Pleistocene (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Pleistocene" in English language version.

refsWebsite

Global rank English rank

20doi.org

2^nd place

15nih.gov

4^th place

11harvard.edu

18^th place

17^th place

7stratigraphy.org

2,562^nd place

3,215^th place

6semanticscholar.org

11^th place

8^th place

3web.archive.org

1^st place

2worldcat.org

5^th place

2books.google.com

3^rd place

1handle.net

102^nd place

76^th place

1dictionary.com

794^th place

588^th place

1archive.org

6^th place

1etymonline.com

287^th place

321^st place

1japantimes.co.jp

389^th place

273^rd place

1awi.de

low place

1nature.com

234^th place

397^th place

1nationalgeographic.com

344^th place

296^th place

1oregonstate.edu

2,041^st place

1,331^st place

1siberiantimes.com

low place

8,842^nd place

1jstor.org

26^th place

20^th place

1kent.ac.uk

6,512^th place

4,000^th place

1bioguider.com

low place

archive.org

Lyell, Charles (1839). Nouveaux éléments de géologie (in French). Paris, France: Pitois-Levranet. p. 621. From p. 621: "Toutefois, en même temps … et de substituer à la dénomination de Nouveau Pliocène celle plus abrégée de Pleistocène, tirée du grec pleiston, plus, et kainos, récent." (However, at the same time that it became necessary to subdivide the two periods mentioned above, I found that the terms intended to designate these subdivisions were of an inconvenient length, and I have proposed to use in the future the word "Pliocene" for "old Pliocene", and to substitute for the name "new Pliocene" this shorter "Pleistocene", drawn from the Greek pleiston (most) and kainos (recent).)

awi.de

epic.awi.de

Svensson, A.; Nielsen, S. W.; Kipfstuhl, S.; Johnsen, S. J.; Steffensen, J. P.; Bigler, M.; Ruth, U.; Röthlisberger, R. (2005). "Visual stratigraphy of the North Greenland Ice Core Project (NorthGRIP) ice core during the last glacial period" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research. 110 (D2): D02108. Bibcode:2005JGRD..110.2108S. doi:10.1029/2004jd005134.

bioguider.com

Templeton, A. R. (7 March 2002). "Out of Africa again and again" (PDF). Nature. 416 (6876): 45–51. Bibcode:2002Natur.416...45T. doi:10.1038/416045a. PMID 11882887. S2CID 4397398. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 17 November 2017.

books.google.com

Wilmarth, Mary Grace (1925). Bulletin 769: The Geologic Time Classification of the United States Geological Survey Compared With Other Classifications, accompanied by the original definitions of era, period and epoch terms. Washington, D.C., U.S.: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 47.
de Blij, Harm (2012). "Holocene Humanity". Why Geography Matters: More Than Ever (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-991374-9.

dictionary.com

"Pleistocene". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d.

