Plutonium-238 (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Plutonium-238" in English language version.

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acs.org

"Plutonium-238 Production for Space Exploration". Retrieved 15 July 2020.

archive.org

Welsome, Eileen (1999). The Plutonium Files:America's Secret Medical Experiments in the Cold War. Dial Press. ISBN 978-0385314022. Retrieved 18 November 2012.

danieljohndoyle.com

Doyle, D. John (April 2013). "The Rise and Fall of the Nuclear Pacemaker" (PDF). p. 13. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.

dissident-media.org

"Le pacemaker atomique" [The atomic pacemaker]. www.dissident-media.org (in French). Archived from the original on 20 June 2023. Retrieved 2021-09-02.

doe.gov

ne.doe.gov

"Plutonium-238 Production Project" (PDF). Department of Energy. 5 February 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 3, 2012. Retrieved 2 July 2012.

doi.org

Johnson, Ernest (October 1988). "Light-Weight Radioisotope Heater Unit Final Analysis Safety Report". www.osti.gov. doi:10.2172/6531256. Retrieved September 21, 2020.
Morgan, Karl Z.; Snyder, W. S.; Ford, M. R. (1964). "Relative Hazard of the Various Radioactive Materials". Health Physics. 10 (3): 151–169. doi:10.1097/00004032-196403000-00002. PMID 14126790.

dropboxusercontent.com

dl.dropboxusercontent.com

"MLM-CF-67-1-71 Plutonium 238 Oxide Shipment No. 33" (PDF). 1966-12-30. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-08-16. Retrieved 2016-08-05.
"Little Known Pu Stories" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-08-16. Retrieved 2016-08-05.
G. R. Grove to D. L. Scot (1963-01-21). "Trip Report" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-08-16. Retrieved 2016-08-05.
Carol Craig. "RTG: A Source of Power; A History of the Radioisotopic Thermoelectric Generators Fueled at Mound (MLM-MU-82-72-0006)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-08-16.
"Cardiac Pacemaker" (PDF). Monsanto Research Corporation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-08-16.

energy.gov

Miotla, Dennis (April 21, 2008). "Assessment of Plutonium-238 production alternatives" (PDF). www.energy.gov. p. 3. Retrieved September 21, 2020.
"Space and Defense Power Systems". US Department of Energy. Retrieved 2022-04-18.

hss.energy.gov

Final Report Archived 2013-02-24 at the Wayback Machine, Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments, 1985

fas.org

Calculated from the atomic weight and the atomic volume. The unit cell, containing 16 atoms, has a volume of 319.96 cubic Å, according to Siegfried S. Hecker (2000). "Plutonium and its alloys: from atoms to microstructure" (PDF). Los Alamos Science. 26: 331.. This gives a density for ²³⁸Pu of (1.66053906660×10⁻²⁴g/dalton×238.0495599 daltons/atom×16 atoms/unit cell)/(319.96 Å³/unit cell × 10⁻²⁴cc/Å³) or 19.8 g/cc.
Moss, William; Eckhardt, Roger (1995). "The Human Plutonium Injection Experiments" (PDF). Los Alamos Science. Radiation Protection and the Human Radiation Experiments (23): 177–223. Retrieved 13 November 2012.

fissilematerials.org

United States to ship neptunium to Canada as part of Pu-238 production. International Panel on Fissile Materials. 5 March 2017.

forbes.com

NASA Doesn't Have Enough Nuclear Fuel For Its Deep Space Missions. Ethan Siegel, Forbes. 13 December 2018.

governmentattic.org

Hewlett, Richard G.; Anderson, Oscar E. (1962). The New World, 1939–1946 (PDF). University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 978-0-520-07186-5. OCLC 637004643. Retrieved 26 March 2013.

inl.gov

nuclear.inl.gov

"Commonly Asked Questions About Radioisotope Power Systems" (PDF). Idaho National Laboratory. July 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 28, 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-24.

invent.org

National Inventors Hall of Fame - John Birden Archived 2016-09-17 at the Wayback Machine.

jstor.org

Mahefkey, Edward T.; Berganini, David F. (1966). "Radioisotope Power Subsystems for Space Application". SAE Transactions. 74: 555–565. ISSN 0096-736X. JSTOR 44554237.

