Planetary nebula (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Planetary nebula" in English language version.

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Osterbrock, Donald E.; Ferland, G. J. (2005), Ferland, G. J. (ed.), Astrophysics of gaseous nebulae and active galactic nuclei, University Science Books, ISBN 978-1-891389-34-4
Darquier, A. (1777). Observations astronomiques, faites à Toulouse (Astronomical observations, made in Toulouse). Avignon: J. Aubert; (and Paris: Laporte, etc.).

arxiv.org

Miszalski et al. 2011 Miszalski, B.; Jones, D.; Rodríguez-Gil, P.; Boffin, H. M. J.; Corradi, R. L. M.; Santander-García, M. (2011), "Discovery of close binary central stars in the planetary nebulae NGC 6326 and NGC 6778", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 531: A158, arXiv:1105.5731, Bibcode:2011A&A...531A.158M, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201117084, S2CID 15010950
Frankowski & Soker 2009, pp. 654–8 Frankowski, Adam; Soker, Noam (November 2009), "Very late thermal pulses influenced by accretion in planetary nebulae", New Astronomy, 14 (8): 654–8, arXiv:0903.3364, Bibcode:2009NewA...14..654F, doi:10.1016/j.newast.2009.03.006, S2CID 17128522, A planetary nebula (PN) is an expanding ionized circumstellar cloud that was ejected during the asymptotic giant branch (AGB) phase of the stellar progenitor.
They are created after the red giant phase, when most of the outer layers of the star have been expelled by strong stellar winds Frew & Parker 2010, pp. 129–148 Frew, David J.; Parker, Quentin A. (May 2010), "Planetary Nebulae: Observational Properties, Mimics and Diagnostics", Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia, 27 (2): 129–148, arXiv:1002.1525, Bibcode:2010PASA...27..129F, doi:10.1071/AS09040, S2CID 59429975
Zijlstra, A. (2015). "Planetary nebulae in 2014: A review of research" (PDF). Revista Mexicana de Astronomía y Astrofísica. 51: 221–230. arXiv:1506.05508. Bibcode:2015RMxAA..51..221Z. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
Hora et al. 2004, pp. 296–301 Hora, Joseph L.; Latter, William B.; Allen, Lori E.; Marengo, Massimo; Deutsch, Lynne K.; Pipher, Judith L. (September 2004), "Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) Observations of Planetary Nebulae" (PDF), Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 154 (1): 296–301, arXiv:astro-ph/0405614, Bibcode:2004ApJS..154..296H, doi:10.1086/422820, S2CID 53381952
Reed et al. 1999, pp. 2430–41 Reed, Darren S.; Balick, Bruce; Hajian, Arsen R.; Klayton, Tracy L.; Giovanardi, Stefano; Casertano, Stefano; Panagia, Nino; Terzian, Yervant (November 1999), "Hubble Space Telescope Measurements of the Expansion of NGC 6543: Parallax Distance and Nebular Evolution", Astronomical Journal, 118 (5): 2430–41, arXiv:astro-ph/9907313, Bibcode:1999AJ....118.2430R, doi:10.1086/301091, S2CID 14746840
Maciel, Costa & Idiart 2009, pp. 127–37 Maciel, W. J.; Costa, R. D. D.; Idiart, T. E. P. (October 2009), "Planetary nebulae and the chemical evolution of the Magellanic Clouds", Revista Mexicana de Astronomía y Astrofísica, 45: 127–37, arXiv:0904.2549, Bibcode:2009RMxAA..45..127M, These objects are produced by low and intermediate mass stars, with main sequence masses roughly between 0.8 and 8 M_⊙, and present a reasonably large age and metallicity spread.
Pan, Liubin; Scannapieco, Evan; Scalo, Jon (1 October 2013). "Modeling the Pollution of Pristine Gas in the Early Universe". The Astrophysical Journal. 775 (2): 111. arXiv:1306.4663. Bibcode:2013ApJ...775..111P. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/775/2/111. S2CID 119233184.
Majaess, Turner & Lane 2007, pp. 1349–60 Majaess, D. J.; Turner, D.; Lane, D. (December 2007), "In Search of Possible Associations between Planetary Nebulae and Open Clusters", Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 119 (862): 1349–60, arXiv:0710.2900, Bibcode:2007PASP..119.1349M, doi:10.1086/524414, S2CID 18640979
Rees & Zijlstra 2013 Rees, B.; Zijlstra, A.A. (July 2013), "Alignment of the Angular Momentum Vectors of Planetary Nebulae in the Galactic Bulge", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 435 (2): 975–991, arXiv:1307.5711, Bibcode:2013MNRAS.435..975R, doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1300, S2CID 118414177
Chen, Z; A. Frank; E. G. Blackman; J. Nordhaus; J. Carroll-Nellenback (2017). "Mass Transfer and Disc Formation in AGB Binary Systems". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 468 (4): 4465. arXiv:1702.06160. Bibcode:2017MNRAS.468.4465C. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx680. S2CID 119073723.
Jordan, Werner & O'Toole 2005, pp. 273–9 Jordan, S.; Werner, K.; O'Toole, S. J. (March 2005), "Discovery of magnetic fields in central stars of planetary nebulae", Astronomy & Astrophysics, 432 (1): 273–9, arXiv:astro-ph/0501040, Bibcode:2005A&A...432..273J, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20041993, S2CID 119361869
Parker 2011, pp. 1835–1844 Parker, Quentin A.; Frew, David J.; Miszalski, B.; Kovacevic, Anna V.; Frinchaboy, Peter.; Dobbie, Paul D.; Köppen, J. (May 2011), "PHR 1315–6555: A bipolar planetary nebula in the compact Hyades-age open cluster ESO 96-SC04", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 413 (3): 1835–1844, arXiv:1101.3814, Bibcode:2011MNRAS.413.1835P, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18259.x, S2CID 16164749
Kiss et al. 2008, pp. 399–404 Kiss, L. L.; Szabó, Gy. M.; Balog, Z.; Parker, Q. A.; Frew, D. J. (November 2008), "AAOmega radial velocities rule out current membership of the planetary nebula NGC 2438 in the open cluster M46", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 391 (1): 399–404, arXiv:0809.0327, Bibcode:2008MNRAS.391..399K, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13899.x, S2CID 15207860
Soker 2002, pp. 481–6 Soker, Noam (February 2002), "Why every bipolar planetary nebula is 'unique'", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 330 (2): 481–6, arXiv:astro-ph/0107554, Bibcode:2002MNRAS.330..481S, doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2002.05105.x, S2CID 16616082

