Pleiotropy (English Wikipedia)

Williams, G. C. (1957). "Pleiotropy, natural selection, and the evolution of senescence". Evolution. 11 (4): 398–411. doi:10.2307/2406060. JSTOR 2406060.

mdedge.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Pleiotropy of psychiatric disorders will reinvent DSM". www.mdedge.com. Retrieved 2016-11-13.

medlineplus.gov (Global: 1,581^st place; English: 1,299^th place)

MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Albinism
"Phenylketonuria". MedlinePlus, US National Library of Medicine. 25 April 2023. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
"Sickle cell disease". MedlinePlus. Retrieved 2024-08-05.
"ERCC6 gene: MedlinePlus Genetics". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 2021-06-02.

nih.gov (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Paaby, Annalise B.; Rockman, Matthew V. (2016-11-15). "The many faces of pleiotropy". Trends in Genetics. 29 (2): 66–73. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2012.10.010. PMC 3558540. PMID 23140989.
Solovieff, Nadia; Cotsapas, Chris; Lee, Phil H.; Purcell, Shaun M.; Smoller, Jordan W. (July 2013). "Pleiotropy in complex traits: challenges and strategies". Nature Reviews Genetics. 14 (7): 483–495. doi:10.1038/nrg3461. ISSN 1471-0056. PMC 4104202. PMID 23752797.
Stearns, Frank W. (2016-11-15). "One Hundred Years of Pleiotropy: A Retrospective". Genetics. 186 (3): 767–773. doi:10.1534/genetics.110.122549. PMC 2975297. PMID 21062962.
McKusick, V A (1976-05-01). "Letter: Pleiotropism". American Journal of Human Genetics. 28 (3): 301–302. PMC 1685011. PMID 1266859.
Beadle, G. W.; Tatum, E. L. (15 November 1941). "Genetic Control of Biochemical Reactions in Neurospora". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 27 (11): 499–506. Bibcode:1941PNAS...27..499B. doi:10.1073/pnas.27.11.499. PMC 1078370. PMID 16588492.
Edwards, A W (2016-11-15). "The genetical theory of natural selection". Genetics. 154 (4): 1419–1426. doi:10.1093/genetics/154.4.1419. PMC 1461012. PMID 10747041.
Lee, Phil H; Feng, Yen- Chen A.; Smoller, Jordan W (Jan 1, 2021). "Pleiotropy and Cross-Disorder Genetics Among Psychiatric Disorders". Biological Psychiatry. 89: 20–31. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.09.026. PMC 7898275. PMID 33131714.
Fisch, Gene S. (2022-08-01). "Associating complex traits with genetic variants: polygenic risk scores, pleiotropy and endophenotypes". Genetica. 150 (3): 183–197. doi:10.1007/s10709-021-00138-2. ISSN 1573-6857. PMID 34677750.
Chen, Jian-Hai; Landback, Patrick; Arsala, Deanna; Guzzetta, Alexander; Xia, Shengqian; Atlas, Jared; Sosa, Dylan; Zhang, Yong E.; Cheng, Jingqiu; Shen, Bairong; Long, Manyuan (2025-03-01). "Evolutionarily new genes in humans with disease phenotypes reveal functional enrichment patterns shaped by adaptive innovation and sexual selection". Genome Research. 35 (3): 379–392. doi:10.1101/gr.279498.124. ISSN 1088-9051. PMC 11960464. PMID 39952680.
Wang, Zhi; Liao, Ben-Yang; Zhang, Jianzhi (2010-10-19). "Genomic patterns of pleiotropy and the evolution of complexity". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (42): 18034–18039. doi:10.1073/pnas.1004666107. PMC 2964231. PMID 20876104.
