Pogrom (English Wikipedia)
Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Pogrom" in English language version.
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academia.edu
- Newman, Barbara (March 2012). "The Passion of the Jews of Prague: The Pogrom of 1389 and the Lessons of a Medieval Parody". Church History. p. 1-26.
aish.com
- "Shtetl". Encyclopaedia Judaica. The Gale Group – via Jewish Virtual Library. Also in: Rabbi Ken Spiro (9 May 2009). "Pale of Settlement". History Crash Course #56. Aish.com.
archive.org
- Gilbert, Martin (1986). The Holocaust: the Jewish tragedy. Collins. pp. 30–33. ISBN 978-0-00-216305-7.
- Elon, Amos (2002). The Pity of It All: A History of the Jews in Germany, 1743–1933. Metropolitan Books. p. 103. ISBN 0-8050-5964-4.
- Morgenthau, Henry (1922). All in a Life-time. Doubleday & Page. p. 414. OCLC 25930642.
Minsk Bolsheviks.
- Piotrowski, Tadeusz (1997). Poland's Holocaust. McFarland & Company. p. 164. ISBN 0-7864-0371-3.
LAF units distinguished themselves by committing murder, rape, and pillage.
- New York Media, LLC (9 September 1991). New York Magazine. New York Media, LLC. p. 28. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
- Gioseffi, Daniela (1993). On Prejudice: A Global Perspective. Anchor Books. p. 246. ISBN 978-0-385-46938-8. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
...Andric describes the "Sarajevo frenzy of hate" that erupted among Muslims, Roman Catholics, and Orthodox believers following the assassination on June 28, 1914, of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo...
bbc.co.uk
news.bbc.co.uk
- Bedi, Rahul (1 November 2009). "Indira Gandhi's death remembered". BBC. Archived from the original on 2 November 2009. Retrieved 2 November 2009.
The 25th anniversary of Indira Gandhi's assassination revives stark memories of some 3,000 Sikhs killed brutally in the orderly pogrom that followed her killing
- "Olmert condemns settler 'pogrom'". BBC News. 7 December 2008. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
- Bedi, Rahul (1 November 2009). "Indira Gandhi's death remembered". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2 November 2009. Retrieved 2 November 2009.
The 25th anniversary of Indira Gandhi's assassination revives stark memories of some 3,000 Sikhs killed brutally in the orderly pogrom that followed her killing.
bbc.co.uk
- Prior, Neil (19 August 2011). "History debate over anti-Semitism in 1911 Tredegar riot". BBC News.
bookrags.com
- Tragic Week Summary. BookRags.com. 2 November 2010. Retrieved 24 October 2011.
books.google.com
- Brass, Paul R. (1996). Riots and Pogroms. New York University Press. p. 3. Introduction. ISBN 978-0-8147-1282-5.
- Atkin, Nicholas; Biddiss, Michael; Tallett, Frank (23 May 2011). The Wiley-Blackwell Dictionary of Modern European History Since 1789. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4443-9072-8. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
- Klier, John (2011). Russians, Jews, and the Pogroms of 1881–1882. Cambridge University Press. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-521-89548-4.
By the twentieth century, the word "pogrom" had become a generic term in English for all forms of collective violence directed against Jews. The term was especially associated with Eastern Europe and the Russian Empire, the scene of the most serious outbreaks of anti-Jewish violence before the Holocaust. Yet when applied indiscriminately to events in Eastern Europe, the term can be misleading, the more so when it implies that "pogroms" were regular events in the region and that they always shared common features. In fact, outbreaks of mass violence against Jews were extraordinary events, not a regular feature of East European life.
- Bergmann, Werner (2003). "Pogroms". International Handbook of Violence Research. p. 352–55. doi:10.1007/978-0-306-48039-3_19. ISBN 978-1-4020-3980-5.
- Dekel-Chen, Jonathan; Gaunt, David; Meir, Natan M.; Bartal, Israel, eds. (26 November 2010). Anti-Jewish Violence. Rethinking the Pogrom in East European History. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-00478-9.
Engel states that although there are no "essential defining characteristics of a pogrom", the majority of the incidents "habitually" described as pogroms "took place in divided societies in which ethnicity or religion (or both) served as significant definers of both social boundaries and social rank.