doi.org

Gibbard, Philip; Head, Martin (September 2010). "The newly-ratified definition of the Quaternary System/Period and redefinition of the Pleistocene Series/Epoch, and comparison of proposals advanced prior to formal ratification" (PDF). Episodes. 33 (3): 152–158. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2010/v33i3/002. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
Walker, Mike; Johnse, Sigfus; Rasmussen, Sune; Steffensen, Jørgen-Peder; Popp, Trevor; Gibbard, Phillip; et al. (June 2008). "The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Holocene Series/Epoch (Quaternary System/Period) in the NGRIP ice core". Episodes. 31 (2): 264–267. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2008/v31i2/016. hdl:10289/920.
Zalloua, Pierre A.; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth (6 January 2017). "Mapping Post-Glacial expansions: The Peopling of Southwest Asia". Scientific Reports. 7: 40338. Bibcode:2017NatSR...740338P. doi:10.1038/srep40338. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5216412. PMID 28059138.
Svensson, A.; Nielsen, S. W.; Kipfstuhl, S.; Johnsen, S. J.; Steffensen, J. P.; Bigler, M.; Ruth, U.; Röthlisberger, R. (2005). "Visual stratigraphy of the North Greenland Ice Core Project (NorthGRIP) ice core during the last glacial period" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research. 110 (D2): D02108. Bibcode:2005JGRD..110.2108S. doi:10.1029/2004jd005134.
Rio, D.; Sprovieri, R.; Castradori, D.; Di Stefano, E. (1998). "The Gelasian Stage (Upper Pliocene): a new unit of the global standard chronostratigraphic scale" (PDF). Episodes. 21 (2): 82–87. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1998/v21i2/002.
von der Heyden, Sophie (17 April 2023). "Disentangling population structure in marine species". Nature Reviews Genetics. 24 (Sep 2023): 589. doi:10.1038/s41576-023-00606-9. PMID 37069255. S2CID 258189561. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
Yusuke Suganuma; Hideki Miura; Albert Zondervan; Jun'ichi Okuno (August 2014). "East Antarctic deglaciation and the link to global cooling during the Quaternary: evidence from glacial geomorphology and 10Be surface exposure dating of the Sør Rondane Mountains, Dronning Maud Land". Quaternary Science Reviews. 97: 102–120. Bibcode:2014QSRv...97..102S. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.05.007.
Richmond, G.M.; Fullerton, D.S. (1986). "Summation of Quaternary glaciations in the United States of America". Quaternary Science Reviews. 5: 183–196. Bibcode:1986QSRv....5..183R. doi:10.1016/0277-3791(86)90184-8.
Roy, M.; Clark, P.U.; Barendregt, R.W.; Glasmann; Enkin, R.J. (2004). "Glacial stratigraphy and paleomagnetism of late Cenozoic deposits of the north-central United States" (PDF). Geological Society of America Bulletin. 116 (1–2): 30–41. Bibcode:2004GSAB..116...30R. doi:10.1130/B25325.1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2010.
Aber, J. S. (December 1991). "The Glaciation of Northeastern Kansas". Boreas. 20 (4): 297–314. Bibcode:1991Borea..20..297A. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3885.1991.tb00282.x. (contains a summary of how and why the Nebraskan, Aftonian, Kansan, and Yarmouthian stages were abandoned by modern stratigraphers).
Willeit, M.; Ganopolski, A.; Calov, R.; Brovkin, V. (2019). "Mid-Pleistocene transition in glacial cycles explained by declining CO2 and regolith removal | Science Advances". Science Advances. 5 (4): eaav7337. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aav7337. PMC 6447376. PMID 30949580.
Petra Bajo; et al. (2020). "Persistent influence of obliquity on ice age terminations since the Middle Pleistocene transition". Science. Vol. 367, no. 6483. pp. 1235–1239. doi:10.1126/science.aaw1114.
Lee, Kyung Eun; Clemens, Steven C.; Kubota, Yoshimi; Timmermann, Axel; Holbourn, Ann; Yeh, Sang-Wook; Bae, Si Woong; Ko, Tae Wook (30 September 2021). "Roles of insolation forcing and CO2 forcing on Late Pleistocene seasonal sea surface temperatures". Nature Communications. 12 (1): 5742. Bibcode:2021NatCo..12.5742L. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-26051-y. PMC 8484283. PMID 34593821.
Shatilovich, A. V.; Tchesunov, A. V.; Neretina, T. V.; Grabarnik, I. P.; Gubin, S. V.; Vishnivetskaya, T. A.; Onstott, T. C.; Rivkina, E. M. (16 July 2018). "Viable Nematodes from Late Pleistocene Permafrost of the Kolyma River Lowland". Doklady Biological Sciences. 480 (1): 100–102. doi:10.1134/S0012496618030079. PMID 30009350. S2CID 49743808.
Wall, J.D.; Przeworski, M. (2000). "When did the human population start increasing?". Genetics. 155 (4): 1865–1874. doi:10.1093/genetics/155.4.1865. PMC 1461207. PMID 10924481.
Hublin, Jean-Jacques; Ben-Ncer, Abdelouahed; Bailey, Shara E.; Freidline, Sarah E.; Neubauer, Simon; Skinner, Matthew M.; Bergmann, Inga; Le Cabec, Adeline; Benazzi, Stefano; Harvati, Katerina; Gunz, Philipp (8 June 2017). "New fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the pan-African origin of Homo sapiens" (PDF). Nature. 546 (7657): 289–292. Bibcode:2017Natur.546..289H. doi:10.1038/nature22336. PMID 28593953. S2CID 256771372.
Klein, Richard (1995). "Anatomy, behavior, and modern human origins". Journal of World Prehistory. 9 (2): 167–198. doi:10.1007/bf02221838. S2CID 10402296.
Cann, R.L.; Stoneking, M.; Wilson, A.C. (1 January 1987). "Mitochondrial DNA and human evolution". Nature. 325 (6099): 31–36. Bibcode:1987Natur.325...31C. doi:10.1038/325031a0. PMID 3025745. S2CID 4285418.
Templeton, A. R. (7 March 2002). "Out of Africa again and again" (PDF). Nature. 416 (6876): 45–51. Bibcode:2002Natur.416...45T. doi:10.1038/416045a. PMID 11882887. S2CID 4397398. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 17 November 2017.
Eswarana, Vinayak; Harpendingb, Henry; Rogers, Alan R (July 2005). "Genomics refutes an exclusively African origin of humans". Journal of Human Evolution. 49 (1): 1–18. Bibcode:2005JHumE..49....1E. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2005.02.006. PMID 15878780.