books.google.com

Kwok 2000, pp. 1–7 Kwok, Sun (2000), The origin and evolution of planetary nebulae, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-62313-8, archived from the original on March 2, 2012 (Chapter 1 can be downloaded here.)
Gurzadyan 1997 Gurzadyan, Grigor A. (1997), The Physics and dynamics of planetary nebulae, Springer, ISBN 978-3-540-60965-0
Krause 1961, p. 187 Krause, Arthur (1961), Astronomy, Oliver and Boyd, p. 187
Harpaz 1994, pp. 55–80 Harpaz, Amos (1994), Stellar Evolution, A K Peters, Ltd., ISBN 978-1-56881-012-6
Harpaz 1994, pp. 99–112 Harpaz, Amos (1994), Stellar Evolution, A K Peters, Ltd., ISBN 978-1-56881-012-6
Kwok 2000, pp. 199–207 Kwok, Sun (2000), The origin and evolution of planetary nebulae, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-62313-8, archived from the original on March 2, 2012 (Chapter 1 can be downloaded here.)
Marochnik, Shukurov & Yastrzhembsky 1996, pp. 6–10 Marochnik, L.S.; Shukurov, Anwar; Yastrzhembsky, Igor (1996), "Chapter 19: Chemical abundances", The Milky Way galaxy, Taylor & Francis, pp. 6–10, ISBN 978-2-88124-931-0
Gurzadyan 1997, p. 238 Gurzadyan, Grigor A. (1997), The Physics and dynamics of planetary nebulae, Springer, ISBN 978-3-540-60965-0
Gurzadyan 1997, pp. 130–7 Gurzadyan, Grigor A. (1997), The Physics and dynamics of planetary nebulae, Springer, ISBN 978-3-540-60965-0
Kwok 2000, pp. 89–96 Kwok, Sun (2000), The origin and evolution of planetary nebulae, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-62313-8, archived from the original on March 2, 2012 (Chapter 1 can be downloaded here.)
Morris 1990, pp. 526–30 Morris, M. (1990), "Bipolar asymmetry in the mass outflows of stars in transition", in Mennessier, M.O.; Omont, Alain (eds.), From Miras to planetary nebulae: which path for stellar evolution?, Montpellier, France, September 4–7, 1989 IAP astrophysics meeting: Atlantica Séguier Frontières, pp. 526–30, ISBN 978-2-86332-077-8{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
Gurzadyan 1997, p. 424 Gurzadyan, Grigor A. (1997), The Physics and dynamics of planetary nebulae, Springer, ISBN 978-3-540-60965-0