lanl.gov

Kathy DeLucas; Jim Foxx; Robert Nance (January–March 2005). "From heat sources to heart sources: Los Alamos made material for plutonium-powered pumper". Actinide Research Quarterly. Retrieved 2015-07-09.

lbl.gov

Seaborg, Glenn T. "An Early History of LBNL: Elements 93 and 94". Advanced Computing for Science Department, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Archived from the original on November 5, 2014. Retrieved September 17, 2008.

libretexts.org

chem.libretexts.org

"The Discovery and Isolation of Plutonium". 29 September 2014.

medicaldesignandoutsourcing.com

"MedTech Memoirs: The Plutonium-Powered Pacemaker". Medical Design and Outsourcing. 2016-01-13. Archived from the original on 20 June 2023. Retrieved 2021-09-02.

msn.com

Scientists Find a New Way To Create the Plutonium That Powers Deep Space Missions. David Grossman, Popular Mechanics. 9 January 2019.

nasa.gov

Steven D. Howe; Douglas Crawford; Jorge Navarro; Terry Ring. "Economical Production of Pu - 238: Feasibility Study" (PDF). Center for Space Nuclear Research. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-04. Retrieved 2013-03-19.

nature.com

Alexandra Witze, Nuclear power: Desperately seeking plutonium, NASA has 35 kg of ²³⁸Pu to power its deep-space missions - but that will not get it very far., Nature, 25 Nov 2014

neutronbytes.com

NASA Re-starts PU-238 Production at Two Sites, Neutron Bytes, March 5, 2017

newatlas.com

US restarts production of plutonium-238 to power space missions. David Szondy, New Atlas. 23 December 2015.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Morgan, Karl Z.; Snyder, W. S.; Ford, M. R. (1964). "Relative Hazard of the Various Radioactive Materials". Health Physics. 10 (3): 151–169. doi:10.1097/00004032-196403000-00002. PMID 14126790.

orau.org

"Plutonium Powered Pacemaker (1974)". Oak Ridge Associated Universities. 10 May 2011. Archived from the original on 2 March 2019.

oregonstate.edu

ne.oregonstate.edu

Rebuilding the supply of Pu-238. Oregon State University.

ornl.gov

Walli, Ron (22 December 2015). "ORNL achieves milestone with plutonium-238 sample". Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Retrieved 22 December 2015.

osti.gov

Glenn T. Seaborg (September 1981). Plutonium Story. Actinides-1981 conference, Pacific Grove, CA, USA, 10 Sep 1981. Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California. LBL-13492, DE82 004551.
Plutonium in Man: A Twenty-Five Year Review, UCRL 20850, TID-4500 (58th Ed.), Patricia W. Durbin, 1971.
Rowland, R.E., and Durbin, P.W. Survival, causes of death, and estimated tissue doses in a group of human beings injected with plutonium. United States: N. p., 1975. Web.
Johnson, Ernest (October 1988). "Light-Weight Radioisotope Heater Unit Final Analysis Safety Report". www.osti.gov. doi:10.2172/6531256. Retrieved September 21, 2020.

patents.google.com

"Final Safety Analysis Report, January 15, 1975 (MLM-ENG-105)".
"Process for producing ultra-pure ... - Google Patents". Retrieved 2011-09-19.

popsci.com.au

"Plutonium-238 Is Produced In America For The First Time In Almost 30 Years". Australian Popular Science. Archived from the original on 2020-08-06. Retrieved 2017-03-01.

reuters.com

Emery, Gene (19 December 2007). "Nuclear pacemaker still energized after 34 years". Reuters. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021.

spaceflightnow.com

Clark, Stephen (20 March 2013). "U.S. laboratory produces first plutonium in 25 years". Spaceflightnow. Retrieved 21 March 2013.

srs.gov

sti.srs.gov

A. Blanchard; et al. (1999). Updated Critical Mass Estimates for Plutonium-238 (WSRC-MS-99-00313) (Report). Savannah River Site.

srs.gov

"SRS - History Highlights". www.srs.gov. Retrieved 2017-11-30.

stanford.edu

large.stanford.edu

Werner, J.E.; Barklay, C.D.; Bickford, W.E.; Lord, D.B. (2013). Summary of Plutonium-238 Production Alternatives: Analysis Final Report (PDF) (Report). Idaho National Laboratory. INL/EXT-13-28846.