Pál, Csaba; Papp, Balázs; Hurst, Laurence D (1 June 2001). "Highly Expressed Genes in Yeast Evolve Slowly". Genetics. 158 (2): 927–931. doi:10.1093/genetics/158.2.927. PMC 1461684. PMID 11430355.
Camps, Manel; Herman, Asael; Loh, Ern; Loeb, Lawrence A. (January 2007). "Genetic Constraints on Protein Evolution". Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 42 (5): 313–326. doi:10.1080/10409230701597642. PMC 3825456. PMID 17917869.
Singh, Nadia D.; Shaw, Kerry L. (3 January 2012). "On the scent of pleiotropy". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109 (1): 5–6. Bibcode:2012PNAS..109....5S. doi:10.1073/pnas.1118531109. PMC 3252949. PMID 22198765.
Berger, David; Berg, Elena C.; Widegren, William; Arnqvist, Göran; Maklakov, Alexei A. (December 2014). "Multivariate intralocus sexual conflict in seed beetles". Evolution. 68 (12): 3457–3469. doi:10.1111/evo.12528. PMID 25213393. S2CID 12606026.
Kirkpatrick, Mark; Ravigné, Virginie (March 2002). "Speciation by Natural and Sexual Selection: Models and Experiments". The American Naturalist. 159 (S3): S22 – S35. Bibcode:2002ANat..159S..22K. doi:10.1086/338370. PMID 18707367. S2CID 16516804.
Gladieux, Pierre; Ropars, Jeanne; Badouin, Hélène; Branca, Antoine; Aguileta, Gabriela; Vienne, Damien M.; Rodríguez de la Vega, Ricardo C.; Branco, Sara; Giraud, Tatiana (February 2014). "Fungal evolutionary genomics provides insight into the mechanisms of adaptive divergence in eukaryotes". Molecular Ecology. 23 (4): 753–773. Bibcode:2014MolEc..23..753G. doi:10.1111/mec.12631. hdl:10230/58707. PMID 24341913. S2CID 120555.
Lemaître, Jean-François; Berger, Vérane; Bonenfant, Christophe; Douhard, Mathieu; Gamelon, Marlène; Plard, Floriane; Gaillard, Jean-Michel (2015-05-07). "Early-late life trade-offs and the evolution of ageing in the wild". Proc. R. Soc. B. 282 (1806): 20150209. doi:10.1098/rspb.2015.0209. PMC 4426628. PMID 25833848.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
Society, The Royal (2004-04-07). "Two steps forward, one step back: the pleiotropic effects of favoured alleles". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 271 (1540): 705–714. doi:10.1098/rspb.2003.2635. PMC 1691650. PMID 15209104.
Gems, David; Kern, Carina C (28 September 2024). "Biological constraint, evolutionary spandrels and antagonistic pleiotropy". Ageing Research Reviews. 101. doi:10.1016/j.arr.2024.102527. PMID 39374830 – via Elsevier.
Carter, Ashley JR; Nguyen, Andrew Q. (2011-01-01). "Antagonistic pleiotropy as a widespread mechanism for the maintenance of polymorphic disease alleles". BMC Medical Genetics. 12: 160. doi:10.1186/1471-2350-12-160. PMC 3254080. PMID 22151998.
Mocci, Evelina; Ward, Kathryn; Perry, James A.; Starkweather, Angela; Stone, Laura S.; Schabrun, Siobhan M.; Renn, Cynthia; Dorsey, Susan G.; Ament, Seth A. (2023-10-16). "Genome wide association joint analysis reveals 99 risk loci for pain susceptibility and pleiotropic relationships with psychiatric, metabolic, and immunological traits". PLOS Genetics. 19 (10): e1010977. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1010977. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 10602383. PMID 37844115.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