- Weinberg, Sonja (2010). Pogroms and Riots: German Press Responses to Anti-Jewish Violence in Germany and Russia (1881–1882). Peter Lang. p. 193. ISBN 978-3-631-60214-0.
Most contemporaries claimed that the pogroms were directed against Jewish property, not against Jews, a claim so far not contradicted by research.
- Klier, John D.; Abulafia, Anna Sapir (2001). Religious Violence Between Christians and Jews: Medieval Roots, Modern Perspectives. Springer. p. 165. ISBN 978-1-4039-1382-1.
The pogroms themselves seem to have largely followed a set of unwritten rules. They were directed against Jewish property only.
- International handbook of violence research. Vol. 1. Springer. 2005. ISBN 978-1-4020-3980-5.
The word "pogrom" (from the Russian, meaning storm or devastation) has a relatively short history. Its international currency dates back to the anti-Semitic excesses in Tsarist Russia during the years 1881–1883, but the phenomenon existed in the same form at a much earlier date and was by no means confined to Russia. As John D. Klier points out in his seminal article "The pogrom paradigm in Russian history", the anti-Semitic pogroms in Russia were described by contemporaries as demonstrations, persecution, or struggle, and the government made use of the term besporiadok (unrest, riot) to emphasize the breach of public order. Then, during the twentieth century, the term began to develop along two separate lines. In the Soviet Union, the word lost its anti-Semitic connotation and came to be used for reactionary forms of political unrest and, from 1989, for outbreaks of interethnic violence; while in the West, the anti-Semitic overtones were retained and government orchestration or acquiescence was emphasized.
- Davies, Norman (2005). "Rossiya: The Russian Partition (1772–1918)". God's Playground: a history of Poland. Clarendon Press. pp. 60–61. ISBN 978-0-19-925340-1. Volume II: Revised Edition.
- John Doyle Klier; Shlomo Lambroza (2004). Pogroms: Anti-Jewish Violence in Modern Russian History. Cambridge University Press. p. 376. ISBN 978-0-521-52851-1. Also in: Omer Bartov (2013). Shatterzone of Empires. Indiana University Press. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-253-00631-8.
Note 45. It should be remembered that for all the violence and property damage caused by the 1881 pogroms, the number of deaths could be counted on one hand.
For further information, see: Oleg Budnitskii (2012). Russian Jews Between the Reds and the Whites, 1917–1920. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 17–20. ISBN 978-0-8122-0814-6. - Joseph, Paul (2016). The SAGE Encyclopedia of War. SAGE Publications. p. 1353. ISBN 978-1-4833-5988-5.
- Sergei Kan (2009). Lev Shternberg. U of Nebraska Press. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-8032-2470-4.
- Lambroza, Shlomo (1993). "Jewish self-defence". In Strauss, Herbert A. (ed.). Current Research on Anti-Semitism: Hostages of Modernization. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 1256, 1244–45. ISBN 978-3-11-013715-6.
- Tatz, Colin (2016). The Magnitude of Genocide. Winton Higgins. ABC-CLIO. p. 26. ISBN 978-1-4408-3161-4.
- Kleg, Milton (1993). Hate Prejudice and Racism. SUNY Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-7914-1536-8.
- Gitelman, Zvi Y. (2001). Revolution and the Ambiguities. Indiana University Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-253-33811-2. Chapter 2.
- Levin, Nora (1991). The Jews in the Soviet Union Since 1917: Paradox of Survival. New York University Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-8147-5051-3.
- Gitelman, Zvi Y. (2001). A Century of Ambivalence: The Jews of Russia and the Soviet Union, 1881 to the Present. Indiana University Press. pp. 65–70. ISBN 978-0-253-33811-2.
- Kadish, Sharman (1992). Bolsheviks and British Jews: The Anglo-Jewish Community, Britain, and the Russian Revolution. Routledge. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-7146-3371-8.
- Yekelchyk, Serhy (2007). Ukraine: Birth of a Modern Nation. Oxford University Press. p. 106. ISBN 978-0-19-530546-3.
- Magocsi, Paul Robert (2010). History of Ukraine – The Land and Its Peoples. University of Toronto Press. p. 537. ISBN 978-1-4426-4085-6.
- Sloin, Andrew (2017). The Jewish Revolution in Belorussia: Economy, Race, and Bolshevik Power. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-02463-3..
