Polyurethane (English Wikipedia)

Gama, Nuno; Ferreira, Artur; Barros-Timmons, Ana (27 September 2018). "Polyurethane Foams: Past, Present, and Future". Materials. 11 (10): 1841. Bibcode:2018Mate...11.1841G. doi:10.3390/ma11101841. PMC 6213201. PMID 30262722.
Bayer, Otto (1947). "Das Di-Isocyanat-Polyadditionsverfahren (Polyurethane)". Angewandte Chemie. 59 (9): 257–72. Bibcode:1947AngCh..59..257B. doi:10.1002/ange.19470590901.
Seymour, Raymond B.; Kauffman, George B. (1992). "Polyurethanes: A class of modern versatile materials". Journal of Chemical Education. 69 (11): 909. Bibcode:1992JChEd..69..909S. doi:10.1021/ed069p909.
Nohra, Bassam; Candy, Laure; Blanco, Jean-François; Guerin, Celine; Raoul, Yann; Mouloungui, Zephirin (2013). "From Petrochemical Polyurethanes to Biobased Polyhydroxyurethanes" (PDF). Macromolecules. 46 (10): 3771–92. Bibcode:2013MaMol..46.3771N. doi:10.1021/ma400197c. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-09-22.
Blackwell, John; Gardner, Kenncorwin H. (1979). "Structure of the hard segments in polyurethane elastomers". Polymer. 20 (1): 13–17. Bibcode:1979Poly...20...13B. doi:10.1016/0032-3861(79)90035-1. ISSN 0032-3861.
Toward, Gary T. (June 2002). "Biodegradation of polyurethane: a review". International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation. 49 (4): 245–252. Bibcode:2002IBiBi..49..245H. doi:10.1016/S0964-8305(02)00051-3.
Russell, J. R.; Huang, J.; Anand, P.; Kucera, K.; Sandoval, A. G.; Dantzler, K. W.; Hickman, D.; Jee, J.; Kimovec, F. M.; Koppstein, D.; Marks, D. H.; Mittermiller, P. A.; Nunez, S. J.; Santiago, M.; Townes, M. A.; Vishnevetsky, M.; Williams, N. E.; Vargas, M. P. N.; Boulanger, L.-A.; Bascom-Slack, C.; Strobel, S. A. (2011). "Biodegradation of Polyester Polyurethane by Endophytic Fungi". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 77 (17): 6076–84. Bibcode:2011ApEnM..77.6076R. doi:10.1128/AEM.00521-11. PMC 3165411. PMID 21764951.
Cappitelli, F.; Sorlini, C. (2007). "Microorganisms Attack Synthetic Polymers in Items Representing Our Cultural Heritage". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 74 (3): 564–9. Bibcode:2008ApEnM..74..564C. doi:10.1128/AEM.01768-07. PMC 2227722. PMID 18065627.
Tokiwa, Yutaka; Calabia, Buenaventurada P.; Ugwu, Charles U.; Aiba, Seiichi (2009). "Biodegradability of Plastics". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 10 (9): 3722–42. Bibcode:2009IJMSc..10.3722T. doi:10.3390/ijms10093722. PMC 2769161. PMID 19865515.

airproducts.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Building quality with Air Products trimerisation catalysts" (PDF). 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-11-29. Retrieved 2007-10-23.

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"Polyurethane". American Chemistry Council. Retrieved 2022-09-19.

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"Help Wanted: Spray Polyurethane Foam Insulation Research". NIOSH Science Blog. CDC. 21 March 2012.

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dictionary.com (Global: 1,672^nd place; English: 1,248^th place)