Ng, Chen Siang; Wu, Ping; Foley, John; Foley, Anne; McDonald, Merry-Lynn; Juan, Wen-Tau; Huang, Chih-Jen; Lai, Yu-Ting; Lo, Wen-Sui (2012-07-19). "The Chicken Frizzle Feather Is Due to an α-Keratin (KRT75) Mutation That Causes a Defective Rachis". PLOS Genetics. 8 (7): e1002748. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002748. PMC 3400578. PMID 22829773.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
Johnsson, Martin; Gustafson, Ida; Rubin, Carl-Johan; Sahlqvist, Anna-Stina; Jonsson, Kenneth B.; Kerje, Susanne; Ekwall, Olov; Kämpe, Olle; Andersson, Leif (2012-08-30). "A Sexual Ornament in Chickens Is Affected by Pleiotropic Alleles at HAO1 and BMP2, Selected during Domestication". PLOS Genetics. 8 (8): e1002914. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002914. PMC 3431302. PMID 22956912.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
Vorstman, Jacob A.S.; Breetvelt, Elemi J.; Thode, Kirstin I.; Chow, Eva W.C.; Bassett, Anne S. (January 2013). "Expression of autism spectrum and schizophrenia in patients with a 22q11.2 deletion". Schizophrenia Research. 143 (1): 55–59. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2012.10.010. PMID 23153825. S2CID 20964079.
Roussos, Panos; McClure, Margaret M.; Hazlett, Erin A.; New, Antonia S.; Siever, Larry J.; Bitsios, Panos; Giakoumaki, Stella G. (2013-03-30). "CACNA1C as a risk factor for schizotypal personality disorder and schizotypy in healthy individuals". Psychiatry Research. 206 (1): 122–123. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.08.039. PMC 4176879. PMID 22985546.
Sullivan, Patrick F.; Kendler, Kenneth S.; Neale, Michael C. (2003-12-01). "Schizophrenia as a complex trait: evidence from a meta-analysis of twin studies". Archives of General Psychiatry. 60 (12): 1187–1192. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.12.1187. PMID 14662550.
Garland, Theodore; Morgan, Martin T.; Swallow, John G.; Rhodes, Justin S.; Girard, Isabelle; Belter, Jason G.; Carter, Patrick A. (June 2002). "Evolution of a small-muscle polymorphism in lines of house mice selected for high activity levels". Evolution. 56 (6): 1267–1275. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2002.tb01437.x. PMID 12144025. S2CID 14217517.
Kelly, Scott A.; Bell, Timothy A.; Selitsky, Sara R.; Buus, Ryan J.; Hua, Kunjie; Weinstock, George M.; Garland, Theodore; Pardo-Manuel de Villena, Fernando; Pomp, Daniel (2013-12-01). "A novel intronic single nucleotide polymorphism in the myosin heavy polypeptide 4 gene is responsible for the mini-muscle phenotype characterized by major reduction in hind-limb muscle mass in mice". Genetics. 195 (4): 1385–1395. doi:10.1534/genetics.113.154476. PMC 3832280. PMID 24056412.
Lehmann, AR (February 1998). "Dual functions of DNA repair genes: molecular, cellular, and clinical implications". BioEssays. 20 (2): 146–55. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-1878(199802)20:2<146::AID-BIES7>3.0.CO;2-R. PMID 9631660. S2CID 25183408.
Forrest, Iain S.; Chaudhary, Kumardeep; Vy, Ha My T.; Bafna, Shantanu; Kim, Soyeon; Won, Hong-Hee; Loos, Ruth J.F.; Cho, Judy; Pasquale, Louis R.; Nadkarni, Girish N.; Rocheleau, Ghislain; Do, Ron (August 2021). "Genetic pleiotropy of ERCC6 loss-of-function and deleterious missense variants links retinal dystrophy, arrhythmia, and immunodeficiency in diverse ancestries". Human Mutation. 42 (8): 969–977. doi:10.1002/humu.24220. PMC 8295228. PMID 34005834.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Paaby, Annalise B.; Rockman, Matthew V. (2016-11-15). "The many faces of pleiotropy". Trends in Genetics. 29 (2): 66–73. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2012.10.010. PMC 3558540. PMID 23140989.