- Wandycz, Piotr Stefan (1980). The United States and Poland. Harvard University Press. p. 166. ISBN 978-0-674-92685-1. American foreign policy library.
- Stachura, Peter D. (2004). Poland, 1918–1945: an Interpretive and Documentary History of the Second Republic. Psychology Press. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-415-34358-9.
- Bemporad, Elissa (2013). Becoming Soviet Jews: The Bolshevik Experiment in Minsk. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-00827-5.
- Michlic, Joanna B. (2006). Poland's Threatening Other: The Image of the Jew from 1880 to the Present. University of Nebraska Press. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-8032-5637-8.
In three days 72 Jews were murdered and 443 others injured. The chief perpetrators of these murders were soldiers and officers of the so-called Blue Army, set up in France in 1917 by General Jozef Haller (1893–1960) and lawless civilians
- Strauss, Herbert Arthur (1993). Hostages of Modernization: Studies on Modern Antisemitism, 1870–1933/39. Walter de Gruyter. p. 1048. ISBN 978-3-11-013715-6.
- Gilman, Sander L.; Shain, Milton (1999). Jewries at the Frontier: Accommodation, Identity, Conflict. University of Illinois Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-252-06792-1.
After the end of the fighting and as a result of the Polish victory, some of the Polish soldiers and the civilian population started a pogrom against the Jewish inhabitants. Polish soldiers maintained that the Jews had sympathized with the Ukrainian position during the conflicts
- Rozenblit, Marsha L. (2001). Reconstructing a National Identity: The Jews of Habsburg Austria during World War I. Oxford University Press. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-19-535066-1.
The largest pogrom occurred in Lemberg [= Lwow]. Polish soldiers led an attack on the Jewish quarter of the city on November 21–23, 1918 that claimed 73 Jewish lives.
- Gitelman, Zvi Y. (2003). The Emergence of Modern Jewish Politics: Bundism and Zionism in Eastern Europe. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-8229-4188-0.
In November 1918, Polish soldiers who had taken Lwow (Lviv) from the Ukrainians killed more than seventy Jews in a pogrom there, burning synagogues, destroying Jewish property, and leaving hundreds of Jewish families homeless.
- Zimmerman, Joshua D. (2003). Contested memories. Rutgers University Press. pp. 67–68. ISBN 978-0-8135-3158-8.
- Levy, Richard S. (24 May 2005). Antisemitism. ABC-CLIO. p. 366. ISBN 978-1-85109-439-4.
- Feinstein, Sara (2005). Sunshine, Blossoms and Blood. University Press of America. ISBN 978-0-7618-3142-6. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
- Judge, Edward H. (February 1995). Easter in Kishinev. New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-4223-5. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
- Abramson, Henry (1999). A prayer for the government: Ukrainians and Jews in revolutionary times, 1917–1920. Harvard University Press. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-916458-88-1.
The etymological roots of the term pogrom are unclear, although it seems to be derived from the Slavic word for "thunder(bolt)" (Russian: grom, Ukrainian: hrim). The first syllable, po-, is a prefix indicating "means" or "target". The word therefore seems to imply a sudden burst of energy (thunderbolt) directed at a specific target. A pogrom is generally thought of as a cross between a popular riot and a military atrocity, where an unarmed civilian, often urban, population is attacked by either an army unit or peasants from surrounding villages, or a combination of the two.
- Piotrowski, Tadeusz (1 November 1997). Poland's Holocaust. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-2913-4. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
- Pease, Neal (2003). "'This Troublesome Question': The United States and the 'Polish Pogroms' of 1918–1919". In Biskupski, Mieczysław B.; Wandycz, Piotr Stefan (eds.). Ideology, Politics, and Diplomacy in East Central Europe. Boydell & Brewer. p. 60. ISBN 978-1-58046-137-5.
- Gambetti, Sandra (2009). The Alexandrian Riots of 38 C.E. and the Persecution of the Jews: A Historical Reconstruction. University of California, Berkeley: Brill. pp. 11–12. ISBN 978-90-04-13846-9.
- Klier, John Doyle; Lambroza, Shlomo, eds. (12 February 2004). Pogroms: Anti-Jewish Violence in Modern Russian History. Cambridge University Press. p. 13 and 35 (footnotes). ISBN 978-0-521-52851-1.
- Vernadsky, George (1 April 1973). Kievan Russia. Yale University Press. p. 94. ISBN 0-300-01647-6.