caltech.edu

authors.library.caltech.edu

Hora et al. 2004, pp. 296–301 Hora, Joseph L.; Latter, William B.; Allen, Lori E.; Marengo, Massimo; Deutsch, Lynne K.; Pipher, Judith L. (September 2004), "Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) Observations of Planetary Nebulae" (PDF), Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 154 (1): 296–301, arXiv:astro-ph/0405614, Bibcode:2004ApJS..154..296H, doi:10.1086/422820, S2CID 53381952

doi.org

Miszalski et al. 2011 Miszalski, B.; Jones, D.; Rodríguez-Gil, P.; Boffin, H. M. J.; Corradi, R. L. M.; Santander-García, M. (2011), "Discovery of close binary central stars in the planetary nebulae NGC 6326 and NGC 6778", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 531: A158, arXiv:1105.5731, Bibcode:2011A&A...531A.158M, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201117084, S2CID 15010950
Frankowski & Soker 2009, pp. 654–8 Frankowski, Adam; Soker, Noam (November 2009), "Very late thermal pulses influenced by accretion in planetary nebulae", New Astronomy, 14 (8): 654–8, arXiv:0903.3364, Bibcode:2009NewA...14..654F, doi:10.1016/j.newast.2009.03.006, S2CID 17128522, A planetary nebula (PN) is an expanding ionized circumstellar cloud that was ejected during the asymptotic giant branch (AGB) phase of the stellar progenitor.
They are created after the red giant phase, when most of the outer layers of the star have been expelled by strong stellar winds Frew & Parker 2010, pp. 129–148 Frew, David J.; Parker, Quentin A. (May 2010), "Planetary Nebulae: Observational Properties, Mimics and Diagnostics", Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia, 27 (2): 129–148, arXiv:1002.1525, Bibcode:2010PASA...27..129F, doi:10.1071/AS09040, S2CID 59429975
Quoted in Hoskin, Michael (2014). "William Herschel and the Planetary Nebulae". Journal for the History of Astronomy. 45 (2): 209–225. Bibcode:2014JHA....45..209H. doi:10.1177/002182861404500205. S2CID 122897343.
p. 16 in Mullaney, James (2007). The Herschel Objects and How to Observe Them. Astronomers' Observing Guides. Bibcode:2007hoho.book.....M. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-68125-2. ISBN 978-0-387-68124-5.
Huggins & Miller 1864, pp. 437–44 Huggins, W.; Miller, W. A. (1864), "On the Spectra of some of the Nebulae", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 154: 437–44, Bibcode:1864RSPT..154..437H, doi:10.1098/rstl.1864.0013
Bowen 1927, pp. 295–7 Bowen, I. S. (October 1927), "The Origin of the Chief Nebular Lines", Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 39 (231): 295–7, Bibcode:1927PASP...39..295B, doi:10.1086/123745
Kwok 2005, pp. 271–8 Kwok, Sun (June 2005), "Planetary Nebulae: New Challenges in the 21st Century", Journal of the Korean Astronomical Society, 38 (2): 271–8, Bibcode:2005JKAS...38..271K, doi:10.5303/JKAS.2005.38.2.271
Hora et al. 2004, pp. 296–301 Hora, Joseph L.; Latter, William B.; Allen, Lori E.; Marengo, Massimo; Deutsch, Lynne K.; Pipher, Judith L. (September 2004), "Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) Observations of Planetary Nebulae" (PDF), Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 154 (1): 296–301, arXiv:astro-ph/0405614, Bibcode:2004ApJS..154..296H, doi:10.1086/422820, S2CID 53381952
Kwok et al. 2006, pp. 445–6 Kwok, Sun; Koning, Nico; Huang, Hsiu-Hui; Churchwell, Edward (2006), Barlow, M. J.; Méndez, R. H. (eds.), "Planetary nebulae in the GLIMPSE survey", Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union, Planetary Nebulae in our Galaxy and Beyond, 2 (S234), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 445–6, Bibcode:2006IAUS..234..445K, doi:10.1017/S1743921306003668 (inactive 1 November 2024), Planetary nebulae (PNs) have high dust content and radiate strongly in the infrared. For young PNs, the dust component accounts for about one third of the total energy output of the nebulae (Zhang & Kwok 1991). The typical color temperatures of PNs are between 100 and 200 K, and at λ >5 μm, dust begins to dominate over bound-free emission from the ionized component. Although PNs are traditionally discovered through examination of photographic plates or Hα surveys, PNs can also be identified in infrared surveys by searching for red objects with a rising spectrum between 4–10 μm.{{citation}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
Reed et al. 1999, pp. 2430–41 Reed, Darren S.; Balick, Bruce; Hajian, Arsen R.; Klayton, Tracy L.; Giovanardi, Stefano; Casertano, Stefano; Panagia, Nino; Terzian, Yervant (November 1999), "Hubble Space Telescope Measurements of the Expansion of NGC 6543: Parallax Distance and Nebular Evolution", Astronomical Journal, 118 (5): 2430–41, arXiv:astro-ph/9907313, Bibcode:1999AJ....118.2430R, doi:10.1086/301091, S2CID 14746840
Wood, P. R.; Olivier, E. A.; Kawaler, S. D. (2004). "Long Secondary Periods in Pulsating Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars: An Investigation of Their Origin". The Astrophysical Journal. 604 (2): 800. Bibcode:2004ApJ...604..800W. doi:10.1086/382123. S2CID 121264287.
Sackmann, I. -J.; Boothroyd, A. I.; Kraemer, K. E. (1993). "Our Sun. III. Present and Future". The Astrophysical Journal. 418: 457. Bibcode:1993ApJ...418..457S. doi:10.1086/173407.
Castor, J.; McCray, R.; Weaver, R. (1975). "Interstellar Bubbles". Astrophysical Journal Letters. 200: L107–L110. Bibcode:1975ApJ...200L.107C. doi:10.1086/181908.
