Piri Reis map (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Piri Reis map" in English language version.

refsWebsite

Global rank English rank

52archive.org

6^th place

30doi.org

2^nd place

22worldcat.org

5^th place

20semanticscholar.org

11^th place

8^th place

17jstor.org

26^th place

20^th place

9wikisource.org

27^th place

51^st place

9wikimedia.org

low place

8gettysburg.edu

low place

8mnhn.fr

1,995^th place

7,874^th place

8handle.net

102^nd place

76^th place

8uchicago.edu

230^th place

214^th place

6harvard.edu

18^th place

17^th place

6academia.edu

121^st place

142^nd place

5web.archive.org

1^st place

2loc.gov

70^th place

63^rd place

2uwgb.edu

low place

2shodb.gov.tr

low place

2centerforinquiry.org

low place

2hallofmaat.com

low place

2lsu.edu

3,324^th place

2,257^th place

1psu.edu

207^th place

136^th place

1diegocuoghi.com

low place

academia.edu

Often called the Balkhī school of map making (Bellino 2014, p. 273), and referred to by Karen Pinto as KMMS (Kitāb al-masālik wa-al-mamālik) maps (Pinto 2012, p. 76). Of the thirty-five remaining Istakhri manuscripts, six originate from this period in Istanbul (Pinto 2011, p. 159). Bellino, Francesca (2014), "Sirāj al-Dīn ibn al-Wardī and the Ḫarīdat al-'ajā'ib: authority and plagiarism in a fifteenth-century Arabic cosmography", Eurasian Studies, 12 (2): 257–296. Pinto, Karen (2012), "Searchin' His Eyes, Lookin' for Traces: Piri Reis' World Map of 1513 & its Islamic Iconographic Connections (A Reading Through Bagdat 334 and Proust)", Journal of Ottoman Studies, 39 (1): 63–94. Pinto, Karen (2011), "The Maps Are the Message: Mehmet II's Patronage of an 'Ottoman Cluster'", Imago Mundi, 63 (2): 155–179, doi:10.1080/03085694.2011.568703, JSTOR 23016850, S2CID 128713127.
Historian Joaquim Gaspar has suggested that both Columbus's notary stunt and his creation of a map with Hispaniola rotated to match Japan were an attempt to motivate his own men with the unattainable promise of wealth upon reaching India. Gaspar points out the difficulty in navigating the Caribbean by compass using a map with a second north and Cuba unfolded into a North–South coast (Gaspar 2015, pp. 3–4). McIntosh suggests the possibility of an unofficial map for navigation, and an official map presented as evidence of his continued claims of having discovered a route to Asia (McIntosh 2000a, pp. 136–137). Gaspar, Joaquim Alves (2015), "The Representation of the West Indies in Early Iberian Cartography: A Cartometric Approach", Terrae Incognitae, 47 (1): 10–32, doi:10.1179/0082288415Z.00000000041, S2CID 128885931. McIntosh, Gregory C. (2000a), The Piri Reis Map of 1513, Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, ISBN 9780820343594.
McIntosh 2000b. McIntosh, Gregory C. (2000b), "The Tale of Two Admirals: Columbus and the Piri Reis Map of 1513", Mercator's World, 5 (3), Aster: 18–23.
Gaspar 2015. Gaspar, Joaquim Alves (2015), "The Representation of the West Indies in Early Iberian Cartography: A Cartometric Approach", Terrae Incognitae, 47 (1): 10–32, doi:10.1179/0082288415Z.00000000041, S2CID 128885931.
Gaspar 2015, pp. 2–3. Gaspar, Joaquim Alves (2015), "The Representation of the West Indies in Early Iberian Cartography: A Cartometric Approach", Terrae Incognitae, 47 (1): 10–32, doi:10.1179/0082288415Z.00000000041, S2CID 128885931.
McIntosh 2000b, p. 21. McIntosh, Gregory C. (2000b), "The Tale of Two Admirals: Columbus and the Piri Reis Map of 1513", Mercator's World, 5 (3), Aster: 18–23.