thoriumenergyalliance.com

"NASA needs Pu-238 now. The Medical Community needs isotopes now. Report to Congress on the Extraction of Medical Isotopes from Uranium-233" (PDF). U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Energy, Science and Technology, Office of Isotopes for Medical Science. March 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-21. Retrieved 2013-09-21.

unt.edu

digital.library.unt.edu

Morgan, Karl Z.; Snyder, W. S.; Ford, M. R. (1964). "Relative Hazard of the Various Radioactive Materials". Health Physics. 10 (3): 151–169. doi:10.1097/00004032-196403000-00002. PMID 14126790.

usra.edu

lpi.usra.edu

Caponiti, Alice. "Space and Defense Power Systems Program Information Briefing" (PDF). Lunar and Planetary Institute. NASA. Retrieved 24 March 2015.

vice.com

motherboard.vice.com

Scientists Are Automating Plutonium Production So NASA Can Explore Deep Space. Daniel Oberhaus, Motherboard. 9 January 2019.

washingtonpost.com

Harvey, Chelsea (30 December 2015). "This is the fuel NASA needs to make it to the edge of the solar system - and beyond". The Washington Post. Retrieved 4 January 2016.

web.archive.org

"MLM-CF-67-1-71 Plutonium 238 Oxide Shipment No. 33" (PDF). 1966-12-30. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-08-16. Retrieved 2016-08-05.
Seaborg, Glenn T. "An Early History of LBNL: Elements 93 and 94". Advanced Computing for Science Department, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Archived from the original on November 5, 2014. Retrieved September 17, 2008.
Final Report Archived 2013-02-24 at the Wayback Machine, Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments, 1985
"Little Known Pu Stories" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-08-16. Retrieved 2016-08-05.
G. R. Grove to D. L. Scot (1963-01-21). "Trip Report" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-08-16. Retrieved 2016-08-05.
Carol Craig. "RTG: A Source of Power; A History of the Radioisotopic Thermoelectric Generators Fueled at Mound (MLM-MU-82-72-0006)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-08-16.
"Cardiac Pacemaker" (PDF). Monsanto Research Corporation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-08-16.
Doyle, D. John (April 2013). "The Rise and Fall of the Nuclear Pacemaker" (PDF). p. 13. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
Emery, Gene (19 December 2007). "Nuclear pacemaker still energized after 34 years". Reuters. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021.
"Plutonium Powered Pacemaker (1974)". Oak Ridge Associated Universities. 10 May 2011. Archived from the original on 2 March 2019.
"MedTech Memoirs: The Plutonium-Powered Pacemaker". Medical Design and Outsourcing. 2016-01-13. Archived from the original on 20 June 2023. Retrieved 2021-09-02.
"Le pacemaker atomique" [The atomic pacemaker]. www.dissident-media.org (in French). Archived from the original on 20 June 2023. Retrieved 2021-09-02.
"NASA needs Pu-238 now. The Medical Community needs isotopes now. Report to Congress on the Extraction of Medical Isotopes from Uranium-233" (PDF). U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Energy, Science and Technology, Office of Isotopes for Medical Science. March 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-21. Retrieved 2013-09-21.
Steven D. Howe; Douglas Crawford; Jorge Navarro; Terry Ring. "Economical Production of Pu - 238: Feasibility Study" (PDF). Center for Space Nuclear Research. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-04. Retrieved 2013-03-19.
"Plutonium-238 Is Produced In America For The First Time In Almost 30 Years". Australian Popular Science. Archived from the original on 2020-08-06. Retrieved 2017-03-01.
"Commonly Asked Questions About Radioisotope Power Systems" (PDF). Idaho National Laboratory. July 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 28, 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-24.
"Plutonium-238 Production Project" (PDF). Department of Energy. 5 February 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 3, 2012. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
National Inventors Hall of Fame - John Birden Archived 2016-09-17 at the Wayback Machine.

worldcat.org

Hewlett, Richard G.; Anderson, Oscar E. (1962). The New World, 1939–1946 (PDF). University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 978-0-520-07186-5. OCLC 637004643. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
Mahefkey, Edward T.; Berganini, David F. (1966). "Radioisotope Power Subsystems for Space Application". SAE Transactions. 74: 555–565. ISSN 0096-736X. JSTOR 44554237.