterol Lowering" (PDF). Health Canada. Retrieved 17 September 2026.

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

Gylling, H; Plat, J; Turley, S; et al. (2014). "Plant sterols and plant stanols in the management of dyslipidaemia and prevention of cardiovascular disease". Atherosclerosis. 232 (2): 346–60. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.11.043. hdl:11655/15574. PMID 24468148.

maastrichtuniversity.nl (Global: low place; English: low place)

cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl

De Smet, E; Mensink, RP; Plat, J (2012). "Effects of plant sterols and stanols on intestinal cholesterol metabolism: suggested mechanisms from past to present". Molecular Nutrition & Food Research. 56 (7): 1058–72. doi:10.1002/mnfr.201100722. PMID 22623436.
De Smet, E; Mensink, R. P; Plat, J (2012). "Effects of plant sterols and stanols on intestinal cholesterol metabolism: Suggested mechanisms from past to present". Molecular Nutrition & Food Research. 56 (7): 1058–72. doi:10.1002/mnfr.201100722. PMID 22623436.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Moreau, Robert A.; Nyström, Laura; Whitaker, Bruce D.; Winkler-Moser, Jill K.; Baer, David J.; Gebauer, Sarah K.; Hicks, Kevin B. (2018). "Phytosterols and their derivatives: Structural diversity, distribution, metabolism, analysis, and health-promoting uses". Progress in Lipid Research. 70: 35–61. Bibcode:2018PLipR..70...35M. doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2018.04.001. ISSN 1873-2194. PMID 29627611.
Genser, B.; Silbernagel, G.; De Backer, G.; Bruckert, E.; Carmena, R.; Chapman, M. J.; Deanfield, J.; Descamps, O. S.; Rietzschel, E. R.; Dias, K. C.; März, W. (2012). "Plant sterols and cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis". European Heart Journal. 33 (4): 444–451. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehr441. PMC 3279314. PMID 22334625.
Salehi-Sahlabadi A, Varkaneh HK, Shahdadian F, Ghaedi E, Nouri M, Singh A, Farhadnejad H, Găman MA, Hekmatdoost A, Mirmiran P (2020). "Effects of Phytosterols supplementation on blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and insulin levels in humans: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". J Diabetes Metab Disord. 19 (1): 625–632. doi:10.1007/s40200-020-00526-z. PMC 7270433. PMID 32550215.
Windler, Eberhard; Beil, Frank-Ulrich; Berthold, Heiner K.; Gouni-Berthold, Ioanna; Kassner, Ursula; Klose, Gerald; Lorkowski, Stefan; März, Winfried; Parhofer, Klaus G.; Plat, Jogchum; Silbernagel, Günter; Steinhagen-Thiessen, Elisabeth; Weingärtner, Oliver; Zyriax, Birgit-Christiane; Lütjohann, Dieter (2023-02-06). "Phytosterols and Cardiovascular Risk Evaluated against the Background of Phytosterolemia Cases—A German Expert Panel Statement". Nutrients. 15 (4): 828. doi:10.3390/nu15040828. ISSN 2072-6643. PMC 9963617. PMID 36839186.
Zhang, Tao; Liu, Ruijie; Chang, Ming; Jin, Qingzhe; Zhang, Hui; Wang, Xingguo (2020). "Health benefits of 4,4-dimethyl phytosterols: an exploration beyond 4-desmethyl phytosterols". Food & Function. 11 (1): 93–110. doi:10.1039/C9FO01205B. ISSN 2042-6496. PMID 31804642. S2CID 208646899.
Moreau RA, Hicks KB (2004). "The in vitro hydrolysis of phytosterol conjugates in food matrices by mammalian digestive enzymes". Lipids. 39 (8): 769–76. Bibcode:2004Lipid..39..769M. doi:10.1007/s11745-004-1294-3. PMID 15638245. S2CID 4043005.
Valsta, L. M.; Lemström, A.; Ovaskainen, M.-L.; Lampi, A.-M.; Toivo, J.; Korhonen, T.; Piironen, V. (2007). "Estimation of plant sterol and cholesterol intake in Finland: Quality of new values and their effect on intake". British Journal of Nutrition. 92 (4): 671–8. doi:10.1079/BJN20041234. PMID 15522137.
Jesch ED, Carr TP (2017). "Food Ingredients That Inhibit Cholesterol Absorption". Prev Nutr Food Sci. 22 (2): 67–80. doi:10.3746/pnf.2017.22.2.67. PMC 5503415. PMID 28702423.
Ågren, J. J.; Tvrzicka, E.; Nenonen, M. T.; Helve, T.; Hänninen, O. (2007). "Divergent changes in serum sterols during a strict uncooked vegan diet in patients with rheumatoid arthritis". British Journal of Nutrition. 85 (2): 137–9. doi:10.1079/BJN2000234. PMID 11242480.
Weihrauch, JL; Gardner, JM (1978). "Sterol content of foods of plant origin". Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 73 (1): 39–47. doi:10.1016/S0002-8223(21)05668-6. PMID 659760. S2CID 43470157.
Andersson, S W; Skinner, J; Ellegård, L; Welch, A A; Bingham, S; Mulligan, A; Andersson, H; Khaw, K-T (2004). "Intake of dietary plant sterols is inversely related to serum cholesterol concentration in men and women in the EPIC Norfolk population: A cross-sectional study". European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 58 (10): 1378–85. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601980. PMID 15054420. S2CID 19049641.