etymonline.com

"Pleistocene". Online Etymology Dictionary.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Walker, Mike; Johnse, Sigfus; Rasmussen, Sune; Steffensen, Jørgen-Peder; Popp, Trevor; Gibbard, Phillip; et al. (June 2008). "The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Holocene Series/Epoch (Quaternary System/Period) in the NGRIP ice core". Episodes. 31 (2): 264–267. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2008/v31i2/016. hdl:10289/920.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Zalloua, Pierre A.; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth (6 January 2017). "Mapping Post-Glacial expansions: The Peopling of Southwest Asia". Scientific Reports. 7: 40338. Bibcode:2017NatSR...740338P. doi:10.1038/srep40338. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5216412. PMID 28059138.
Svensson, A.; Nielsen, S. W.; Kipfstuhl, S.; Johnsen, S. J.; Steffensen, J. P.; Bigler, M.; Ruth, U.; Röthlisberger, R. (2005). "Visual stratigraphy of the North Greenland Ice Core Project (NorthGRIP) ice core during the last glacial period" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research. 110 (D2): D02108. Bibcode:2005JGRD..110.2108S. doi:10.1029/2004jd005134.
Yusuke Suganuma; Hideki Miura; Albert Zondervan; Jun'ichi Okuno (August 2014). "East Antarctic deglaciation and the link to global cooling during the Quaternary: evidence from glacial geomorphology and 10Be surface exposure dating of the Sør Rondane Mountains, Dronning Maud Land". Quaternary Science Reviews. 97: 102–120. Bibcode:2014QSRv...97..102S. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.05.007.
Richmond, G.M.; Fullerton, D.S. (1986). "Summation of Quaternary glaciations in the United States of America". Quaternary Science Reviews. 5: 183–196. Bibcode:1986QSRv....5..183R. doi:10.1016/0277-3791(86)90184-8.
Roy, M.; Clark, P.U.; Barendregt, R.W.; Glasmann; Enkin, R.J. (2004). "Glacial stratigraphy and paleomagnetism of late Cenozoic deposits of the north-central United States" (PDF). Geological Society of America Bulletin. 116 (1–2): 30–41. Bibcode:2004GSAB..116...30R. doi:10.1130/B25325.1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2010.
Aber, J. S. (December 1991). "The Glaciation of Northeastern Kansas". Boreas. 20 (4): 297–314. Bibcode:1991Borea..20..297A. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3885.1991.tb00282.x. (contains a summary of how and why the Nebraskan, Aftonian, Kansan, and Yarmouthian stages were abandoned by modern stratigraphers).
Lee, Kyung Eun; Clemens, Steven C.; Kubota, Yoshimi; Timmermann, Axel; Holbourn, Ann; Yeh, Sang-Wook; Bae, Si Woong; Ko, Tae Wook (30 September 2021). "Roles of insolation forcing and CO2 forcing on Late Pleistocene seasonal sea surface temperatures". Nature Communications. 12 (1): 5742. Bibcode:2021NatCo..12.5742L. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-26051-y. PMC 8484283. PMID 34593821.
Hublin, Jean-Jacques; Ben-Ncer, Abdelouahed; Bailey, Shara E.; Freidline, Sarah E.; Neubauer, Simon; Skinner, Matthew M.; Bergmann, Inga; Le Cabec, Adeline; Benazzi, Stefano; Harvati, Katerina; Gunz, Philipp (8 June 2017). "New fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the pan-African origin of Homo sapiens" (PDF). Nature. 546 (7657): 289–292. Bibcode:2017Natur.546..289H. doi:10.1038/nature22336. PMID 28593953. S2CID 256771372.
Cann, R.L.; Stoneking, M.; Wilson, A.C. (1 January 1987). "Mitochondrial DNA and human evolution". Nature. 325 (6099): 31–36. Bibcode:1987Natur.325...31C. doi:10.1038/325031a0. PMID 3025745. S2CID 4285418.
Templeton, A. R. (7 March 2002). "Out of Africa again and again" (PDF). Nature. 416 (6876): 45–51. Bibcode:2002Natur.416...45T. doi:10.1038/416045a. PMID 11882887. S2CID 4397398. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 17 November 2017.
Eswarana, Vinayak; Harpendingb, Henry; Rogers, Alan R (July 2005). "Genomics refutes an exclusively African origin of humans". Journal of Human Evolution. 49 (1): 1–18. Bibcode:2005JHumE..49....1E. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2005.02.006. PMID 15878780.

