The Copenhagen Study refers to this ethnic reflex of the polis demonym as a "city-ethnic" often supplementing personal names. For details see Hansen 2004, p. 60 Hansen, M.H. (2004). "Introduction". In Hansen, M.H.; Nielsen, T.H. (eds.). An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis(PDF). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hansen also mentions 75 "barbarian" cities that were called poleis by Herodotus, Thucydides, and Xenophon. They include Tyre, Sidon, some Etruscan cities, Rome, Eryx and Egesta. Herodotus sometimes calls Persian and Scythian cities poleis, but Hansen points out that he tends to Hellenize names in those languages. For details see Hansen 2004, p. 36. Hansen, M.H. (2004). "Introduction". In Hansen, M.H.; Nielsen, T.H. (eds.). An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis(PDF). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hansen 2004, p. 3 "the term polis is often used synonymously with the term 'city-state', and the concepts behind the two terms are often, but erroneously, thought to be co-extensive". Hansen, M.H. (2004). "Introduction". In Hansen, M.H.; Nielsen, T.H. (eds.). An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis(PDF). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Sakellariou 1989, pp. 27–57, Chapter One: How Can the Polis Be Defined? The Debate Sakellariou, Μ.Β. (1989). The Polis-State Definition And Origin(PDF). ΜΕΛΕΤΗΜΑΤΑ 4. Athens: Research Centre for Greek and Roman Antiquity National Hellenic Research Foundation.
Liddell; Scott. "δῆμος". A Greek-English Lexicon. Perseus Digital Library.
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The full passage illustrated along with its significance for the urbanization of a polis can be found at Brand, Peter J. "Athens & Sparta: Democracy vs. Dictatorship"(PDF). University of the People. Retrieved 3 April 2023.