- Alexander, Yonah; Myers, Kenneth (2015). Terrorism in Europe. Rutlege Library Editions, RLE: Terrorism & Insurgency. Routledge. pp. 40–41. ISBN 978-1-317-44932-4.
- Baum, Steven K.; Samuels, Shimon (2011). Antisemitism Explained. University Press of America. p. 174. ISBN 978-0-7618-5578-1.
britannica.com
- Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica; et al. (2017). "Pogrom". Encyclopædia Britannica. Britannica.com.
(Russian: "devastation" or "riot"), a mob attack, either approved or condoned by authorities, against the persons and property of a religious, racial, or national minority. The term is usually applied to attacks on Jews in the Russian Empire in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
cambridge.org
- Abramson, Henry (September 1991). "Jewish Representation in the Independent Ukrainian Governments of 1917–1920". Slavic Review. 50 (3): 542–550. doi:10.2307/2499851. JSTOR 2499851. S2CID 181641495.
degruyter.com
- Diner, Hasia (23 August 2004). The Jews of the United States, 1654 to 2000. University of California Press. pp. 71–111. doi:10.1525/9780520939929. ISBN 978-0-520-93992-9. S2CID 243416759.
- Pekesen B (2019). "The Anti-Jewish Pogrom in 1934. Problems of Historiography, Terms and Methodology". The Heritage of Edirne in Ottoman and Turkish Times. De Gruyter. pp. 412–432. doi:10.1515/9783110639087-013. ISBN 978-3-11-063908-7. S2CID 212934694.
doi.org
- Bergmann, Werner (2003). "Pogroms". International Handbook of Violence Research. p. 352–55. doi:10.1007/978-0-306-48039-3_19. ISBN 978-1-4020-3980-5.
- Löwe, Heinz-Dietrich (Autumn 2004). "Pogroms in Russia: Explanations, Comparisons, Suggestions". Jewish Social Studies. New Series. 11 (1): 17–. doi:10.1353/jss.2005.0007. S2CID 201771701. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
'Pogroms were concentrated in time. Four phases can be observed: in 1819, 1830, 1834, and 1818-19.'
[failed verification] - Diner, Hasia (23 August 2004). The Jews of the United States, 1654 to 2000. University of California Press. pp. 71–111. doi:10.1525/9780520939929. ISBN 978-0-520-93992-9. S2CID 243416759.
- Abramson, Henry (September 1991). "Jewish Representation in the Independent Ukrainian Governments of 1917–1920". Slavic Review. 50 (3): 542–550. doi:10.2307/2499851. JSTOR 2499851. S2CID 181641495.
- Rossino, Alexander B. (1 November 2003). ""Polish 'Neighbours' and German Invaders: Anti-Jewish Violence in the Białystok District during the Opening Weeks of Operation Barbarossa."". In Steinlauf, Michael C.; Polonsky, Antony (eds.). Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry Volume 16: Focusing on Jewish Popular Culture and Its Afterlife. The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization. pp. 431–452. doi:10.2307/j.ctv1rmk6w.30. ISBN 978-1-909821-67-5. JSTOR j.ctv1rmk6w.
- Conaway, Carol B. (Autumn 1999). "Crown Heights: Politics and Press Coverage of the Race War That Wasn't". Polity. 32 (1): 93–118. doi:10.2307/3235335. JSTOR 3235335. S2CID 146866395.
- Bayraktar, Hatiice (2006). "The anti-Jewish pogrom in Eastern Thrace in 1934: New evidence for the responsibility of the Turkish government". Patterns of Prejudice. 40 (2): 95–111. doi:10.1080/00313220600634238. S2CID 144078355.