Pan, Liubin; Scannapieco, Evan; Scalo, Jon (1 October 2013). "Modeling the Pollution of Pristine Gas in the Early Universe". The Astrophysical Journal. 775 (2): 111. arXiv:1306.4663. Bibcode:2013ApJ...775..111P. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/775/2/111. S2CID 119233184.
Parker et al. 2006, pp. 79–94 Parker, Quentin A.; Acker, A.; Frew, D. J.; Hartley, M.; Peyaud, A. E. J.; Ochsenbein, F.; Phillipps, S.; Russeil, D.; Beaulieu, S. F.; Cohen, M.; Köppen, J.; Miszalski, B.; Morgan, D. H.; Morris, R. A. H.; Pierce, M. J.; Vaughan, A. E. (November 2006), "The Macquarie/AAO/Strasbourg Hα Planetary Nebula Catalogue: MASH", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 373 (1): 79–94, Bibcode:2006MNRAS.373...79P, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10950.x
Majaess, Turner & Lane 2007, pp. 1349–60 Majaess, D. J.; Turner, D.; Lane, D. (December 2007), "In Search of Possible Associations between Planetary Nebulae and Open Clusters", Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 119 (862): 1349–60, arXiv:0710.2900, Bibcode:2007PASP..119.1349M, doi:10.1086/524414, S2CID 18640979
Jacoby, Ferland & Korista 2001, pp. 272–86 Jacoby, George. H.; Ferland, Gary. J.; Korista, Kirk T. (2001), "The Planetary Nebula A39: An Observational Benchmark for Numerical Modeling of Photoionized Plasmas", The Astrophysical Journal, 560 (1): 272–86, Bibcode:2001ApJ...560..272J, doi:10.1086/322489
Kwok & Su 2005, pp. L49–52 Kwok, Sun; Su, Kate Y. L. (December 2005), "Discovery of Multiple Coaxial Rings in the Quadrupolar Planetary Nebula NGC 6881", The Astrophysical Journal, 635 (1): L49–52, Bibcode:2005ApJ...635L..49K, doi:10.1086/499332, We report the discovery of multiple two-dimensional rings in the quadrupolar planetary nebula NGC 6881. As many as four pairs of rings are seen in the bipolar lobes, and three rings are seen in the central torus. While the rings in the lobes have the same axis as one pair of the bipolar lobes, the inner rings are aligned with the other pair. The two pairs of bipolar lobes are likely to be carved out by two separate high-velocity outflows from the circumstellar material left over from the asymptotic giant branch (AGB) wind. The two-dimensional rings could be the results of dynamical instabilities or the consequence of a fast outflow interacting with remnants of discrete AGB circumstellar shells.
Rees & Zijlstra 2013 Rees, B.; Zijlstra, A.A. (July 2013), "Alignment of the Angular Momentum Vectors of Planetary Nebulae in the Galactic Bulge", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 435 (2): 975–991, arXiv:1307.5711, Bibcode:2013MNRAS.435..975R, doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1300, S2CID 118414177
Chen, Z; A. Frank; E. G. Blackman; J. Nordhaus; J. Carroll-Nellenback (2017). "Mass Transfer and Disc Formation in AGB Binary Systems". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 468 (4): 4465. arXiv:1702.06160. Bibcode:2017MNRAS.468.4465C. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx680. S2CID 119073723.
Jordan, Werner & O'Toole 2005, pp. 273–9 Jordan, S.; Werner, K.; O'Toole, S. J. (March 2005), "Discovery of magnetic fields in central stars of planetary nebulae", Astronomy & Astrophysics, 432 (1): 273–9, arXiv:astro-ph/0501040, Bibcode:2005A&A...432..273J, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20041993, S2CID 119361869
Parker 2011, pp. 1835–1844 Parker, Quentin A.; Frew, David J.; Miszalski, B.; Kovacevic, Anna V.; Frinchaboy, Peter.; Dobbie, Paul D.; Köppen, J. (May 2011), "PHR 1315–6555: A bipolar planetary nebula in the compact Hyades-age open cluster ESO 96-SC04", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 413 (3): 1835–1844, arXiv:1101.3814, Bibcode:2011MNRAS.413.1835P, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18259.x, S2CID 16164749
Kiss et al. 2008, pp. 399–404 Kiss, L. L.; Szabó, Gy. M.; Balog, Z.; Parker, Q. A.; Frew, D. J. (November 2008), "AAOmega radial velocities rule out current membership of the planetary nebula NGC 2438 in the open cluster M46", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 391 (1): 399–404, arXiv:0809.0327, Bibcode:2008MNRAS.391..399K, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13899.x, S2CID 15207860
Mermilliod et al. 2001, pp. 30–9 Mermilliod, J.-C.; Clariá, J. J.; Andersen, J.; Piatti, A. E.; Mayor, M. (August 2001), "Red giants in open clusters. IX. NGC 2324, 2818, 3960 and 6259", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 375 (1): 30–9, Bibcode:2001A&A...375...30M, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.30.7545, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20010845, S2CID 122773065
Soker 2002, pp. 481–6 Soker, Noam (February 2002), "Why every bipolar planetary nebula is 'unique'", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 330 (2): 481–6, arXiv:astro-ph/0107554, Bibcode:2002MNRAS.330..481S, doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2002.05105.x, S2CID 16616082
Liu et al. 2000, pp. 585–587 Liu, X.-W.; Storey, P. J.; Barlow, M. J.; Danziger, I. J.; Cohen, M.; Bryce, M. (March 2000), "NGC 6153: a super–metal–rich planetary nebula?", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 312 (3): 585–628, Bibcode:2000MNRAS.312..585L, doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03167.x