archive.org

The capture of a Spanish slave is described in the large caption on the left margin of the map. McIntosh suggests that this was likely a naval officer or pilot taken as a prisoner-of-war, who had been on at least Columbus's third voyage of 1498–1500 (McIntosh 2000a, pp. 72–75). McIntosh, Gregory C. (2000a), The Piri Reis Map of 1513, Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, ISBN 9780820343594.
Greenland was known in medieval times as a land in the west. From the sixteenth-century variations of Green Land (often in addition to a correctly depicted Greenland) appear in various locations (Ramsay 1972, ch. 6). The position and shape of İle Verde on Piri Reis' map most closely matches Inagua in the Bahamas (McIntosh 2000a, p. 101). Ramsay, Raymond H. (1972), No Longer on the Map (1st ed.), New York: Viking Press, ISBN 9780670514335. McIntosh, Gregory C. (2000a), The Piri Reis Map of 1513, Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, ISBN 9780820343594.
After Tariq ibn Ziyad led a Muslim army across the Strait of Gibraltar, Christian refugees fled Visigothic Spain (Ramsay 1972, pp. 121–122). A legend arose that seven bishops sailed west to found seven cities. The seven cities were associated with the phantom island Antilia, located somewhere in the Atlantic (Morison 1971, pp. 97–99). As voyages crossed the empty ocean where Antilia had been placed on maps, the idea and name were applied to the New World, becoming the mythical Seven Cities of Gold (Ramsay 1972, pp. 121–214). Ramsay, Raymond H. (1972), No Longer on the Map (1st ed.), New York: Viking Press, ISBN 9780670514335. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1971), The European Discovery of America: The Northern Voyages, A.D. 500–1600, New York: Oxford University Press, LCCN 71-129637. Ramsay, Raymond H. (1972), No Longer on the Map (1st ed.), New York: Viking Press, ISBN 9780670514335.
This began with Captain Arlington Mallery, who created essentially new maps by repositioning the points of the Piri Reis fragment onto a grid that he created (McIntosh 2000a, p. 53). In his 1971 collection of fringe theories, journalist and ufologist, John Keel, summarized Mallery's maps as "accurate as the latest charts" and claimed that Charles Hapgood "found that the ancient maps were never more than five degrees off" (Keel 1971, p. 14). Keel summarized how subsequent writers used Hapgood's work to "advance belief in everything from lost Atlantis to extraterrestrial visitants", due to a perceived anomalous level of accuracy, that would have made the Piri Reis map an erratic find (Keel 1971, p. 17). When the actual map (not a corrected version) is compared to modern maps, the accuracy is mixed and does not seem to be unusual for the sixteenth century (Dutch 2010). McIntosh, Gregory C. (2000a), The Piri Reis Map of 1513, Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, ISBN 9780820343594. Keel, John (1971), Our Haunted Planet, Great Britain: Neville Spearman Limited, ISBN 9780860071532. Keel, John (1971), Our Haunted Planet, Great Britain: Neville Spearman Limited, ISBN 9780860071532. Dutch, Steven (2010) [1998], "The Piri Reis Map", Science, Pseudoscience, and Irrationalism, archived from the original on 13 August 2013, retrieved 16 August 2013 – via University of Wisconsin–Green Bay.
Cathay was a historical name for China, and Marco Polo described Mangi as directly south of Cathay. Columbus identified the native placename, Mago, for a region on the southern side of Cuba as Marco Polo's Mangi (McIntosh 2000a, p. 103). He wrote of Cuba, "I thought it must be the mainland, the province of Cathay... . At length, after the proceeding of many leagues, and finding that nothing new presented itself, and that the coast was leading me northwards" (McIntosh 2000a, p. 106). McIntosh, Gregory C. (2000a), The Piri Reis Map of 1513, Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, ISBN 9780820343594. McIntosh, Gregory C. (2000a), The Piri Reis Map of 1513, Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, ISBN 9780820343594.
Historian Joaquim Gaspar has suggested that both Columbus's notary stunt and his creation of a map with Hispaniola rotated to match Japan were an attempt to motivate his own men with the unattainable promise of wealth upon reaching India. Gaspar points out the difficulty in navigating the Caribbean by compass using a map with a second north and Cuba unfolded into a North–South coast (Gaspar 2015, pp. 3–4). McIntosh suggests the possibility of an unofficial map for navigation, and an official map presented as evidence of his continued claims of having discovered a route to Asia (McIntosh 2000a, pp. 136–137). Gaspar, Joaquim Alves (2015), "The Representation of the West Indies in Early Iberian Cartography: A Cartometric Approach", Terrae Incognitae, 47 (1): 10–32, doi:10.1179/0082288415Z.00000000041, S2CID 128885931. McIntosh, Gregory C. (2000a), The Piri Reis Map of 1513, Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, ISBN 9780820343594.
Akçura transliterates the name as Kawpunta Arofi, (Akçura 1935) and McIntosh transliterates it as Kaw Punta Orofay. McIntosh offers two plausible readings of the name as "Cape Point Ornofay" or "Cuba, Point Ornofay", (McIntosh 2000a, pp. 104–105). Akçura, Yusuf (1935), "Piri Reis' Map", Piri Reis Haritasi (PDF) (1st ed.), Istanbul: Türk Tarih Kurumu (Turkis HistoricalSociety), OCLC 42754605. McIntosh, Gregory C. (2000a), The Piri Reis Map of 1513, Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, ISBN 9780820343594.
Lt. Colonel Harold Ohlmeyer wrote that, "the lower part of the map agrees very remarkably with the results of the Seismic profile made across the top of the ice cap by the [...] Expedition of 1949", and Captain Lorenzo Burroughs wrote in agreement based on the same 1949 expedition. Hapgood and Burroughs also cite the International Geophysical Year subglacial studies, but only in regards to an unrelated map by Oronce Fine (Hapgood 1966, pp. 224–225). Hapgood, Charles H. (1979) [First published by Chilton in 1966], Maps of the Ancient Sea Kings: Evidence of Advanced Civilization in the Ice Age (Revised American 2nd ed.), New York: E.P. Dutton, ISBN 9780525476061.
McIntosh 2000a, pp. 15–18. McIntosh, Gregory C. (2000a), The Piri Reis Map of 1513, Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, ISBN 9780820343594.
McIntosh 2000a, pp. 26, 30, 41, 100. McIntosh, Gregory C. (2000a), The Piri Reis Map of 1513, Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, ISBN 9780820343594.
McIntosh 2000a, pp. 37–38. McIntosh, Gregory C. (2000a), The Piri Reis Map of 1513, Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, ISBN 9780820343594.
McIntosh 2000a, ch. 6. McIntosh, Gregory C. (2000a), The Piri Reis Map of 1513, Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, ISBN 9780820343594.
İnan 1954, pp. 6–7. İnan, Afet; Yolaç, Leman (trans.) (1954), The Oldest Map of America, Drawn by Piri Reis, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi, OCLC 2435662.
McIntosh 2000a, p. 5. McIntosh, Gregory C. (2000a), The Piri Reis Map of 1513, Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, ISBN 9780820343594.
İnan 1954, p. 4. İnan, Afet; Yolaç, Leman (trans.) (1954), The Oldest Map of America, Drawn by Piri Reis, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi, OCLC 2435662.
İnan 1954, pp. 26–27. İnan, Afet; Yolaç, Leman (trans.) (1954), The Oldest Map of America, Drawn by Piri Reis, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi, OCLC 2435662.
McIntosh 2000a, pp. 60–61. McIntosh, Gregory C. (2000a), The Piri Reis Map of 1513, Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, ISBN 9780820343594.
McIntosh 2000a, p. 15. McIntosh, Gregory C. (2000a), The Piri Reis Map of 1513, Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, ISBN 9780820343594.
McIntosh 2000a, pp. 26, 34. McIntosh, Gregory C. (2000a), The Piri Reis Map of 1513, Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, ISBN 9780820343594.
McIntosh 2000a, p. 100. McIntosh, Gregory C. (2000a), The Piri Reis Map of 1513, Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, ISBN 9780820343594.
McIntosh 2000a, pp. 30–31. McIntosh, Gregory C. (2000a), The Piri Reis Map of 1513, Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, ISBN 9780820343594.
McIntosh 2000a, pp. 70–75. McIntosh, Gregory C. (2000a), The Piri Reis Map of 1513, Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, ISBN 9780820343594.
McIntosh 2000a, p. 17. McIntosh, Gregory C. (2000a), The Piri Reis Map of 1513, Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, ISBN 9780820343594.
McIntosh 2000a, pp. 15–18. McIntosh, Gregory C. (2000a), The Piri Reis Map of 1513, Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, ISBN 9780820343594.
McIntosh 2000a, p. 18. McIntosh, Gregory C. (2000a), The Piri Reis Map of 1513, Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, ISBN 9780820343594.
McIntosh 2000a, pp. 17–18. McIntosh, Gregory C. (2000a), The Piri Reis Map of 1513, Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, ISBN 9780820343594.
İnan 1954, pp. 35, 38. İnan, Afet; Yolaç, Leman (trans.) (1954), The Oldest Map of America, Drawn by Piri Reis, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi, OCLC 2435662.
McIntosh 2000a, p. 59. McIntosh, Gregory C. (2000a), The Piri Reis Map of 1513, Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, ISBN 9780820343594.
İnan 1954, pp. 43–44. İnan, Afet; Yolaç, Leman (trans.) (1954), The Oldest Map of America, Drawn by Piri Reis, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi, OCLC 2435662.
McIntosh 2000a, pp. 40–42. McIntosh, Gregory C. (2000a), The Piri Reis Map of 1513, Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, ISBN 9780820343594.
McIntosh 2000a, p. 114. McIntosh, Gregory C. (2000a), The Piri Reis Map of 1513, Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, ISBN 9780820343594.
Morison 1971, pp. 98–101. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1971), The European Discovery of America: The Northern Voyages, A.D. 500–1600, New York: Oxford University Press, LCCN 71-129637.
McIntosh 2000a, p. 95. McIntosh, Gregory C. (2000a), The Piri Reis Map of 1513, Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, ISBN 9780820343594.
McIntosh 2000a, pp. 95–96. McIntosh, Gregory C. (2000a), The Piri Reis Map of 1513, Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, ISBN 9780820343594.
McIntosh 2000a, pp. 76, 77, 86. McIntosh, Gregory C. (2000a), The Piri Reis Map of 1513, Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, ISBN 9780820343594.
McIntosh 2000a, p. 80. McIntosh, Gregory C. (2000a), The Piri Reis Map of 1513, Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, ISBN 9780820343594.
McIntosh 2000a, p. 80. McIntosh, Gregory C. (2000a), The Piri Reis Map of 1513, Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, ISBN 9780820343594.
McIntosh 2000a, pp. 134–139. McIntosh, Gregory C. (2000a), The Piri Reis Map of 1513, Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, ISBN 9780820343594.
Ramsay 1972, ch.2. Ramsay, Raymond H. (1972), No Longer on the Map (1st ed.), New York: Viking Press, ISBN 9780670514335.
Ramsay 1972, ch.2. Ramsay, Raymond H. (1972), No Longer on the Map (1st ed.), New York: Viking Press, ISBN 9780670514335.
Ramsay 1972, p. 44. Ramsay, Raymond H. (1972), No Longer on the Map (1st ed.), New York: Viking Press, ISBN 9780670514335.
Ramsay 1972, p. 44. Ramsay, Raymond H. (1972), No Longer on the Map (1st ed.), New York: Viking Press, ISBN 9780670514335.
McIntosh 2000a, pp. 36–38. McIntosh, Gregory C. (2000a), The Piri Reis Map of 1513, Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, ISBN 9780820343594.
McIntosh 2000a, p. 53. McIntosh, Gregory C. (2000a), The Piri Reis Map of 1513, Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, ISBN 9780820343594.
Hapgood 1966, Foreword. Hapgood, Charles H. (1979) [First published by Chilton in 1966], Maps of the Ancient Sea Kings: Evidence of Advanced Civilization in the Ice Age (Revised American 2nd ed.), New York: E.P. Dutton, ISBN 9780525476061.
Hapgood 1966, Foreword. Hapgood, Charles H. (1979) [First published by Chilton in 1966], Maps of the Ancient Sea Kings: Evidence of Advanced Civilization in the Ice Age (Revised American 2nd ed.), New York: E.P. Dutton, ISBN 9780525476061.
McIntosh 2000a, p. 62. McIntosh, Gregory C. (2000a), The Piri Reis Map of 1513, Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, ISBN 9780820343594.
Hapgood 1966, p. 49. Hapgood, Charles H. (1979) [First published by Chilton in 1966], Maps of the Ancient Sea Kings: Evidence of Advanced Civilization in the Ice Age (Revised American 2nd ed.), New York: E.P. Dutton, ISBN 9780525476061.
McIntosh 2000a, p. 58. McIntosh, Gregory C. (2000a), The Piri Reis Map of 1513, Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, ISBN 9780820343594.
McIntosh 2000a, p. 58. McIntosh, Gregory C. (2000a), The Piri Reis Map of 1513, Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, ISBN 9780820343594.
Hapgood 1966, p. 177. Hapgood, Charles H. (1979) [First published by Chilton in 1966], Maps of the Ancient Sea Kings: Evidence of Advanced Civilization in the Ice Age (Revised American 2nd ed.), New York: E.P. Dutton, ISBN 9780525476061.
Fagan 2006, p. 35. Fagan, Garrett G. (2006), Archaeological Fantasies: How Pseudoarchaeology Misrepresents the Past and Misleads the Public, Psychology Press, ISBN 9780415305921.

centerforinquiry.org

cdn.centerforinquiry.org

Jolly 1986, p. 33. Jolly, David (1986), "Was Antarctica Mapped by the Ancients?" (PDF), The Skeptical Inquirer, 11: 32–43.
Jolly 1986, p. 33. Jolly, David (1986), "Was Antarctica Mapped by the Ancients?" (PDF), The Skeptical Inquirer, 11: 32–43.

diegocuoghi.com

Cuoghi 2002. Cuoghi, Diego (2002), "Part 1 (Piri Reis)", The Mysteries of the Piri Reis map, archived from the original on 10 March 2004, retrieved 29 July 2023, translation of: Cuoghi, Diego (2003), "I Misteri Della Mappa di Piri Reis", Gli enigmi della storia, Milan: Edizioni Piemme.