Solovieff, Nadia; Cotsapas, Chris; Lee, Phil H.; Purcell, Shaun M.; Smoller, Jordan W. (July 2013). "Pleiotropy in complex traits: challenges and strategies". Nature Reviews Genetics. 14 (7): 483–495. doi:10.1038/nrg3461. ISSN 1471-0056. PMC 4104202. PMID 23752797.
"Phenylketonuria". Genes and Disease. National Center for Biotechnology Information. 1998.
Stearns, Frank W. (2016-11-15). "One Hundred Years of Pleiotropy: A Retrospective". Genetics. 186 (3): 767–773. doi:10.1534/genetics.110.122549. PMC 2975297. PMID 21062962.
McKusick, V A (1976-05-01). "Letter: Pleiotropism". American Journal of Human Genetics. 28 (3): 301–302. PMC 1685011. PMID 1266859.
Beadle, G. W.; Tatum, E. L. (15 November 1941). "Genetic Control of Biochemical Reactions in Neurospora". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 27 (11): 499–506. Bibcode:1941PNAS...27..499B. doi:10.1073/pnas.27.11.499. PMC 1078370. PMID 16588492.
Edwards, A W (2016-11-15). "The genetical theory of natural selection". Genetics. 154 (4): 1419–1426. doi:10.1093/genetics/154.4.1419. PMC 1461012. PMID 10747041.
Lee, Phil H; Feng, Yen- Chen A.; Smoller, Jordan W (Jan 1, 2021). "Pleiotropy and Cross-Disorder Genetics Among Psychiatric Disorders". Biological Psychiatry. 89: 20–31. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.09.026. PMC 7898275. PMID 33131714.
Chen, Jian-Hai; Landback, Patrick; Arsala, Deanna; Guzzetta, Alexander; Xia, Shengqian; Atlas, Jared; Sosa, Dylan; Zhang, Yong E.; Cheng, Jingqiu; Shen, Bairong; Long, Manyuan (2025-03-01). "Evolutionarily new genes in humans with disease phenotypes reveal functional enrichment patterns shaped by adaptive innovation and sexual selection". Genome Research. 35 (3): 379–392. doi:10.1101/gr.279498.124. ISSN 1088-9051. PMC 11960464. PMID 39952680.
Wang, Zhi; Liao, Ben-Yang; Zhang, Jianzhi (2010-10-19). "Genomic patterns of pleiotropy and the evolution of complexity". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (42): 18034–18039. doi:10.1073/pnas.1004666107. PMC 2964231. PMID 20876104.
Pál, Csaba; Papp, Balázs; Hurst, Laurence D (1 June 2001). "Highly Expressed Genes in Yeast Evolve Slowly". Genetics. 158 (2): 927–931. doi:10.1093/genetics/158.2.927. PMC 1461684. PMID 11430355.
Camps, Manel; Herman, Asael; Loh, Ern; Loeb, Lawrence A. (January 2007). "Genetic Constraints on Protein Evolution". Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 42 (5): 313–326. doi:10.1080/10409230701597642. PMC 3825456. PMID 17917869.
Singh, Nadia D.; Shaw, Kerry L. (3 January 2012). "On the scent of pleiotropy". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109 (1): 5–6. Bibcode:2012PNAS..109....5S. doi:10.1073/pnas.1118531109. PMC 3252949. PMID 22198765.
Lemaître, Jean-François; Berger, Vérane; Bonenfant, Christophe; Douhard, Mathieu; Gamelon, Marlène; Plard, Floriane; Gaillard, Jean-Michel (2015-05-07). "Early-late life trade-offs and the evolution of ageing in the wild". Proc. R. Soc. B. 282 (1806): 20150209. doi:10.1098/rspb.2015.0209. PMC 4426628. PMID 25833848.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