esahubble.org

"An Interstellar Distributor". Picture of the Week. ESA/Hubble. Retrieved 29 January 2020.

eso.org

esoads.eso.org

Jacoby, George H.; Ciardullo, Robin; De Marco, Orsola; Lee, Myung Gyoon; Herrmann, Kimberly A.; Hwang, Ho Seong; Kaplan, Evan; Davies, James E., (2013). A Survey for Planetary Nebulae in M31 Globular Clusters, ApJ, 769, 1
Frew, David J. (2008). Planetary Nebulae in the Solar Neighbourhood: Statistics, Distance Scale and Luminosity Function, PhD Thesis, Department of Physics, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
Majaess, D.; Carraro, G.; Moni Bidin, C.; Bonatto, C.; Turner, D.; Moyano, M.; Berdnikov, L.; Giorgi, E., (2014). On the crucial cluster Andrews-Lindsay 1 and a 4% distance solution for its planetary nebula, A&A, 567
Bonatto, C.; Bica, E.; Santos, J. F. C., (2008). Discovery of an open cluster with a possible physical association with a planetary nebula, MNRAS, 386, 1
Turner, D. G.; Rosvick, J. M.; Balam, D. D.; Henden, A. A.; Majaess, D. J.; Lane, D. J. (2011). New Results for the Open Cluster Bica 6 and Its Associated Planetary Nebula Abell 8, PASP, 123, 909
Moni Bidin, C.; Majaess, D.; Bonatto, C.; Mauro, F.; Turner, D.; Geisler, D.; Chené, A.-N.; Gormaz-Matamala, A. C.; Borissova, J.; Kurtev, R. G.; Minniti, D.; Carraro, G.; Gieren, W. (2014). Investigating potential planetary nebula/cluster pairs, A&A, 561

eso.org

"A Planetary Nebula Divided". Retrieved 21 December 2015.
R. Gathier. "Distances to Planetary Nebulae" (PDF). ESO Messenger. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 31 May 2014.