doi.org

From the Kitab-ı Bahriye (1521), as translated by Kahle (1933): "This poor man [Piri Reis] had previously constructed a map which, in comparison with maps hitherto known, displayed many more [and] different details, [and] in which he had included even the newly published maps of the Indian and Chinese Oceans which at that time were totally unknown in the country of Rūm [the Ottoman Empire]; and he had presented it in Cairo to the Turkish Sultan Selim I, who graciously accepted it, (Kahle 1933, p. 621)." Kahle, Paul E. (October 1933), "A Lost Map of Columbus", Geographical Review, 23 (4): 621–638, Bibcode:1933GeoRv..23..621K, doi:10.2307/209247, JSTOR 209247.
"My friend, the Franks both read and write everything there is to know about the science of the sea. But do not suppose that they invented such knowledge on their own; and if you wish, I will explain why. During his time, the famous ruler Alexander traveled over all the seas, and whatever he saw and whatever he heard he had recorded, item by item, by a competent person. In this way he had a full description of the entire sea compiled and written down" (Piri Reis 1526, via Casale 2019, p. 875). Casale, Giancarlo (2019), "Did Alexander the Great Discover America? Debating Space and Time in Renaissance Istanbul", Renaissance Quarterly, 72 (3): 863–909, doi:10.1017/rqx.2019.252, ISSN 0034-4338, JSTOR 26845906, S2CID 204482631, retrieved 27 May 2023.
Often called the Balkhī school of map making (Bellino 2014, p. 273), and referred to by Karen Pinto as KMMS (Kitāb al-masālik wa-al-mamālik) maps (Pinto 2012, p. 76). Of the thirty-five remaining Istakhri manuscripts, six originate from this period in Istanbul (Pinto 2011, p. 159). Bellino, Francesca (2014), "Sirāj al-Dīn ibn al-Wardī and the Ḫarīdat al-'ajā'ib: authority and plagiarism in a fifteenth-century Arabic cosmography", Eurasian Studies, 12 (2): 257–296. Pinto, Karen (2012), "Searchin' His Eyes, Lookin' for Traces: Piri Reis' World Map of 1513 & its Islamic Iconographic Connections (A Reading Through Bagdat 334 and Proust)", Journal of Ottoman Studies, 39 (1): 63–94. Pinto, Karen (2011), "The Maps Are the Message: Mehmet II's Patronage of an 'Ottoman Cluster'", Imago Mundi, 63 (2): 155–179, doi:10.1080/03085694.2011.568703, JSTOR 23016850, S2CID 128713127.
These later appeared in many medieval works like the Marvels of Creation (Massetti & Veracini 2016, p. 48). Massetti, Marco; Veracini, Cecilia (2016), "The zoomorphic representations of the Pîrî Reis map (1513)" (PDF), Anthropozoologica, 51 (1): 41–54, doi:10.5252/az2016n1a3, hdl:10400.5/28972, S2CID 192924551.
Historian Joaquim Gaspar has suggested that both Columbus's notary stunt and his creation of a map with Hispaniola rotated to match Japan were an attempt to motivate his own men with the unattainable promise of wealth upon reaching India. Gaspar points out the difficulty in navigating the Caribbean by compass using a map with a second north and Cuba unfolded into a North–South coast (Gaspar 2015, pp. 3–4). McIntosh suggests the possibility of an unofficial map for navigation, and an official map presented as evidence of his continued claims of having discovered a route to Asia (McIntosh 2000a, pp. 136–137). Gaspar, Joaquim Alves (2015), "The Representation of the West Indies in Early Iberian Cartography: A Cartometric Approach", Terrae Incognitae, 47 (1): 10–32, doi:10.1179/0082288415Z.00000000041, S2CID 128885931. McIntosh, Gregory C. (2000a), The Piri Reis Map of 1513, Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, ISBN 9780820343594.
For examples of scholarly reviews see:
- Wallis, Helen (1967), "Reviewed Work(s): Maps of the Ancient Sea Kings: Evidence of Advanced Civilization in the Ice Age by Charles H. Hapgood", The Geographical Journal, 133 (3): 394–395, doi:10.2307/1793597, JSTOR 1793597, In arguing that there was no known way of establishing longitude in Columbus's day and until the mid-eighteenth century (p. 41-2) he overlooks the sailor's skill in estimating longitude by dead-reckoning.
- Tekeli 1985, pp. 675–676. Tekeli, Sevim (1985), "The Map of America by Piri Reis", Erdem, 1 (3): 673–683, doi:10.32704/erdem.1985.3.673, S2CID 167145440.
- Casale 2019, p. 871. Casale, Giancarlo (2019), "Did Alexander the Great Discover America? Debating Space and Time in Renaissance Istanbul", Renaissance Quarterly, 72 (3): 863–909, doi:10.1017/rqx.2019.252, ISSN 0034-4338, JSTOR 26845906, S2CID 204482631, retrieved 27 May 2023.
- Kahle 1933, pp. 621–624. Kahle, Paul E. (October 1933), "A Lost Map of Columbus", Geographical Review, 23 (4): 621–638, Bibcode:1933GeoRv..23..621K, doi:10.2307/209247, JSTOR 209247.
- Kahle 1933, pp. 621–624. Kahle, Paul E. (October 1933), "A Lost Map of Columbus", Geographical Review, 23 (4): 621–638, Bibcode:1933GeoRv..23..621K, doi:10.2307/209247, JSTOR 209247.
- Massetti & Veracini 2016, p. 41. Massetti, Marco; Veracini, Cecilia (2016), "The zoomorphic representations of the Pîrî Reis map (1513)" (PDF), Anthropozoologica, 51 (1): 41–54, doi:10.5252/az2016n1a3, hdl:10400.5/28972, S2CID 192924551.
- Casale 2019, pp. 1–2. Casale, Giancarlo (2019), "Did Alexander the Great Discover America? Debating Space and Time in Renaissance Istanbul", Renaissance Quarterly, 72 (3): 863–909, doi:10.1017/rqx.2019.252, ISSN 0034-4338, JSTOR 26845906, S2CID 204482631, retrieved 27 May 2023.
- Yerci 1989, p. 155. Yerci, M. (1989), "The Accuracy of the First World Map Drawn by Piri Reis", The Cartographic Journal, 26 (2): 154–155, Bibcode:1989CartJ..26..154Y, doi:10.1179/caj.1989.26.2.154.
- Kahle 1933, p. 624. Kahle, Paul E. (October 1933), "A Lost Map of Columbus", Geographical Review, 23 (4): 621–638, Bibcode:1933GeoRv..23..621K, doi:10.2307/209247, JSTOR 209247.
- Massetti & Veracini 2016, p. 44. Massetti, Marco; Veracini, Cecilia (2016), "The zoomorphic representations of the Pîrî Reis map (1513)" (PDF), Anthropozoologica, 51 (1): 41–54, doi:10.5252/az2016n1a3, hdl:10400.5/28972, S2CID 192924551.
- Massetti & Veracini 2016, p. 44. Massetti, Marco; Veracini, Cecilia (2016), "The zoomorphic representations of the Pîrî Reis map (1513)" (PDF), Anthropozoologica, 51 (1): 41–54, doi:10.5252/az2016n1a3, hdl:10400.5/28972, S2CID 192924551.
- Gaspar 2015. Gaspar, Joaquim Alves (2015), "The Representation of the West Indies in Early Iberian Cartography: A Cartometric Approach", Terrae Incognitae, 47 (1): 10–32, doi:10.1179/0082288415Z.00000000041, S2CID 128885931.
- Soucek 1994, p. 123. Soucek, Svat (1994), "Piri Reis and Ottoman Discovery of the Great Discoveries", Studia Islamica (79): 121–142, doi:10.2307/1595839, JSTOR 1595839, retrieved 27 May 2023.
- Casale 2019, pp. 863, 866. Casale, Giancarlo (2019), "Did Alexander the Great Discover America? Debating Space and Time in Renaissance Istanbul", Renaissance Quarterly, 72 (3): 863–909, doi:10.1017/rqx.2019.252, ISSN 0034-4338, JSTOR 26845906, S2CID 204482631, retrieved 27 May 2023.
- Soucek 1994, pp. 123–131. Soucek, Svat (1994), "Piri Reis and Ottoman Discovery of the Great Discoveries", Studia Islamica (79): 121–142, doi:10.2307/1595839, JSTOR 1595839, retrieved 27 May 2023.
- Casale 2019, p. 876. Casale, Giancarlo (2019), "Did Alexander the Great Discover America? Debating Space and Time in Renaissance Istanbul", Renaissance Quarterly, 72 (3): 863–909, doi:10.1017/rqx.2019.252, ISSN 0034-4338, JSTOR 26845906, S2CID 204482631, retrieved 27 May 2023.
- Casale 2019, pp. 864, 897. Casale, Giancarlo (2019), "Did Alexander the Great Discover America? Debating Space and Time in Renaissance Istanbul", Renaissance Quarterly, 72 (3): 863–909, doi:10.1017/rqx.2019.252, ISSN 0034-4338, JSTOR 26845906, S2CID 204482631, retrieved 27 May 2023.
- Soucek 1994, pp. 129–130. Soucek, Svat (1994), "Piri Reis and Ottoman Discovery of the Great Discoveries", Studia Islamica (79): 121–142, doi:10.2307/1595839, JSTOR 1595839, retrieved 27 May 2023.
- Casale 2019, pp. 866, 888. Casale, Giancarlo (2019), "Did Alexander the Great Discover America? Debating Space and Time in Renaissance Istanbul", Renaissance Quarterly, 72 (3): 863–909, doi:10.1017/rqx.2019.252, ISSN 0034-4338, JSTOR 26845906, S2CID 204482631, retrieved 27 May 2023.
- Massetti & Veracini 2016, pp. 47–48. Massetti, Marco; Veracini, Cecilia (2016), "The zoomorphic representations of the Pîrî Reis map (1513)" (PDF), Anthropozoologica, 51 (1): 41–54, doi:10.5252/az2016n1a3, hdl:10400.5/28972, S2CID 192924551.
- Massetti & Veracini 2016, p. 48. Massetti, Marco; Veracini, Cecilia (2016), "The zoomorphic representations of the Pîrî Reis map (1513)" (PDF), Anthropozoologica, 51 (1): 41–54, doi:10.5252/az2016n1a3, hdl:10400.5/28972, S2CID 192924551.
- Massetti & Veracini 2016, pp. 49–51. Massetti, Marco; Veracini, Cecilia (2016), "The zoomorphic representations of the Pîrî Reis map (1513)" (PDF), Anthropozoologica, 51 (1): 41–54, doi:10.5252/az2016n1a3, hdl:10400.5/28972, S2CID 192924551.
- Kahle 1933, p. 632 Kahle, Paul E. (October 1933), "A Lost Map of Columbus", Geographical Review, 23 (4): 621–638, Bibcode:1933GeoRv..23..621K, doi:10.2307/209247, JSTOR 209247.
- Gaspar 2015, pp. 2–3. Gaspar, Joaquim Alves (2015), "The Representation of the West Indies in Early Iberian Cartography: A Cartometric Approach", Terrae Incognitae, 47 (1): 10–32, doi:10.1179/0082288415Z.00000000041, S2CID 128885931.
- Massetti & Veracini 2016, p. 51. Massetti, Marco; Veracini, Cecilia (2016), "The zoomorphic representations of the Pîrî Reis map (1513)" (PDF), Anthropozoologica, 51 (1): 41–54, doi:10.5252/az2016n1a3, hdl:10400.5/28972, S2CID 192924551.