Pollak, OJ (1953). "Reduction of blood cholesterol in man". Circulation. 7 (5): 702–6. Bibcode:1953Circu...7..702P. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.7.5.702. PMID 13042924. S2CID 3165910.
Tilvis, RS; Miettinen, TA (1986). "Serum plant sterols and their relation to cholesterol absorption". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 43 (1): 92–7. doi:10.1093/ajcn/43.1.92. PMID 3942097.
Jones, PJ (2007). "Ingestion of phytosterols is not potentially hazardous". The Journal of Nutrition. 137 (11): 2485, author reply 2486. doi:10.1093/jn/137.11.2485. PMID 17951490.
Gylling, H; Plat, J; Turley, S; et al. (2014). "Plant sterols and plant stanols in the management of dyslipidaemia and prevention of cardiovascular disease". Atherosclerosis. 232 (2): 346–60. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.11.043. hdl:11655/15574. PMID 24468148.
Weingartner, O.; Bohm, M.; Laufs, U. (2008). "Controversial role of plant sterol esters in the management of hypercholesterolaemia". European Heart Journal. 30 (4): 404–9. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehn580. PMC 2642922. PMID 19158117.
Nguyen, Tu T. (1999). "The Cholesterol-Lowering Action of Plant Stanol Esters". The Journal of Nutrition. 129 (12): 2109–2112. doi:10.1093/jn/129.12.2109. PMID 10573535.
De Smet, E; Mensink, RP; Plat, J (2012). "Effects of plant sterols and stanols on intestinal cholesterol metabolism: suggested mechanisms from past to present". Molecular Nutrition & Food Research. 56 (7): 1058–72. doi:10.1002/mnfr.201100722. PMID 22623436.
Scholle, JM; Baker, WL; Talati, R; Coleman, CI (2009). "The effect of adding plant sterols or stanols to statin therapy in hypercholesterolemic patients: Systematic review and meta-analysis". Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 28 (5): 517–24. doi:10.1080/07315724.2009.10719784. PMID 20439548. S2CID 41438503.
Katan, M. B.; Grundy, S. M.; Jones, P.; Law, M.; Miettinen, T.; Paoletti, R.; Stresa Workshop, Participants (2003). "Efficacy and Safety of Plant Stanols and Sterols in the Management of Blood Cholesterol Levels". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 78 (8): 965–78. doi:10.4065/78.8.965. PMID 12911045.
Lea, L.J.; Hepburn, P.A. (2006). "Safety evaluation of phytosterol-esters. Part 9: Results of a European post-launch monitoring programme". Food and Chemical Toxicology. 44 (8): 1213–22. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2006.01.017. PMID 16542769.
Nakano, Takanari; Takashima, Erina; Yu, Liqing (2025). "Factors Affecting Circulating Phytosterol Levels: Toward an Integrated Understanding of Atherogenicity and Atheroprotection by Dietary and Circulating Phytosterols". Current Atherosclerosis Reports. 27 (1) 104. doi:10.1007/s11883-025-01334-7. ISSN 1523-3804. PMC 12540574. PMID 41118071.
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ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Genser, B.; Silbernagel, G.; De Backer, G.; Bruckert, E.; Carmena, R.; Chapman, M. J.; Deanfield, J.; Descamps, O. S.; Rietzschel, E. R.; Dias, K. C.; März, W. (2012). "Plant sterols and cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis". European Heart Journal. 33 (4): 444–451. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehr441. PMC 3279314. PMID 22334625.
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Moreau, Robert A.; Nyström, Laura; Whitaker, Bruce D.; Winkler-Moser, Jill K.; Baer, David J.; Gebauer, Sarah K.; Hicks, Kevin B. (2018). "Phytosterols and their derivatives: Structural diversity, distribution, metabolism, analysis, and health-promoting uses". Progress in Lipid Research. 70: 35–61. Bibcode:2018PLipR..70...35M. doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2018.04.001. ISSN 1873-2194. PMID 29627611.
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Zhang, Tao; Liu, Ruijie; Chang, Ming; Jin, Qingzhe; Zhang, Hui; Wang, Xingguo (2020). "Health benefits of 4,4-dimethyl phytosterols: an exploration beyond 4-desmethyl phytosterols". Food & Function. 11 (1): 93–110. doi:10.1039/C9FO01205B. ISSN 2042-6496. PMID 31804642. S2CID 208646899.
Nakano, Takanari; Takashima, Erina; Yu, Liqing (2025). "Factors Affecting Circulating Phytosterol Levels: Toward an Integrated Understanding of Atherogenicity and Atheroprotection by Dietary and Circulating Phytosterols". Current Atherosclerosis Reports. 27 (1) 104. doi:10.1007/s11883-025-01334-7. ISSN 1523-3804. PMC 12540574. PMID 41118071.

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