- Pekesen B (2019). "The Anti-Jewish Pogrom in 1934. Problems of Historiography, Terms and Methodology". The Heritage of Edirne in Ottoman and Turkish Times. De Gruyter. pp. 412–432. doi:10.1515/9783110639087-013. ISBN 978-3-11-063908-7. S2CID 212934694.
dtic.mil
apps.dtic.mil
- Jim Zanotti, and Jeremy M. Sharp, "Israel and Hamas 2023 Conflict In Brief: Overview, US Policy, and Options for Congress." (U.S. Congressional Research Service, 2023) online.
etymonline.com
- Oxford English Dictionary, December 2007 revision. See also: Pogrom at Online Etymology Dictionary.
haaretz.com
- "The Names of Those Abducted From Israel". Haaretz. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
- "1934: A Rare Kind of Pogrom Begins, in Turkey". Haaretz. 5 June 2014. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
On June 5, 1934, violent actions against Jews of several towns in the Turkish region of Thrace began. Although no Jews were killed, the extensive destruction of property, and the very fact of the attacks in a country that was always known for its hospitality to Jews, led to many of them moving from Thrace, or emigrating from Turkey altogether. Recent historical research has led some scholars to conclude that this was the goal of the government in the actions it took in the weeks prior to the pogroms...
hampshirehigh.com
- Browning, Christopher R. (1998) [1992]. "Arrival in Poland". Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland (PDF). Penguin Books. pp. 51, 98, 109, 124. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
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indiatimes.com
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- "State pogroms glossed over". The Times of India. 31 December 2005. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011.
ipn.gov.pl
- "Instytut PamiÄci Narodowej" [Institute of National Remembrance] (in Polish). Retrieved 15 February 2015.[permanent dead link]
- "Komunikat dot. postanowienia o umorzeniu śledztwa w sprawie zabójstwa obywateli polskich narodowości żydowskiej w Jedwabnem w dniu 10 lipca 1941 r." [A communiqué regarding the decision to end the investigation of the murder of Polish citizens of Jewish nationality in Jedwabne on 10 July 1941] (in Polish). 30 June 2003. Archived from the original on 20 June 2013.
istpravda.com.ua
- (in Ukrainian) Proskurivsky pogrom. Petliura's fault? by Henry Abramson, Ukrayinska Pravda (25 February 2019)
jewishencyclopedia.com
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Rosenthal, Herman; Rosenthal, Max (1901–1906). "Kishinef (Kishinev)". In Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
jewishvirtuallibrary.org
- "Shtetl". Encyclopaedia Judaica. The Gale Group – via Jewish Virtual Library. Also in: Rabbi Ken Spiro (9 May 2009). "Pale of Settlement". History Crash Course #56. Aish.com.
- Encyclopaedia Judaica (2008). "Pogroms". The Jewish Virtual Library.
- "Portugal". Encyclopaedia Judaica. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 14 November 2023 – via Jewish Virtual Library.
jhu.edu
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- Löwe, Heinz-Dietrich (Autumn 2004). "Pogroms in Russia: Explanations, Comparisons, Suggestions". Jewish Social Studies. New Series. 11 (1): 17–. doi:10.1353/jss.2005.0007. S2CID 201771701. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
'Pogroms were concentrated in time. Four phases can be observed: in 1819, 1830, 1834, and 1818-19.'
[failed verification]
jstor.org
- Budnitski, Oleg (1997). יהודי רוסיה בין האדומים ללבנים [Russian Jews Between the Reds and the Whites]. Proceedings of the World Congress of Jewish Studies. 12: 189–198. ISSN 0333-9068. JSTOR 23535861.
- Abramson, Henry (September 1991). "Jewish Representation in the Independent Ukrainian Governments of 1917–1920". Slavic Review. 50 (3): 542–550. doi:10.2307/2499851. JSTOR 2499851. S2CID 181641495.
- Rossino, Alexander B. (1 November 2003). ""Polish 'Neighbours' and German Invaders: Anti-Jewish Violence in the Białystok District during the Opening Weeks of Operation Barbarossa."". In Steinlauf, Michael C.; Polonsky, Antony (eds.). Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry Volume 16: Focusing on Jewish Popular Culture and Its Afterlife. The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization. pp. 431–452. doi:10.2307/j.ctv1rmk6w.30. ISBN 978-1-909821-67-5. JSTOR j.ctv1rmk6w.
- Conaway, Carol B. (Autumn 1999). "Crown Heights: Politics and Press Coverage of the Race War That Wasn't". Polity. 32 (1): 93–118. doi:10.2307/3235335. JSTOR 3235335. S2CID 146866395.
- Atkinson, John (2006). "Ethnic Cleansing in Roman Alexandria in 38". Acta Classica. 49: 36. JSTOR 24595424.
latimes.com
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lisburnmuseum.com
- "The Swanzy Riots, 1920". Irish Linen Centre & Lisburn Museum. 2018. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
loc.gov
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- Tobenkin, Elias (1 June 1919). "Jewish Poland and its Red Reign of Terror". New York Tribune. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
newyorker.com
- Okeowo, Alexis (19 August 2011). "Crown Heights, Twenty Years After the Riots". The New Yorker.