gettysburg.edu

cupola.gettysburg.edu

Often called the Balkhī school of map making (Bellino 2014, p. 273), and referred to by Karen Pinto as KMMS (Kitāb al-masālik wa-al-mamālik) maps (Pinto 2012, p. 76). Of the thirty-five remaining Istakhri manuscripts, six originate from this period in Istanbul (Pinto 2011, p. 159). Bellino, Francesca (2014), "Sirāj al-Dīn ibn al-Wardī and the Ḫarīdat al-'ajā'ib: authority and plagiarism in a fifteenth-century Arabic cosmography", Eurasian Studies, 12 (2): 257–296. Pinto, Karen (2012), "Searchin' His Eyes, Lookin' for Traces: Piri Reis' World Map of 1513 & its Islamic Iconographic Connections (A Reading Through Bagdat 334 and Proust)", Journal of Ottoman Studies, 39 (1): 63–94. Pinto, Karen (2011), "The Maps Are the Message: Mehmet II's Patronage of an 'Ottoman Cluster'", Imago Mundi, 63 (2): 155–179, doi:10.1080/03085694.2011.568703, JSTOR 23016850, S2CID 128713127.
Pinto 2012, pp. 80, 90. Pinto, Karen (2012), "Searchin' His Eyes, Lookin' for Traces: Piri Reis' World Map of 1513 & its Islamic Iconographic Connections (A Reading Through Bagdat 334 and Proust)", Journal of Ottoman Studies, 39 (1): 63–94.
Pinto 2012, pp. 72–77. Pinto, Karen (2012), "Searchin' His Eyes, Lookin' for Traces: Piri Reis' World Map of 1513 & its Islamic Iconographic Connections (A Reading Through Bagdat 334 and Proust)", Journal of Ottoman Studies, 39 (1): 63–94.
Pinto 2012. Pinto, Karen (2012), "Searchin' His Eyes, Lookin' for Traces: Piri Reis' World Map of 1513 & its Islamic Iconographic Connections (A Reading Through Bagdat 334 and Proust)", Journal of Ottoman Studies, 39 (1): 63–94.
Pinto 2012, pp. 89–90. Pinto, Karen (2012), "Searchin' His Eyes, Lookin' for Traces: Piri Reis' World Map of 1513 & its Islamic Iconographic Connections (A Reading Through Bagdat 334 and Proust)", Journal of Ottoman Studies, 39 (1): 63–94.
Pinto 2012, pp. 90–94. Pinto, Karen (2012), "Searchin' His Eyes, Lookin' for Traces: Piri Reis' World Map of 1513 & its Islamic Iconographic Connections (A Reading Through Bagdat 334 and Proust)", Journal of Ottoman Studies, 39 (1): 63–94.
Pinto 2012, pp. 65, 79. Pinto, Karen (2012), "Searchin' His Eyes, Lookin' for Traces: Piri Reis' World Map of 1513 & its Islamic Iconographic Connections (A Reading Through Bagdat 334 and Proust)", Journal of Ottoman Studies, 39 (1): 63–94.
Pinto 2012, p. 80. Pinto, Karen (2012), "Searchin' His Eyes, Lookin' for Traces: Piri Reis' World Map of 1513 & its Islamic Iconographic Connections (A Reading Through Bagdat 334 and Proust)", Journal of Ottoman Studies, 39 (1): 63–94.

hallofmaat.com

Heinrich 2001. Heinrich, Paul (2001), Fingerprints of the Gods Re: Piri Reis Map, retrieved 12 August 2023, Geologist and Archaeological Geologist at Louisiana State University.
Heinrich 2001. Heinrich, Paul (2001), Fingerprints of the Gods Re: Piri Reis Map, retrieved 12 August 2023, Geologist and Archaeological Geologist at Louisiana State University.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

These later appeared in many medieval works like the Marvels of Creation (Massetti & Veracini 2016, p. 48). Massetti, Marco; Veracini, Cecilia (2016), "The zoomorphic representations of the Pîrî Reis map (1513)" (PDF), Anthropozoologica, 51 (1): 41–54, doi:10.5252/az2016n1a3, hdl:10400.5/28972, S2CID 192924551.
Massetti & Veracini 2016, p. 41. Massetti, Marco; Veracini, Cecilia (2016), "The zoomorphic representations of the Pîrî Reis map (1513)" (PDF), Anthropozoologica, 51 (1): 41–54, doi:10.5252/az2016n1a3, hdl:10400.5/28972, S2CID 192924551.
Massetti & Veracini 2016, p. 44. Massetti, Marco; Veracini, Cecilia (2016), "The zoomorphic representations of the Pîrî Reis map (1513)" (PDF), Anthropozoologica, 51 (1): 41–54, doi:10.5252/az2016n1a3, hdl:10400.5/28972, S2CID 192924551.
Massetti & Veracini 2016, p. 44. Massetti, Marco; Veracini, Cecilia (2016), "The zoomorphic representations of the Pîrî Reis map (1513)" (PDF), Anthropozoologica, 51 (1): 41–54, doi:10.5252/az2016n1a3, hdl:10400.5/28972, S2CID 192924551.
Massetti & Veracini 2016, pp. 47–48. Massetti, Marco; Veracini, Cecilia (2016), "The zoomorphic representations of the Pîrî Reis map (1513)" (PDF), Anthropozoologica, 51 (1): 41–54, doi:10.5252/az2016n1a3, hdl:10400.5/28972, S2CID 192924551.
Massetti & Veracini 2016, p. 48. Massetti, Marco; Veracini, Cecilia (2016), "The zoomorphic representations of the Pîrî Reis map (1513)" (PDF), Anthropozoologica, 51 (1): 41–54, doi:10.5252/az2016n1a3, hdl:10400.5/28972, S2CID 192924551.
Massetti & Veracini 2016, pp. 49–51. Massetti, Marco; Veracini, Cecilia (2016), "The zoomorphic representations of the Pîrî Reis map (1513)" (PDF), Anthropozoologica, 51 (1): 41–54, doi:10.5252/az2016n1a3, hdl:10400.5/28972, S2CID 192924551.
Massetti & Veracini 2016, p. 51. Massetti, Marco; Veracini, Cecilia (2016), "The zoomorphic representations of the Pîrî Reis map (1513)" (PDF), Anthropozoologica, 51 (1): 41–54, doi:10.5252/az2016n1a3, hdl:10400.5/28972, S2CID 192924551.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

From the Kitab-ı Bahriye (1521), as translated by Kahle (1933): "This poor man [Piri Reis] had previously constructed a map which, in comparison with maps hitherto known, displayed many more [and] different details, [and] in which he had included even the newly published maps of the Indian and Chinese Oceans which at that time were totally unknown in the country of Rūm [the Ottoman Empire]; and he had presented it in Cairo to the Turkish Sultan Selim I, who graciously accepted it, (Kahle 1933, p. 621)." Kahle, Paul E. (October 1933), "A Lost Map of Columbus", Geographical Review, 23 (4): 621–638, Bibcode:1933GeoRv..23..621K, doi:10.2307/209247, JSTOR 209247.
Kahle 1933, pp. 621–624. Kahle, Paul E. (October 1933), "A Lost Map of Columbus", Geographical Review, 23 (4): 621–638, Bibcode:1933GeoRv..23..621K, doi:10.2307/209247, JSTOR 209247.
Kahle 1933, pp. 621–624. Kahle, Paul E. (October 1933), "A Lost Map of Columbus", Geographical Review, 23 (4): 621–638, Bibcode:1933GeoRv..23..621K, doi:10.2307/209247, JSTOR 209247.
Yerci 1989, p. 155. Yerci, M. (1989), "The Accuracy of the First World Map Drawn by Piri Reis", The Cartographic Journal, 26 (2): 154–155, Bibcode:1989CartJ..26..154Y, doi:10.1179/caj.1989.26.2.154.
Kahle 1933, p. 624. Kahle, Paul E. (October 1933), "A Lost Map of Columbus", Geographical Review, 23 (4): 621–638, Bibcode:1933GeoRv..23..621K, doi:10.2307/209247, JSTOR 209247.
Kahle 1933, p. 632 Kahle, Paul E. (October 1933), "A Lost Map of Columbus", Geographical Review, 23 (4): 621–638, Bibcode:1933GeoRv..23..621K, doi:10.2307/209247, JSTOR 209247.