ghostarchive.org

Zijlstra, A. (2015). "Planetary nebulae in 2014: A review of research" (PDF). Revista Mexicana de Astronomía y Astrofísica. 51: 221–230. arXiv:1506.05508. Bibcode:2015RMxAA..51..221Z. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
R. Gathier. "Distances to Planetary Nebulae" (PDF). ESO Messenger. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 31 May 2014.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Miszalski et al. 2011 Miszalski, B.; Jones, D.; Rodríguez-Gil, P.; Boffin, H. M. J.; Corradi, R. L. M.; Santander-García, M. (2011), "Discovery of close binary central stars in the planetary nebulae NGC 6326 and NGC 6778", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 531: A158, arXiv:1105.5731, Bibcode:2011A&A...531A.158M, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201117084, S2CID 15010950
Frankowski & Soker 2009, pp. 654–8 Frankowski, Adam; Soker, Noam (November 2009), "Very late thermal pulses influenced by accretion in planetary nebulae", New Astronomy, 14 (8): 654–8, arXiv:0903.3364, Bibcode:2009NewA...14..654F, doi:10.1016/j.newast.2009.03.006, S2CID 17128522, A planetary nebula (PN) is an expanding ionized circumstellar cloud that was ejected during the asymptotic giant branch (AGB) phase of the stellar progenitor.
They are created after the red giant phase, when most of the outer layers of the star have been expelled by strong stellar winds Frew & Parker 2010, pp. 129–148 Frew, David J.; Parker, Quentin A. (May 2010), "Planetary Nebulae: Observational Properties, Mimics and Diagnostics", Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia, 27 (2): 129–148, arXiv:1002.1525, Bibcode:2010PASA...27..129F, doi:10.1071/AS09040, S2CID 59429975
Zijlstra, A. (2015). "Planetary nebulae in 2014: A review of research" (PDF). Revista Mexicana de Astronomía y Astrofísica. 51: 221–230. arXiv:1506.05508. Bibcode:2015RMxAA..51..221Z. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
Quoted in Hoskin, Michael (2014). "William Herschel and the Planetary Nebulae". Journal for the History of Astronomy. 45 (2): 209–225. Bibcode:2014JHA....45..209H. doi:10.1177/002182861404500205. S2CID 122897343.
p. 16 in Mullaney, James (2007). The Herschel Objects and How to Observe Them. Astronomers' Observing Guides. Bibcode:2007hoho.book.....M. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-68125-2. ISBN 978-0-387-68124-5.
Moore 2007, pp. 279–80 Moore, S. L. (October 2007), "Observing the Cat's Eye Nebula", Journal of the British Astronomical Association, 117 (5): 279–80, Bibcode:2007JBAA..117R.279M
Huggins & Miller 1864, pp. 437–44 Huggins, W.; Miller, W. A. (1864), "On the Spectra of some of the Nebulae", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 154: 437–44, Bibcode:1864RSPT..154..437H, doi:10.1098/rstl.1864.0013
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Kwok et al. 2006, pp. 445–6 Kwok, Sun; Koning, Nico; Huang, Hsiu-Hui; Churchwell, Edward (2006), Barlow, M. J.; Méndez, R. H. (eds.), "Planetary nebulae in the GLIMPSE survey", Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union, Planetary Nebulae in our Galaxy and Beyond, 2 (S234), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 445–6, Bibcode:2006IAUS..234..445K, doi:10.1017/S1743921306003668 (inactive 1 November 2024), Planetary nebulae (PNs) have high dust content and radiate strongly in the infrared. For young PNs, the dust component accounts for about one third of the total energy output of the nebulae (Zhang & Kwok 1991). The typical color temperatures of PNs are between 100 and 200 K, and at λ >5 μm, dust begins to dominate over bound-free emission from the ionized component. Although PNs are traditionally discovered through examination of photographic plates or Hα surveys, PNs can also be identified in infrared surveys by searching for red objects with a rising spectrum between 4–10 μm.{{citation}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
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