Giuliani called the riots a pogrom.
nydailynews.com
- "TIMELINE: How the 1991 Crown Heights riots unfolded". New York Daily News. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
nytimes.com
- Purnick, Joyce (3 June 1993). "Editorial Notebook: Crown Heights Was Not Iasi". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 27 December 2013.
oasiscenter.eu
- ""We announce the start of the al-Aqsa Flood"". Fondazione Internazionale Oasis. 13 December 2023. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
postandcourier.com
- Parker, Adam (10 April 2011). "Istanbul love story". The Post and Courier. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
rediff.com
- "Anti-Sikh riots a pogrom: Khushwant". Rediff.com. Archived from the original on 22 October 2018. Retrieved 23 September 2009.
semanticscholar.org
api.semanticscholar.org
- Löwe, Heinz-Dietrich (Autumn 2004). "Pogroms in Russia: Explanations, Comparisons, Suggestions". Jewish Social Studies. New Series. 11 (1): 17–. doi:10.1353/jss.2005.0007. S2CID 201771701. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
'Pogroms were concentrated in time. Four phases can be observed: in 1819, 1830, 1834, and 1818-19.'
[failed verification] - Diner, Hasia (23 August 2004). The Jews of the United States, 1654 to 2000. University of California Press. pp. 71–111. doi:10.1525/9780520939929. ISBN 978-0-520-93992-9. S2CID 243416759.
- Abramson, Henry (September 1991). "Jewish Representation in the Independent Ukrainian Governments of 1917–1920". Slavic Review. 50 (3): 542–550. doi:10.2307/2499851. JSTOR 2499851. S2CID 181641495.
- Conaway, Carol B. (Autumn 1999). "Crown Heights: Politics and Press Coverage of the Race War That Wasn't". Polity. 32 (1): 93–118. doi:10.2307/3235335. JSTOR 3235335. S2CID 146866395.
- Bayraktar, Hatiice (2006). "The anti-Jewish pogrom in Eastern Thrace in 1934: New evidence for the responsibility of the Turkish government". Patterns of Prejudice. 40 (2): 95–111. doi:10.1080/00313220600634238. S2CID 144078355.
- Pekesen B (2019). "The Anti-Jewish Pogrom in 1934. Problems of Historiography, Terms and Methodology". The Heritage of Edirne in Ottoman and Turkish Times. De Gruyter. pp. 412–432. doi:10.1515/9783110639087-013. ISBN 978-3-11-063908-7. S2CID 212934694.
smh.com.au
- Koutsoukis, Jason (15 September 2008). "Settlers attack Palestinian village". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
'As a Jew, I was ashamed at the scenes of Jews opening fire at innocent Arabs in Hebron. There is no other definition than the term "pogrom" to describe what I have seen.'
telegraph.co.uk
- Magnet, Julia (16 April 2003). "The terror behind Iraq's Jewish exodus". The Daily Telegraph.
theatlantic.com
- "World War II: Before the War". The Atlantic. 19 June 2011.
Windows of shops owned by Jews which were broken during a coordinated anti-Jewish demonstration in Berlin, known as Kristallnacht, on November 10, 1938. Nazi authorities turned a blind eye as SA stormtroopers and civilians destroyed storefronts with hammers, leaving the streets covered in pieces of smashed windows. Ninety-one Jews were killed, and 30,000 Jewish men were taken to concentration camps.
- Kaplan, Robert D. (April 2014). "In Defense of Empire". The Atlantic. pp. 13–15.
thejewishweek.com
- Mark, Jonathan (9 August 2011). "What The 'Pogrom' Wrought". The Jewish Week. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
A divisive debate over the meaning of pogrom, lasting for more than two years, could have easily been ended if the mayor simply said to the victims of Crown Heights, yes, I understand why you experienced it as a pogrom.
timesofisrael.com
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For more than a century, that was how one of the nation's worst racial pogroms in post-Civil War history was kept alive...
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The common usage of the term pogrom to describe any attack against Jews throughout history disguises the great variation in the scale, nature, motivation and intent of such violence at different times.