jstor.org

From the Kitab-ı Bahriye (1521), as translated by Kahle (1933): "This poor man [Piri Reis] had previously constructed a map which, in comparison with maps hitherto known, displayed many more [and] different details, [and] in which he had included even the newly published maps of the Indian and Chinese Oceans which at that time were totally unknown in the country of Rūm [the Ottoman Empire]; and he had presented it in Cairo to the Turkish Sultan Selim I, who graciously accepted it, (Kahle 1933, p. 621)." Kahle, Paul E. (October 1933), "A Lost Map of Columbus", Geographical Review, 23 (4): 621–638, Bibcode:1933GeoRv..23..621K, doi:10.2307/209247, JSTOR 209247.
"My friend, the Franks both read and write everything there is to know about the science of the sea. But do not suppose that they invented such knowledge on their own; and if you wish, I will explain why. During his time, the famous ruler Alexander traveled over all the seas, and whatever he saw and whatever he heard he had recorded, item by item, by a competent person. In this way he had a full description of the entire sea compiled and written down" (Piri Reis 1526, via Casale 2019, p. 875). Casale, Giancarlo (2019), "Did Alexander the Great Discover America? Debating Space and Time in Renaissance Istanbul", Renaissance Quarterly, 72 (3): 863–909, doi:10.1017/rqx.2019.252, ISSN 0034-4338, JSTOR 26845906, S2CID 204482631, retrieved 27 May 2023.
Often called the Balkhī school of map making (Bellino 2014, p. 273), and referred to by Karen Pinto as KMMS (Kitāb al-masālik wa-al-mamālik) maps (Pinto 2012, p. 76). Of the thirty-five remaining Istakhri manuscripts, six originate from this period in Istanbul (Pinto 2011, p. 159). Bellino, Francesca (2014), "Sirāj al-Dīn ibn al-Wardī and the Ḫarīdat al-'ajā'ib: authority and plagiarism in a fifteenth-century Arabic cosmography", Eurasian Studies, 12 (2): 257–296. Pinto, Karen (2012), "Searchin' His Eyes, Lookin' for Traces: Piri Reis' World Map of 1513 & its Islamic Iconographic Connections (A Reading Through Bagdat 334 and Proust)", Journal of Ottoman Studies, 39 (1): 63–94. Pinto, Karen (2011), "The Maps Are the Message: Mehmet II's Patronage of an 'Ottoman Cluster'", Imago Mundi, 63 (2): 155–179, doi:10.1080/03085694.2011.568703, JSTOR 23016850, S2CID 128713127.
For examples of scholarly reviews see:
- Wallis, Helen (1967), "Reviewed Work(s): Maps of the Ancient Sea Kings: Evidence of Advanced Civilization in the Ice Age by Charles H. Hapgood", The Geographical Journal, 133 (3): 394–395, doi:10.2307/1793597, JSTOR 1793597, In arguing that there was no known way of establishing longitude in Columbus's day and until the mid-eighteenth century (p. 41-2) he overlooks the sailor's skill in estimating longitude by dead-reckoning.
- Casale 2019, p. 871. Casale, Giancarlo (2019), "Did Alexander the Great Discover America? Debating Space and Time in Renaissance Istanbul", Renaissance Quarterly, 72 (3): 863–909, doi:10.1017/rqx.2019.252, ISSN 0034-4338, JSTOR 26845906, S2CID 204482631, retrieved 27 May 2023.
- Kahle 1933, pp. 621–624. Kahle, Paul E. (October 1933), "A Lost Map of Columbus", Geographical Review, 23 (4): 621–638, Bibcode:1933GeoRv..23..621K, doi:10.2307/209247, JSTOR 209247.
- Kahle 1933, pp. 621–624. Kahle, Paul E. (October 1933), "A Lost Map of Columbus", Geographical Review, 23 (4): 621–638, Bibcode:1933GeoRv..23..621K, doi:10.2307/209247, JSTOR 209247.
- Casale 2019, pp. 1–2. Casale, Giancarlo (2019), "Did Alexander the Great Discover America? Debating Space and Time in Renaissance Istanbul", Renaissance Quarterly, 72 (3): 863–909, doi:10.1017/rqx.2019.252, ISSN 0034-4338, JSTOR 26845906, S2CID 204482631, retrieved 27 May 2023.
- Kahle 1933, p. 624. Kahle, Paul E. (October 1933), "A Lost Map of Columbus", Geographical Review, 23 (4): 621–638, Bibcode:1933GeoRv..23..621K, doi:10.2307/209247, JSTOR 209247.
- Soucek 1994, p. 123. Soucek, Svat (1994), "Piri Reis and Ottoman Discovery of the Great Discoveries", Studia Islamica (79): 121–142, doi:10.2307/1595839, JSTOR 1595839, retrieved 27 May 2023.
- Casale 2019, pp. 863, 866. Casale, Giancarlo (2019), "Did Alexander the Great Discover America? Debating Space and Time in Renaissance Istanbul", Renaissance Quarterly, 72 (3): 863–909, doi:10.1017/rqx.2019.252, ISSN 0034-4338, JSTOR 26845906, S2CID 204482631, retrieved 27 May 2023.
- Soucek 1994, pp. 123–131. Soucek, Svat (1994), "Piri Reis and Ottoman Discovery of the Great Discoveries", Studia Islamica (79): 121–142, doi:10.2307/1595839, JSTOR 1595839, retrieved 27 May 2023.
- Casale 2019, p. 876. Casale, Giancarlo (2019), "Did Alexander the Great Discover America? Debating Space and Time in Renaissance Istanbul", Renaissance Quarterly, 72 (3): 863–909, doi:10.1017/rqx.2019.252, ISSN 0034-4338, JSTOR 26845906, S2CID 204482631, retrieved 27 May 2023.
- Casale 2019, pp. 864, 897. Casale, Giancarlo (2019), "Did Alexander the Great Discover America? Debating Space and Time in Renaissance Istanbul", Renaissance Quarterly, 72 (3): 863–909, doi:10.1017/rqx.2019.252, ISSN 0034-4338, JSTOR 26845906, S2CID 204482631, retrieved 27 May 2023.
- Soucek 1994, pp. 129–130. Soucek, Svat (1994), "Piri Reis and Ottoman Discovery of the Great Discoveries", Studia Islamica (79): 121–142, doi:10.2307/1595839, JSTOR 1595839, retrieved 27 May 2023.
- Casale 2019, pp. 866, 888. Casale, Giancarlo (2019), "Did Alexander the Great Discover America? Debating Space and Time in Renaissance Istanbul", Renaissance Quarterly, 72 (3): 863–909, doi:10.1017/rqx.2019.252, ISSN 0034-4338, JSTOR 26845906, S2CID 204482631, retrieved 27 May 2023.
- Kahle 1933, p. 632 Kahle, Paul E. (October 1933), "A Lost Map of Columbus", Geographical Review, 23 (4): 621–638, Bibcode:1933GeoRv..23..621K, doi:10.2307/209247, JSTOR 209247.

loc.gov

lccn.loc.gov

After Tariq ibn Ziyad led a Muslim army across the Strait of Gibraltar, Christian refugees fled Visigothic Spain (Ramsay 1972, pp. 121–122). A legend arose that seven bishops sailed west to found seven cities. The seven cities were associated with the phantom island Antilia, located somewhere in the Atlantic (Morison 1971, pp. 97–99). As voyages crossed the empty ocean where Antilia had been placed on maps, the idea and name were applied to the New World, becoming the mythical Seven Cities of Gold (Ramsay 1972, pp. 121–214). Ramsay, Raymond H. (1972), No Longer on the Map (1st ed.), New York: Viking Press, ISBN 9780670514335. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1971), The European Discovery of America: The Northern Voyages, A.D. 500–1600, New York: Oxford University Press, LCCN 71-129637. Ramsay, Raymond H. (1972), No Longer on the Map (1st ed.), New York: Viking Press, ISBN 9780670514335.
Morison 1971, pp. 98–101. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1971), The European Discovery of America: The Northern Voyages, A.D. 500–1600, New York: Oxford University Press, LCCN 71-129637.

lsu.edu

Heinrich 2001. Heinrich, Paul (2001), Fingerprints of the Gods Re: Piri Reis Map, retrieved 12 August 2023, Geologist and Archaeological Geologist at Louisiana State University.
Heinrich 2001. Heinrich, Paul (2001), Fingerprints of the Gods Re: Piri Reis Map, retrieved 12 August 2023, Geologist and Archaeological Geologist at Louisiana State University.