Society, The Royal (2004-04-07). "Two steps forward, one step back: the pleiotropic effects of favoured alleles". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 271 (1540): 705–714. doi:10.1098/rspb.2003.2635. PMC 1691650. PMID 15209104.
Carter, Ashley JR; Nguyen, Andrew Q. (2011-01-01). "Antagonistic pleiotropy as a widespread mechanism for the maintenance of polymorphic disease alleles". BMC Medical Genetics. 12: 160. doi:10.1186/1471-2350-12-160. PMC 3254080. PMID 22151998.
Mocci, Evelina; Ward, Kathryn; Perry, James A.; Starkweather, Angela; Stone, Laura S.; Schabrun, Siobhan M.; Renn, Cynthia; Dorsey, Susan G.; Ament, Seth A. (2023-10-16). "Genome wide association joint analysis reveals 99 risk loci for pain susceptibility and pleiotropic relationships with psychiatric, metabolic, and immunological traits". PLOS Genetics. 19 (10): e1010977. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1010977. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 10602383. PMID 37844115.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
Ng, Chen Siang; Wu, Ping; Foley, John; Foley, Anne; McDonald, Merry-Lynn; Juan, Wen-Tau; Huang, Chih-Jen; Lai, Yu-Ting; Lo, Wen-Sui (2012-07-19). "The Chicken Frizzle Feather Is Due to an α-Keratin (KRT75) Mutation That Causes a Defective Rachis". PLOS Genetics. 8 (7): e1002748. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002748. PMC 3400578. PMID 22829773.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
Johnsson, Martin; Gustafson, Ida; Rubin, Carl-Johan; Sahlqvist, Anna-Stina; Jonsson, Kenneth B.; Kerje, Susanne; Ekwall, Olov; Kämpe, Olle; Andersson, Leif (2012-08-30). "A Sexual Ornament in Chickens Is Affected by Pleiotropic Alleles at HAO1 and BMP2, Selected during Domestication". PLOS Genetics. 8 (8): e1002914. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002914. PMC 3431302. PMID 22956912.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
Roussos, Panos; McClure, Margaret M.; Hazlett, Erin A.; New, Antonia S.; Siever, Larry J.; Bitsios, Panos; Giakoumaki, Stella G. (2013-03-30). "CACNA1C as a risk factor for schizotypal personality disorder and schizotypy in healthy individuals". Psychiatry Research. 206 (1): 122–123. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.08.039. PMC 4176879. PMID 22985546.
Kelly, Scott A.; Bell, Timothy A.; Selitsky, Sara R.; Buus, Ryan J.; Hua, Kunjie; Weinstock, George M.; Garland, Theodore; Pardo-Manuel de Villena, Fernando; Pomp, Daniel (2013-12-01). "A novel intronic single nucleotide polymorphism in the myosin heavy polypeptide 4 gene is responsible for the mini-muscle phenotype characterized by major reduction in hind-limb muscle mass in mice". Genetics. 195 (4): 1385–1395. doi:10.1534/genetics.113.154476. PMC 3832280. PMID 24056412.
Forrest, Iain S.; Chaudhary, Kumardeep; Vy, Ha My T.; Bafna, Shantanu; Kim, Soyeon; Won, Hong-Hee; Loos, Ruth J.F.; Cho, Judy; Pasquale, Louis R.; Nadkarni, Girish N.; Rocheleau, Ghislain; Do, Ron (August 2021). "Genetic pleiotropy of ERCC6 loss-of-function and deleterious missense variants links retinal dystrophy, arrhythmia, and immunodeficiency in diverse ancestries". Human Mutation. 42 (8): 969–977. doi:10.1002/humu.24220. PMC 8295228. PMID 34005834.