japantimes.co.jp

"Japan-based name 'Chibanian' set to represent geologic age of last magnetic shift". The Japan Times. 14 November 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2018.

jstor.org

Rogers, A.R.; Jorde, L.B. (1995). "Genetic evidence on modern human origins". Human Biology. 67 (1): 1–36. JSTOR 41465052. PMID 7721272.

kent.ac.uk

kar.kent.ac.uk

Hublin, Jean-Jacques; Ben-Ncer, Abdelouahed; Bailey, Shara E.; Freidline, Sarah E.; Neubauer, Simon; Skinner, Matthew M.; Bergmann, Inga; Le Cabec, Adeline; Benazzi, Stefano; Harvati, Katerina; Gunz, Philipp (8 June 2017). "New fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the pan-African origin of Homo sapiens" (PDF). Nature. 546 (7657): 289–292. Bibcode:2017Natur.546..289H. doi:10.1038/nature22336. PMID 28593953. S2CID 256771372.

nationalgeographic.com

"Quaternary Period". National Geographic. 6 January 2017. Archived from the original on 20 March 2017.

nature.com

von der Heyden, Sophie (17 April 2023). "Disentangling population structure in marine species". Nature Reviews Genetics. 24 (Sep 2023): 589. doi:10.1038/s41576-023-00606-9. PMID 37069255. S2CID 258189561. Retrieved 16 August 2023.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Zalloua, Pierre A.; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth (6 January 2017). "Mapping Post-Glacial expansions: The Peopling of Southwest Asia". Scientific Reports. 7: 40338. Bibcode:2017NatSR...740338P. doi:10.1038/srep40338. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5216412. PMID 28059138.
von der Heyden, Sophie (17 April 2023). "Disentangling population structure in marine species". Nature Reviews Genetics. 24 (Sep 2023): 589. doi:10.1038/s41576-023-00606-9. PMID 37069255. S2CID 258189561. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
Willeit, M.; Ganopolski, A.; Calov, R.; Brovkin, V. (2019). "Mid-Pleistocene transition in glacial cycles explained by declining CO2 and regolith removal | Science Advances". Science Advances. 5 (4): eaav7337. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aav7337. PMC 6447376. PMID 30949580.
Lee, Kyung Eun; Clemens, Steven C.; Kubota, Yoshimi; Timmermann, Axel; Holbourn, Ann; Yeh, Sang-Wook; Bae, Si Woong; Ko, Tae Wook (30 September 2021). "Roles of insolation forcing and CO2 forcing on Late Pleistocene seasonal sea surface temperatures". Nature Communications. 12 (1): 5742. Bibcode:2021NatCo..12.5742L. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-26051-y. PMC 8484283. PMID 34593821.
Shatilovich, A. V.; Tchesunov, A. V.; Neretina, T. V.; Grabarnik, I. P.; Gubin, S. V.; Vishnivetskaya, T. A.; Onstott, T. C.; Rivkina, E. M. (16 July 2018). "Viable Nematodes from Late Pleistocene Permafrost of the Kolyma River Lowland". Doklady Biological Sciences. 480 (1): 100–102. doi:10.1134/S0012496618030079. PMID 30009350. S2CID 49743808.
Rogers, A.R.; Jorde, L.B. (1995). "Genetic evidence on modern human origins". Human Biology. 67 (1): 1–36. JSTOR 41465052. PMID 7721272.