mnhn.fr

sciencepress.mnhn.fr

These later appeared in many medieval works like the Marvels of Creation (Massetti & Veracini 2016, p. 48). Massetti, Marco; Veracini, Cecilia (2016), "The zoomorphic representations of the Pîrî Reis map (1513)" (PDF), Anthropozoologica, 51 (1): 41–54, doi:10.5252/az2016n1a3, hdl:10400.5/28972, S2CID 192924551.
Massetti & Veracini 2016, p. 41. Massetti, Marco; Veracini, Cecilia (2016), "The zoomorphic representations of the Pîrî Reis map (1513)" (PDF), Anthropozoologica, 51 (1): 41–54, doi:10.5252/az2016n1a3, hdl:10400.5/28972, S2CID 192924551.
Massetti & Veracini 2016, p. 44. Massetti, Marco; Veracini, Cecilia (2016), "The zoomorphic representations of the Pîrî Reis map (1513)" (PDF), Anthropozoologica, 51 (1): 41–54, doi:10.5252/az2016n1a3, hdl:10400.5/28972, S2CID 192924551.
Massetti & Veracini 2016, p. 44. Massetti, Marco; Veracini, Cecilia (2016), "The zoomorphic representations of the Pîrî Reis map (1513)" (PDF), Anthropozoologica, 51 (1): 41–54, doi:10.5252/az2016n1a3, hdl:10400.5/28972, S2CID 192924551.
Massetti & Veracini 2016, pp. 47–48. Massetti, Marco; Veracini, Cecilia (2016), "The zoomorphic representations of the Pîrî Reis map (1513)" (PDF), Anthropozoologica, 51 (1): 41–54, doi:10.5252/az2016n1a3, hdl:10400.5/28972, S2CID 192924551.
Massetti & Veracini 2016, p. 48. Massetti, Marco; Veracini, Cecilia (2016), "The zoomorphic representations of the Pîrî Reis map (1513)" (PDF), Anthropozoologica, 51 (1): 41–54, doi:10.5252/az2016n1a3, hdl:10400.5/28972, S2CID 192924551.
Massetti & Veracini 2016, pp. 49–51. Massetti, Marco; Veracini, Cecilia (2016), "The zoomorphic representations of the Pîrî Reis map (1513)" (PDF), Anthropozoologica, 51 (1): 41–54, doi:10.5252/az2016n1a3, hdl:10400.5/28972, S2CID 192924551.
Massetti & Veracini 2016, p. 51. Massetti, Marco; Veracini, Cecilia (2016), "The zoomorphic representations of the Pîrî Reis map (1513)" (PDF), Anthropozoologica, 51 (1): 41–54, doi:10.5252/az2016n1a3, hdl:10400.5/28972, S2CID 192924551.

psu.edu

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu

Soucek 2013, p. 140. Soucek, Svat (2013), "His uniqueness among cartographers and hydrographers of the Renaissance", Cartes & Géomatique (216): 135–144, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.692.1619.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

"My friend, the Franks both read and write everything there is to know about the science of the sea. But do not suppose that they invented such knowledge on their own; and if you wish, I will explain why. During his time, the famous ruler Alexander traveled over all the seas, and whatever he saw and whatever he heard he had recorded, item by item, by a competent person. In this way he had a full description of the entire sea compiled and written down" (Piri Reis 1526, via Casale 2019, p. 875). Casale, Giancarlo (2019), "Did Alexander the Great Discover America? Debating Space and Time in Renaissance Istanbul", Renaissance Quarterly, 72 (3): 863–909, doi:10.1017/rqx.2019.252, ISSN 0034-4338, JSTOR 26845906, S2CID 204482631, retrieved 27 May 2023.
Often called the Balkhī school of map making (Bellino 2014, p. 273), and referred to by Karen Pinto as KMMS (Kitāb al-masālik wa-al-mamālik) maps (Pinto 2012, p. 76). Of the thirty-five remaining Istakhri manuscripts, six originate from this period in Istanbul (Pinto 2011, p. 159). Bellino, Francesca (2014), "Sirāj al-Dīn ibn al-Wardī and the Ḫarīdat al-'ajā'ib: authority and plagiarism in a fifteenth-century Arabic cosmography", Eurasian Studies, 12 (2): 257–296. Pinto, Karen (2012), "Searchin' His Eyes, Lookin' for Traces: Piri Reis' World Map of 1513 & its Islamic Iconographic Connections (A Reading Through Bagdat 334 and Proust)", Journal of Ottoman Studies, 39 (1): 63–94. Pinto, Karen (2011), "The Maps Are the Message: Mehmet II's Patronage of an 'Ottoman Cluster'", Imago Mundi, 63 (2): 155–179, doi:10.1080/03085694.2011.568703, JSTOR 23016850, S2CID 128713127.
These later appeared in many medieval works like the Marvels of Creation (Massetti & Veracini 2016, p. 48). Massetti, Marco; Veracini, Cecilia (2016), "The zoomorphic representations of the Pîrî Reis map (1513)" (PDF), Anthropozoologica, 51 (1): 41–54, doi:10.5252/az2016n1a3, hdl:10400.5/28972, S2CID 192924551.
Historian Joaquim Gaspar has suggested that both Columbus's notary stunt and his creation of a map with Hispaniola rotated to match Japan were an attempt to motivate his own men with the unattainable promise of wealth upon reaching India. Gaspar points out the difficulty in navigating the Caribbean by compass using a map with a second north and Cuba unfolded into a North–South coast (Gaspar 2015, pp. 3–4). McIntosh suggests the possibility of an unofficial map for navigation, and an official map presented as evidence of his continued claims of having discovered a route to Asia (McIntosh 2000a, pp. 136–137). Gaspar, Joaquim Alves (2015), "The Representation of the West Indies in Early Iberian Cartography: A Cartometric Approach", Terrae Incognitae, 47 (1): 10–32, doi:10.1179/0082288415Z.00000000041, S2CID 128885931. McIntosh, Gregory C. (2000a), The Piri Reis Map of 1513, Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, ISBN 9780820343594.
Tekeli 1985, pp. 675–676. Tekeli, Sevim (1985), "The Map of America by Piri Reis", Erdem, 1 (3): 673–683, doi:10.32704/erdem.1985.3.673, S2CID 167145440.
Casale 2019, p. 871. Casale, Giancarlo (2019), "Did Alexander the Great Discover America? Debating Space and Time in Renaissance Istanbul", Renaissance Quarterly, 72 (3): 863–909, doi:10.1017/rqx.2019.252, ISSN 0034-4338, JSTOR 26845906, S2CID 204482631, retrieved 27 May 2023.
Massetti & Veracini 2016, p. 41. Massetti, Marco; Veracini, Cecilia (2016), "The zoomorphic representations of the Pîrî Reis map (1513)" (PDF), Anthropozoologica, 51 (1): 41–54, doi:10.5252/az2016n1a3, hdl:10400.5/28972, S2CID 192924551.
Casale 2019, pp. 1–2. Casale, Giancarlo (2019), "Did Alexander the Great Discover America? Debating Space and Time in Renaissance Istanbul", Renaissance Quarterly, 72 (3): 863–909, doi:10.1017/rqx.2019.252, ISSN 0034-4338, JSTOR 26845906, S2CID 204482631, retrieved 27 May 2023.
Massetti & Veracini 2016, p. 44. Massetti, Marco; Veracini, Cecilia (2016), "The zoomorphic representations of the Pîrî Reis map (1513)" (PDF), Anthropozoologica, 51 (1): 41–54, doi:10.5252/az2016n1a3, hdl:10400.5/28972, S2CID 192924551.
Massetti & Veracini 2016, p. 44. Massetti, Marco; Veracini, Cecilia (2016), "The zoomorphic representations of the Pîrî Reis map (1513)" (PDF), Anthropozoologica, 51 (1): 41–54, doi:10.5252/az2016n1a3, hdl:10400.5/28972, S2CID 192924551.
Gaspar 2015. Gaspar, Joaquim Alves (2015), "The Representation of the West Indies in Early Iberian Cartography: A Cartometric Approach", Terrae Incognitae, 47 (1): 10–32, doi:10.1179/0082288415Z.00000000041, S2CID 128885931.
Casale 2019, pp. 863, 866. Casale, Giancarlo (2019), "Did Alexander the Great Discover America? Debating Space and Time in Renaissance Istanbul", Renaissance Quarterly, 72 (3): 863–909, doi:10.1017/rqx.2019.252, ISSN 0034-4338, JSTOR 26845906, S2CID 204482631, retrieved 27 May 2023.
Casale 2019, p. 876. Casale, Giancarlo (2019), "Did Alexander the Great Discover America? Debating Space and Time in Renaissance Istanbul", Renaissance Quarterly, 72 (3): 863–909, doi:10.1017/rqx.2019.252, ISSN 0034-4338, JSTOR 26845906, S2CID 204482631, retrieved 27 May 2023.
Casale 2019, pp. 864, 897. Casale, Giancarlo (2019), "Did Alexander the Great Discover America? Debating Space and Time in Renaissance Istanbul", Renaissance Quarterly, 72 (3): 863–909, doi:10.1017/rqx.2019.252, ISSN 0034-4338, JSTOR 26845906, S2CID 204482631, retrieved 27 May 2023.
Casale 2019, pp. 866, 888. Casale, Giancarlo (2019), "Did Alexander the Great Discover America? Debating Space and Time in Renaissance Istanbul", Renaissance Quarterly, 72 (3): 863–909, doi:10.1017/rqx.2019.252, ISSN 0034-4338, JSTOR 26845906, S2CID 204482631, retrieved 27 May 2023.
Massetti & Veracini 2016, pp. 47–48. Massetti, Marco; Veracini, Cecilia (2016), "The zoomorphic representations of the Pîrî Reis map (1513)" (PDF), Anthropozoologica, 51 (1): 41–54, doi:10.5252/az2016n1a3, hdl:10400.5/28972, S2CID 192924551.
Massetti & Veracini 2016, p. 48. Massetti, Marco; Veracini, Cecilia (2016), "The zoomorphic representations of the Pîrî Reis map (1513)" (PDF), Anthropozoologica, 51 (1): 41–54, doi:10.5252/az2016n1a3, hdl:10400.5/28972, S2CID 192924551.
Massetti & Veracini 2016, pp. 49–51. Massetti, Marco; Veracini, Cecilia (2016), "The zoomorphic representations of the Pîrî Reis map (1513)" (PDF), Anthropozoologica, 51 (1): 41–54, doi:10.5252/az2016n1a3, hdl:10400.5/28972, S2CID 192924551.
Gaspar 2015, pp. 2–3. Gaspar, Joaquim Alves (2015), "The Representation of the West Indies in Early Iberian Cartography: A Cartometric Approach", Terrae Incognitae, 47 (1): 10–32, doi:10.1179/0082288415Z.00000000041, S2CID 128885931.
Massetti & Veracini 2016, p. 51. Massetti, Marco; Veracini, Cecilia (2016), "The zoomorphic representations of the Pîrî Reis map (1513)" (PDF), Anthropozoologica, 51 (1): 41–54, doi:10.5252/az2016n1a3, hdl:10400.5/28972, S2CID 192924551.