nhlbi.nih.gov

"What Is Sickle Cell Disease?". NHLBI. Retrieved 2024-08-05.

rarediseases.org (Global: 5,181^st place; English: 3,260^th place)

"Marfan Syndrome". National Organization for Rare Disorders. 2017. Retrieved 5 November 2016.

sciencedirect.com (Global: 149^th place; English: 178^th place)

Gems, David; Kern, Carina C (28 September 2024). "Biological constraint, evolutionary spandrels and antagonistic pleiotropy". Ageing Research Reviews. 101. doi:10.1016/j.arr.2024.102527. PMID 39374830 – via Elsevier.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; English: 8^th place)

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Pavlicev, Mihaela; Cheverud, James (2015). "Constraints Evolve: Context Dependency of Gene Effects Allows Evolution of Pleiotropy". Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics. 46: 413–434. doi:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-120213-091721. S2CID 85813898.
Berger, David; Berg, Elena C.; Widegren, William; Arnqvist, Göran; Maklakov, Alexei A. (December 2014). "Multivariate intralocus sexual conflict in seed beetles". Evolution. 68 (12): 3457–3469. doi:10.1111/evo.12528. PMID 25213393. S2CID 12606026.
Kirkpatrick, Mark; Ravigné, Virginie (March 2002). "Speciation by Natural and Sexual Selection: Models and Experiments". The American Naturalist. 159 (S3): S22 – S35. Bibcode:2002ANat..159S..22K. doi:10.1086/338370. PMID 18707367. S2CID 16516804.
Pavličev, Mihaela; Cheverud, James M. (4 December 2015). "Constraints Evolve: Context Dependency of Gene Effects Allows Evolution of Pleiotropy". Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics. 46 (1): 413–434. doi:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-120213-091721. S2CID 85813898.
Gladieux, Pierre; Ropars, Jeanne; Badouin, Hélène; Branca, Antoine; Aguileta, Gabriela; Vienne, Damien M.; Rodríguez de la Vega, Ricardo C.; Branco, Sara; Giraud, Tatiana (February 2014). "Fungal evolutionary genomics provides insight into the mechanisms of adaptive divergence in eukaryotes". Molecular Ecology. 23 (4): 753–773. Bibcode:2014MolEc..23..753G. doi:10.1111/mec.12631. hdl:10230/58707. PMID 24341913. S2CID 120555.
Vorstman, Jacob A.S.; Breetvelt, Elemi J.; Thode, Kirstin I.; Chow, Eva W.C.; Bassett, Anne S. (January 2013). "Expression of autism spectrum and schizophrenia in patients with a 22q11.2 deletion". Schizophrenia Research. 143 (1): 55–59. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2012.10.010. PMID 23153825. S2CID 20964079.
Garland, Theodore; Morgan, Martin T.; Swallow, John G.; Rhodes, Justin S.; Girard, Isabelle; Belter, Jason G.; Carter, Patrick A. (June 2002). "Evolution of a small-muscle polymorphism in lines of house mice selected for high activity levels". Evolution. 56 (6): 1267–1275. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2002.tb01437.x. PMID 12144025. S2CID 14217517.
Lehmann, AR (February 1998). "Dual functions of DNA repair genes: molecular, cellular, and clinical implications". BioEssays. 20 (2): 146–55. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-1878(199802)20:2<146::AID-BIES7>3.0.CO;2-R. PMID 9631660. S2CID 25183408.

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"Same DNA deletion paves paths to autism, schizophrenia | Spectrum". Spectrum. 2016-10-18. Retrieved 2016-11-13.

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link.springer.com

Fisch, Gene S. (2022-08-01). "Associating complex traits with genetic variants: polygenic risk scores, pleiotropy and endophenotypes". Genetica. 150 (3): 183–197. doi:10.1007/s10709-021-00138-2. ISSN 1573-6857. PMID 34677750.

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genetics.thetech.org

"Mutations and Disease". The Tech Interactive. Archived from the original on 2012-05-11.

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"Mutations and Disease". The Tech Interactive. Archived from the original on 2012-05-11.

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Solovieff, Nadia; Cotsapas, Chris; Lee, Phil H.; Purcell, Shaun M.; Smoller, Jordan W. (July 2013). "Pleiotropy in complex traits: challenges and strategies". Nature Reviews Genetics. 14 (7): 483–495. doi:10.1038/nrg3461. ISSN 1471-0056. PMC 4104202. PMID 23752797.
Fisch, Gene S. (2022-08-01). "Associating complex traits with genetic variants: polygenic risk scores, pleiotropy and endophenotypes". Genetica. 150 (3): 183–197. doi:10.1007/s10709-021-00138-2. ISSN 1573-6857. PMID 34677750.
Chen, Jian-Hai; Landback, Patrick; Arsala, Deanna; Guzzetta, Alexander; Xia, Shengqian; Atlas, Jared; Sosa, Dylan; Zhang, Yong E.; Cheng, Jingqiu; Shen, Bairong; Long, Manyuan (2025-03-01). "Evolutionarily new genes in humans with disease phenotypes reveal functional enrichment patterns shaped by adaptive innovation and sexual selection". Genome Research. 35 (3): 379–392. doi:10.1101/gr.279498.124. ISSN 1088-9051. PMC 11960464. PMID 39952680.
Mocci, Evelina; Ward, Kathryn; Perry, James A.; Starkweather, Angela; Stone, Laura S.; Schabrun, Siobhan M.; Renn, Cynthia; Dorsey, Susan G.; Ament, Seth A. (2023-10-16). "Genome wide association joint analysis reveals 99 risk loci for pain susceptibility and pleiotropic relationships with psychiatric, metabolic, and immunological traits". PLOS Genetics. 19 (10): e1010977. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1010977. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 10602383. PMID 37844115.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)

Pleiotropy (English Wikipedia)

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