Wall, J.D.; Przeworski, M. (2000). "When did the human population start increasing?". Genetics. 155 (4): 1865–1874. doi:10.1093/genetics/155.4.1865. PMC 1461207. PMID 10924481.
Hublin, Jean-Jacques; Ben-Ncer, Abdelouahed; Bailey, Shara E.; Freidline, Sarah E.; Neubauer, Simon; Skinner, Matthew M.; Bergmann, Inga; Le Cabec, Adeline; Benazzi, Stefano; Harvati, Katerina; Gunz, Philipp (8 June 2017). "New fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the pan-African origin of Homo sapiens" (PDF). Nature. 546 (7657): 289–292. Bibcode:2017Natur.546..289H. doi:10.1038/nature22336. PMID 28593953. S2CID 256771372.
Cann, R.L.; Stoneking, M.; Wilson, A.C. (1 January 1987). "Mitochondrial DNA and human evolution". Nature. 325 (6099): 31–36. Bibcode:1987Natur.325...31C. doi:10.1038/325031a0. PMID 3025745. S2CID 4285418.
Templeton, A. R. (7 March 2002). "Out of Africa again and again" (PDF). Nature. 416 (6876): 45–51. Bibcode:2002Natur.416...45T. doi:10.1038/416045a. PMID 11882887. S2CID 4397398. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 17 November 2017.
Eswarana, Vinayak; Harpendingb, Henry; Rogers, Alan R (July 2005). "Genomics refutes an exclusively African origin of humans". Journal of Human Evolution. 49 (1): 1–18. Bibcode:2005JHumE..49....1E. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2005.02.006. PMID 15878780.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Zalloua, Pierre A.; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth (6 January 2017). "Mapping Post-Glacial expansions: The Peopling of Southwest Asia". Scientific Reports. 7: 40338. Bibcode:2017NatSR...740338P. doi:10.1038/srep40338. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5216412. PMID 28059138.
Willeit, M.; Ganopolski, A.; Calov, R.; Brovkin, V. (2019). "Mid-Pleistocene transition in glacial cycles explained by declining CO2 and regolith removal | Science Advances". Science Advances. 5 (4): eaav7337. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aav7337. PMC 6447376. PMID 30949580.
Lee, Kyung Eun; Clemens, Steven C.; Kubota, Yoshimi; Timmermann, Axel; Holbourn, Ann; Yeh, Sang-Wook; Bae, Si Woong; Ko, Tae Wook (30 September 2021). "Roles of insolation forcing and CO2 forcing on Late Pleistocene seasonal sea surface temperatures". Nature Communications. 12 (1): 5742. Bibcode:2021NatCo..12.5742L. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-26051-y. PMC 8484283. PMID 34593821.
Wall, J.D.; Przeworski, M. (2000). "When did the human population start increasing?". Genetics. 155 (4): 1865–1874. doi:10.1093/genetics/155.4.1865. PMC 1461207. PMID 10924481.

oregonstate.edu

geo.oregonstate.edu

Roy, M.; Clark, P.U.; Barendregt, R.W.; Glasmann; Enkin, R.J. (2004). "Glacial stratigraphy and paleomagnetism of late Cenozoic deposits of the north-central United States" (PDF). Geological Society of America Bulletin. 116 (1–2): 30–41. Bibcode:2004GSAB..116...30R. doi:10.1130/B25325.1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2010.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