shodb.gov.tr

Adıvar 1939, pp. 59–60, cited in Şengör 2004. Adıvar, Abdülhak Adnan (1939), La Science Chez les Turcs Ottomans (1st ed.), Paris: G.P. Maisonneuve et Larose, OCLC 11676376. Şengör, Ali Mehmet Celâl (2004), "Who Discovered the 1513 Map of Piri Reis?", Piri Reis Sempozyumu, Istanbul Military Museum, archived from the original on 25 October 2007.
Şengör 2004. Şengör, Ali Mehmet Celâl (2004), "Who Discovered the 1513 Map of Piri Reis?", Piri Reis Sempozyumu, Istanbul Military Museum, archived from the original on 25 October 2007.

uchicago.edu

press.uchicago.edu

Soucek 1992, pp. 266, 269. Soucek, Svat (1992), "14: Islamic Charting in the Mediterranean" (PDF), The History of Cartography, vol. 2, Book 1, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 9780226316352.
Soucek 1992, p. 272. Soucek, Svat (1992), "14: Islamic Charting in the Mediterranean" (PDF), The History of Cartography, vol. 2, Book 1, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 9780226316352.
Soucek 1992, pp. 267, 270, 271 Soucek, Svat (1992), "14: Islamic Charting in the Mediterranean" (PDF), The History of Cartography, vol. 2, Book 1, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 9780226316352.
Soucek 1992, p. 267. Soucek, Svat (1992), "14: Islamic Charting in the Mediterranean" (PDF), The History of Cartography, vol. 2, Book 1, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 9780226316352.
Soucek 1992, p. 267. Soucek, Svat (1992), "14: Islamic Charting in the Mediterranean" (PDF), The History of Cartography, vol. 2, Book 1, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 9780226316352.
Soucek 1992, p. 270. Soucek, Svat (1992), "14: Islamic Charting in the Mediterranean" (PDF), The History of Cartography, vol. 2, Book 1, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 9780226316352.
Soucek 1992, pp. 270–271. Soucek, Svat (1992), "14: Islamic Charting in the Mediterranean" (PDF), The History of Cartography, vol. 2, Book 1, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 9780226316352.
Soucek 1992, p. 271. Soucek, Svat (1992), "14: Islamic Charting in the Mediterranean" (PDF), The History of Cartography, vol. 2, Book 1, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 9780226316352.

uwgb.edu

This began with Captain Arlington Mallery, who created essentially new maps by repositioning the points of the Piri Reis fragment onto a grid that he created (McIntosh 2000a, p. 53). In his 1971 collection of fringe theories, journalist and ufologist, John Keel, summarized Mallery's maps as "accurate as the latest charts" and claimed that Charles Hapgood "found that the ancient maps were never more than five degrees off" (Keel 1971, p. 14). Keel summarized how subsequent writers used Hapgood's work to "advance belief in everything from lost Atlantis to extraterrestrial visitants", due to a perceived anomalous level of accuracy, that would have made the Piri Reis map an erratic find (Keel 1971, p. 17). When the actual map (not a corrected version) is compared to modern maps, the accuracy is mixed and does not seem to be unusual for the sixteenth century (Dutch 2010). McIntosh, Gregory C. (2000a), The Piri Reis Map of 1513, Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, ISBN 9780820343594. Keel, John (1971), Our Haunted Planet, Great Britain: Neville Spearman Limited, ISBN 9780860071532. Keel, John (1971), Our Haunted Planet, Great Britain: Neville Spearman Limited, ISBN 9780860071532. Dutch, Steven (2010) [1998], "The Piri Reis Map", Science, Pseudoscience, and Irrationalism, archived from the original on 13 August 2013, retrieved 16 August 2013 – via University of Wisconsin–Green Bay.
Dutch 2010. Dutch, Steven (2010) [1998], "The Piri Reis Map", Science, Pseudoscience, and Irrationalism, archived from the original on 13 August 2013, retrieved 16 August 2013 – via University of Wisconsin–Green Bay.

web.archive.org

This began with Captain Arlington Mallery, who created essentially new maps by repositioning the points of the Piri Reis fragment onto a grid that he created (McIntosh 2000a, p. 53). In his 1971 collection of fringe theories, journalist and ufologist, John Keel, summarized Mallery's maps as "accurate as the latest charts" and claimed that Charles Hapgood "found that the ancient maps were never more than five degrees off" (Keel 1971, p. 14). Keel summarized how subsequent writers used Hapgood's work to "advance belief in everything from lost Atlantis to extraterrestrial visitants", due to a perceived anomalous level of accuracy, that would have made the Piri Reis map an erratic find (Keel 1971, p. 17). When the actual map (not a corrected version) is compared to modern maps, the accuracy is mixed and does not seem to be unusual for the sixteenth century (Dutch 2010). McIntosh, Gregory C. (2000a), The Piri Reis Map of 1513, Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, ISBN 9780820343594. Keel, John (1971), Our Haunted Planet, Great Britain: Neville Spearman Limited, ISBN 9780860071532. Keel, John (1971), Our Haunted Planet, Great Britain: Neville Spearman Limited, ISBN 9780860071532. Dutch, Steven (2010) [1998], "The Piri Reis Map", Science, Pseudoscience, and Irrationalism, archived from the original on 13 August 2013, retrieved 16 August 2013 – via University of Wisconsin–Green Bay.
Adıvar 1939, pp. 59–60, cited in Şengör 2004. Adıvar, Abdülhak Adnan (1939), La Science Chez les Turcs Ottomans (1st ed.), Paris: G.P. Maisonneuve et Larose, OCLC 11676376. Şengör, Ali Mehmet Celâl (2004), "Who Discovered the 1513 Map of Piri Reis?", Piri Reis Sempozyumu, Istanbul Military Museum, archived from the original on 25 October 2007.
Şengör 2004. Şengör, Ali Mehmet Celâl (2004), "Who Discovered the 1513 Map of Piri Reis?", Piri Reis Sempozyumu, Istanbul Military Museum, archived from the original on 25 October 2007.
Dutch 2010. Dutch, Steven (2010) [1998], "The Piri Reis Map", Science, Pseudoscience, and Irrationalism, archived from the original on 13 August 2013, retrieved 16 August 2013 – via University of Wisconsin–Green Bay.
Cuoghi 2002. Cuoghi, Diego (2002), "Part 1 (Piri Reis)", The Mysteries of the Piri Reis map, archived from the original on 10 March 2004, retrieved 29 July 2023, translation of: Cuoghi, Diego (2003), "I Misteri Della Mappa di Piri Reis", Gli enigmi della storia, Milan: Edizioni Piemme.

wikimedia.org

commons.wikimedia.org

Akçura transliterates the name as Kawpunta Arofi, (Akçura 1935) and McIntosh transliterates it as Kaw Punta Orofay. McIntosh offers two plausible readings of the name as "Cape Point Ornofay" or "Cuba, Point Ornofay", (McIntosh 2000a, pp. 104–105). Akçura, Yusuf (1935), "Piri Reis' Map", Piri Reis Haritasi (PDF) (1st ed.), Istanbul: Türk Tarih Kurumu (Turkis HistoricalSociety), OCLC 42754605. McIntosh, Gregory C. (2000a), The Piri Reis Map of 1513, Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, ISBN 9780820343594.
Akçura 1935, foldout. Akçura, Yusuf (1935), "Piri Reis' Map", Piri Reis Haritasi (PDF) (1st ed.), Istanbul: Türk Tarih Kurumu (Turkis HistoricalSociety), OCLC 42754605.
Akçura 1935, § VI. Akçura, Yusuf (1935), "Piri Reis' Map", Piri Reis Haritasi (PDF) (1st ed.), Istanbul: Türk Tarih Kurumu (Turkis HistoricalSociety), OCLC 42754605.
Akçura 1935, § V. Akçura, Yusuf (1935), "Piri Reis' Map", Piri Reis Haritasi (PDF) (1st ed.), Istanbul: Türk Tarih Kurumu (Turkis HistoricalSociety), OCLC 42754605.
Akçura 1935, § XXII. Akçura, Yusuf (1935), "Piri Reis' Map", Piri Reis Haritasi (PDF) (1st ed.), Istanbul: Türk Tarih Kurumu (Turkis HistoricalSociety), OCLC 42754605.
Akçura 1935, § XXIV. Akçura, Yusuf (1935), "Piri Reis' Map", Piri Reis Haritasi (PDF) (1st ed.), Istanbul: Türk Tarih Kurumu (Turkis HistoricalSociety), OCLC 42754605.
Akçura 1935, § VIII. Akçura, Yusuf (1935), "Piri Reis' Map", Piri Reis Haritasi (PDF) (1st ed.), Istanbul: Türk Tarih Kurumu (Turkis HistoricalSociety), OCLC 42754605.
Akçura 1935, § VIII. Akçura, Yusuf (1935), "Piri Reis' Map", Piri Reis Haritasi (PDF) (1st ed.), Istanbul: Türk Tarih Kurumu (Turkis HistoricalSociety), OCLC 42754605.
Akçura 1935, § X. Akçura, Yusuf (1935), "Piri Reis' Map", Piri Reis Haritasi (PDF) (1st ed.), Istanbul: Türk Tarih Kurumu (Turkis HistoricalSociety), OCLC 42754605.