von der Heyden, Sophie (17 April 2023). "Disentangling population structure in marine species". Nature Reviews Genetics. 24 (Sep 2023): 589. doi:10.1038/s41576-023-00606-9. PMID 37069255. S2CID 258189561. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
Shatilovich, A. V.; Tchesunov, A. V.; Neretina, T. V.; Grabarnik, I. P.; Gubin, S. V.; Vishnivetskaya, T. A.; Onstott, T. C.; Rivkina, E. M. (16 July 2018). "Viable Nematodes from Late Pleistocene Permafrost of the Kolyma River Lowland". Doklady Biological Sciences. 480 (1): 100–102. doi:10.1134/S0012496618030079. PMID 30009350. S2CID 49743808.
Hublin, Jean-Jacques; Ben-Ncer, Abdelouahed; Bailey, Shara E.; Freidline, Sarah E.; Neubauer, Simon; Skinner, Matthew M.; Bergmann, Inga; Le Cabec, Adeline; Benazzi, Stefano; Harvati, Katerina; Gunz, Philipp (8 June 2017). "New fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the pan-African origin of Homo sapiens" (PDF). Nature. 546 (7657): 289–292. Bibcode:2017Natur.546..289H. doi:10.1038/nature22336. PMID 28593953. S2CID 256771372.
Klein, Richard (1995). "Anatomy, behavior, and modern human origins". Journal of World Prehistory. 9 (2): 167–198. doi:10.1007/bf02221838. S2CID 10402296.
Cann, R.L.; Stoneking, M.; Wilson, A.C. (1 January 1987). "Mitochondrial DNA and human evolution". Nature. 325 (6099): 31–36. Bibcode:1987Natur.325...31C. doi:10.1038/325031a0. PMID 3025745. S2CID 4285418.
Templeton, A. R. (7 March 2002). "Out of Africa again and again" (PDF). Nature. 416 (6876): 45–51. Bibcode:2002Natur.416...45T. doi:10.1038/416045a. PMID 11882887. S2CID 4397398. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 17 November 2017.

siberiantimes.com

"Worms frozen in permafrost for up to 42,000 years come back to life". The Siberian Times. 26 July 2018. Retrieved 25 August 2021.

stratigraphy.org

"International Chronostratigraphic Chart" (PDF). International Commission on Stratigraphy. September 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2024.
Gibbard, Philip; Head, Martin (September 2010). "The newly-ratified definition of the Quaternary System/Period and redefinition of the Pleistocene Series/Epoch, and comparison of proposals advanced prior to formal ratification" (PDF). Episodes. 33 (3): 152–158. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2010/v33i3/002. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
"International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2017/02". International Commission on Stratigraphy. 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2018.
Riccardi, Alberto C. (30 June 2009). "IUGS ratified ICS Recommendation on redefinition of Pleistocene and formal definition of base of Quaternary" International Union of Geological Sciences
Rio, D.; Sprovieri, R.; Castradori, D.; Di Stefano, E. (1998). "The Gelasian Stage (Upper Pliocene): a new unit of the global standard chronostratigraphic scale" (PDF). Episodes. 21 (2): 82–87. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1998/v21i2/002.

quaternary.stratigraphy.org

"Major Divisions". Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy. International Commission on Stratigraphy. Retrieved 17 December 2024.
"Formal subdivision of the Pleistocene Series/Epoch". Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (International Commission on Stratigraphy). 4 January 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2018.

web.archive.org

"Quaternary Period". National Geographic. 6 January 2017. Archived from the original on 20 March 2017.
Roy, M.; Clark, P.U.; Barendregt, R.W.; Glasmann; Enkin, R.J. (2004). "Glacial stratigraphy and paleomagnetism of late Cenozoic deposits of the north-central United States" (PDF). Geological Society of America Bulletin. 116 (1–2): 30–41. Bibcode:2004GSAB..116...30R. doi:10.1130/B25325.1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2010.
Templeton, A. R. (7 March 2002). "Out of Africa again and again" (PDF). Nature. 416 (6876): 45–51. Bibcode:2002Natur.416...45T. doi:10.1038/416045a. PMID 11882887. S2CID 4397398. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 17 November 2017.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Zalloua, Pierre A.; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth (6 January 2017). "Mapping Post-Glacial expansions: The Peopling of Southwest Asia". Scientific Reports. 7: 40338. Bibcode:2017NatSR...740338P. doi:10.1038/srep40338. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5216412. PMID 28059138.
Coles, J. M. (1975). The archaeology of early man. E. S. Higgs. Harmondsworth: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-055107-7. OCLC 2966860.