wikisource.org

en.wikisource.org

Akçura transliterates the name as Kawpunta Arofi, (Akçura 1935) and McIntosh transliterates it as Kaw Punta Orofay. McIntosh offers two plausible readings of the name as "Cape Point Ornofay" or "Cuba, Point Ornofay", (McIntosh 2000a, pp. 104–105). Akçura, Yusuf (1935), "Piri Reis' Map", Piri Reis Haritasi (PDF) (1st ed.), Istanbul: Türk Tarih Kurumu (Turkis HistoricalSociety), OCLC 42754605. McIntosh, Gregory C. (2000a), The Piri Reis Map of 1513, Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, ISBN 9780820343594.
Akçura 1935, foldout. Akçura, Yusuf (1935), "Piri Reis' Map", Piri Reis Haritasi (PDF) (1st ed.), Istanbul: Türk Tarih Kurumu (Turkis HistoricalSociety), OCLC 42754605.
Akçura 1935, § VI. Akçura, Yusuf (1935), "Piri Reis' Map", Piri Reis Haritasi (PDF) (1st ed.), Istanbul: Türk Tarih Kurumu (Turkis HistoricalSociety), OCLC 42754605.
Akçura 1935, § V. Akçura, Yusuf (1935), "Piri Reis' Map", Piri Reis Haritasi (PDF) (1st ed.), Istanbul: Türk Tarih Kurumu (Turkis HistoricalSociety), OCLC 42754605.
Akçura 1935, § XXII. Akçura, Yusuf (1935), "Piri Reis' Map", Piri Reis Haritasi (PDF) (1st ed.), Istanbul: Türk Tarih Kurumu (Turkis HistoricalSociety), OCLC 42754605.
Akçura 1935, § XXIV. Akçura, Yusuf (1935), "Piri Reis' Map", Piri Reis Haritasi (PDF) (1st ed.), Istanbul: Türk Tarih Kurumu (Turkis HistoricalSociety), OCLC 42754605.
Akçura 1935, § VIII. Akçura, Yusuf (1935), "Piri Reis' Map", Piri Reis Haritasi (PDF) (1st ed.), Istanbul: Türk Tarih Kurumu (Turkis HistoricalSociety), OCLC 42754605.
Akçura 1935, § VIII. Akçura, Yusuf (1935), "Piri Reis' Map", Piri Reis Haritasi (PDF) (1st ed.), Istanbul: Türk Tarih Kurumu (Turkis HistoricalSociety), OCLC 42754605.
Akçura 1935, § X. Akçura, Yusuf (1935), "Piri Reis' Map", Piri Reis Haritasi (PDF) (1st ed.), Istanbul: Türk Tarih Kurumu (Turkis HistoricalSociety), OCLC 42754605.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

"My friend, the Franks both read and write everything there is to know about the science of the sea. But do not suppose that they invented such knowledge on their own; and if you wish, I will explain why. During his time, the famous ruler Alexander traveled over all the seas, and whatever he saw and whatever he heard he had recorded, item by item, by a competent person. In this way he had a full description of the entire sea compiled and written down" (Piri Reis 1526, via Casale 2019, p. 875). Casale, Giancarlo (2019), "Did Alexander the Great Discover America? Debating Space and Time in Renaissance Istanbul", Renaissance Quarterly, 72 (3): 863–909, doi:10.1017/rqx.2019.252, ISSN 0034-4338, JSTOR 26845906, S2CID 204482631, retrieved 27 May 2023.
Akçura transliterates the name as Kawpunta Arofi, (Akçura 1935) and McIntosh transliterates it as Kaw Punta Orofay. McIntosh offers two plausible readings of the name as "Cape Point Ornofay" or "Cuba, Point Ornofay", (McIntosh 2000a, pp. 104–105). Akçura, Yusuf (1935), "Piri Reis' Map", Piri Reis Haritasi (PDF) (1st ed.), Istanbul: Türk Tarih Kurumu (Turkis HistoricalSociety), OCLC 42754605. McIntosh, Gregory C. (2000a), The Piri Reis Map of 1513, Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, ISBN 9780820343594.
İnan 1954, pp. 6–7. İnan, Afet; Yolaç, Leman (trans.) (1954), The Oldest Map of America, Drawn by Piri Reis, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi, OCLC 2435662.
Casale 2019, p. 871. Casale, Giancarlo (2019), "Did Alexander the Great Discover America? Debating Space and Time in Renaissance Istanbul", Renaissance Quarterly, 72 (3): 863–909, doi:10.1017/rqx.2019.252, ISSN 0034-4338, JSTOR 26845906, S2CID 204482631, retrieved 27 May 2023.
Adıvar 1939, pp. 59–60, cited in Şengör 2004. Adıvar, Abdülhak Adnan (1939), La Science Chez les Turcs Ottomans (1st ed.), Paris: G.P. Maisonneuve et Larose, OCLC 11676376. Şengör, Ali Mehmet Celâl (2004), "Who Discovered the 1513 Map of Piri Reis?", Piri Reis Sempozyumu, Istanbul Military Museum, archived from the original on 25 October 2007.
İnan 1954, p. 4. İnan, Afet; Yolaç, Leman (trans.) (1954), The Oldest Map of America, Drawn by Piri Reis, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi, OCLC 2435662.
İnan 1954, pp. 26–27. İnan, Afet; Yolaç, Leman (trans.) (1954), The Oldest Map of America, Drawn by Piri Reis, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi, OCLC 2435662.
Casale 2019, pp. 1–2. Casale, Giancarlo (2019), "Did Alexander the Great Discover America? Debating Space and Time in Renaissance Istanbul", Renaissance Quarterly, 72 (3): 863–909, doi:10.1017/rqx.2019.252, ISSN 0034-4338, JSTOR 26845906, S2CID 204482631, retrieved 27 May 2023.
Akçura 1935, foldout. Akçura, Yusuf (1935), "Piri Reis' Map", Piri Reis Haritasi (PDF) (1st ed.), Istanbul: Türk Tarih Kurumu (Turkis HistoricalSociety), OCLC 42754605.
Akçura 1935, § VI. Akçura, Yusuf (1935), "Piri Reis' Map", Piri Reis Haritasi (PDF) (1st ed.), Istanbul: Türk Tarih Kurumu (Turkis HistoricalSociety), OCLC 42754605.
Casale 2019, pp. 863, 866. Casale, Giancarlo (2019), "Did Alexander the Great Discover America? Debating Space and Time in Renaissance Istanbul", Renaissance Quarterly, 72 (3): 863–909, doi:10.1017/rqx.2019.252, ISSN 0034-4338, JSTOR 26845906, S2CID 204482631, retrieved 27 May 2023.
Casale 2019, p. 876. Casale, Giancarlo (2019), "Did Alexander the Great Discover America? Debating Space and Time in Renaissance Istanbul", Renaissance Quarterly, 72 (3): 863–909, doi:10.1017/rqx.2019.252, ISSN 0034-4338, JSTOR 26845906, S2CID 204482631, retrieved 27 May 2023.
Casale 2019, pp. 864, 897. Casale, Giancarlo (2019), "Did Alexander the Great Discover America? Debating Space and Time in Renaissance Istanbul", Renaissance Quarterly, 72 (3): 863–909, doi:10.1017/rqx.2019.252, ISSN 0034-4338, JSTOR 26845906, S2CID 204482631, retrieved 27 May 2023.
Akçura 1935, § V. Akçura, Yusuf (1935), "Piri Reis' Map", Piri Reis Haritasi (PDF) (1st ed.), Istanbul: Türk Tarih Kurumu (Turkis HistoricalSociety), OCLC 42754605.
İnan 1954, pp. 35, 38. İnan, Afet; Yolaç, Leman (trans.) (1954), The Oldest Map of America, Drawn by Piri Reis, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi, OCLC 2435662.
İnan 1954, pp. 43–44. İnan, Afet; Yolaç, Leman (trans.) (1954), The Oldest Map of America, Drawn by Piri Reis, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi, OCLC 2435662.
Akçura 1935, § XXII. Akçura, Yusuf (1935), "Piri Reis' Map", Piri Reis Haritasi (PDF) (1st ed.), Istanbul: Türk Tarih Kurumu (Turkis HistoricalSociety), OCLC 42754605.
Casale 2019, pp. 866, 888. Casale, Giancarlo (2019), "Did Alexander the Great Discover America? Debating Space and Time in Renaissance Istanbul", Renaissance Quarterly, 72 (3): 863–909, doi:10.1017/rqx.2019.252, ISSN 0034-4338, JSTOR 26845906, S2CID 204482631, retrieved 27 May 2023.
Akçura 1935, § XXIV. Akçura, Yusuf (1935), "Piri Reis' Map", Piri Reis Haritasi (PDF) (1st ed.), Istanbul: Türk Tarih Kurumu (Turkis HistoricalSociety), OCLC 42754605.
Akçura 1935, § VIII. Akçura, Yusuf (1935), "Piri Reis' Map", Piri Reis Haritasi (PDF) (1st ed.), Istanbul: Türk Tarih Kurumu (Turkis HistoricalSociety), OCLC 42754605.
Akçura 1935, § VIII. Akçura, Yusuf (1935), "Piri Reis' Map", Piri Reis Haritasi (PDF) (1st ed.), Istanbul: Türk Tarih Kurumu (Turkis HistoricalSociety), OCLC 42754605.
Akçura 1935, § X. Akçura, Yusuf (1935), "Piri Reis' Map", Piri Reis Haritasi (PDF) (1st ed.), Istanbul: Türk Tarih Kurumu (Turkis HistoricalSociety), OCLC 42754605.