"polyurethane". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Gama, Nuno; Ferreira, Artur; Barros-Timmons, Ana (27 September 2018). "Polyurethane Foams: Past, Present, and Future". Materials. 11 (10): 1841. Bibcode:2018Mate...11.1841G. doi:10.3390/ma11101841. PMC 6213201. PMID 30262722.
Bayer, Otto (1947). "Das Di-Isocyanat-Polyadditionsverfahren (Polyurethane)". Angewandte Chemie. 59 (9): 257–72. Bibcode:1947AngCh..59..257B. doi:10.1002/ange.19470590901.
Seymour, Raymond B.; Kauffman, George B. (1992). "Polyurethanes: A class of modern versatile materials". Journal of Chemical Education. 69 (11): 909. Bibcode:1992JChEd..69..909S. doi:10.1021/ed069p909.
Soto, Marc; Sebastián, Rosa María; Marquet, Jordi (2014). "Photochemical Activation of Extremely Weak Nucleophiles: Highly Fluorinated Urethanes and Polyurethanes from Polyfluoro Alcohols". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 79 (11): 5019–27. doi:10.1021/jo5005789. PMID 24820955.
Petrović, Zoran S. (2008). "Polyurethanes from Vegetable Oils". Polymer Reviews. 48 (1): 109–155. doi:10.1080/15583720701834224. S2CID 95466690.
SD Rajput, PP Mahulikar, VV Gite, Biobased dimer fatty acid containing two pack polyurethane for wood finished coatings, Progress in Organic Coatings 77 (1), 38-46 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2014.04.030
A Anand, RD Kulkarni, VV Gite, Preparation and properties of eco-friendly two pack PU coatings based on renewable source (sorbitol) and its property improvement by nano ZnO, Progress in Organic Coatings 74 (4), 764-767, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2011.09.031
Chandrashekhar K Patil, Harishchandra D Jirimali, Jayasinh S Paradeshi, Bhushan L Chaudhari, Prakash K Alagi, Pramod P Mahulikar, Sung Chul Hong, Vikas V Gite, Chemical transformation of renewable algae oil to polyetheramide polyols for polyurethane coatings, Progress in Organic Coatings 151, 106084, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2020.106084
CK Patil, HD Jirimali, JS Paradeshi, BL Chaudhari, VV Gite, Functional antimicrobial and anticorrosive polyurethane composite coatings from algae oil and silver doped egg shell hydroxyapatite for sustainable development, Progress in Organic Coatings 128, 127-136, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2018.11.002
Nohra, Bassam; Candy, Laure; Blanco, Jean-François; Guerin, Celine; Raoul, Yann; Mouloungui, Zephirin (2013). "From Petrochemical Polyurethanes to Biobased Polyhydroxyurethanes" (PDF). Macromolecules. 46 (10): 3771–92. Bibcode:2013MaMol..46.3771N. doi:10.1021/ma400197c. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-09-22.
Blackwell, J.; Nagarajan, M. R.; Hoitink, T. B. (1981). "The Structure of the Hard Segments in MDI/diol/PTMA Polyurethane Elastomers". ACS Symposium Series. 172. Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society: 179–196. doi:10.1021/bk-1981-0172.ch014. ISBN 978-0-8412-0664-9. ISSN 0097-6156.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN (link)
Blackwell, John; Gardner, Kenncorwin H. (1979). "Structure of the hard segments in polyurethane elastomers". Polymer. 20 (1): 13–17. Bibcode:1979Poly...20...13B. doi:10.1016/0032-3861(79)90035-1. ISSN 0032-3861.
Brereton, George; Emanuel, Ronald M.; Lomax, Robert; Pennington, Keith; Ryan, Tyler; Tebbe, Heiko; Timm, Michael; Ware, Polina; Winkler, Karen; Yuan, Tingting; Zhu, Zhenya; Adam, Norbert; Avar, Geza; Blankenheim, Herbert; Friederichs, Wolfgang; Giersig, Manfred; Weigand, Eckehard; Halfmann, Michael; Wittbecker, Friedrich-Wilhelm; Larimer, Donald-Richard; Maier, Udo; Meyer-Ahrens, Sven; Noble, Karl-Ludwig; Wussow, Hans-Georg (2019). "Polyurethanes". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. pp. 1–76. doi:10.1002/14356007.a21_665.pub3. ISBN 978-3-527-30673-2.
Waleed, H. Q.; Viskolcz, B.; Fiser, B. (2024). "Urethane Synthesis in the Presence of Organic Acid Catalysts—A Computational Study". Molecules (Basel, Switzerland). 29 (10): 2375. doi:10.3390/molecules29102375. PMC 11123846. PMID 38792235.
McKenna, Sean Thomas; Hull, Terence Richard (2016). "The fire toxicity of polyurethane foams". Fire Science Reviews. 5 (1): 3. doi:10.1186/s40038-016-0012-3.
Jakhmola, Swati; Das, Sonalee; Dutta, Kingshuk (2023-10-31). "Emerging research trends in the field of polyurethane and its nanocomposites: Chemistry, Synthesis, Characterization, Application in coatings and Future perspectives". Journal of Coatings Technology and Research. 21 (1): 137–172. doi:10.1007/s11998-023-00841-z. ISSN 1935-3804. S2CID 264908475.
Valentine, C.; Craig, T.A.; Hager, S.L. (1993). "Inhibition of the Discoloration of Polyurethane Foam Caused by Ultraviolet Light". Journal of Cellular Plastics. 29 (6): 569–88. doi:10.1177/0021955X9302900605. S2CID 208363195.
Newman, Christopher R.; Forciniti, Daniel (2001). "Modeling the Ultraviolet Photodegradation of Rigid Polyurethane Foams". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. 40 (15): 3346–52. doi:10.1021/ie0009738.
Toward, Gary T. (June 2002). "Biodegradation of polyurethane: a review". International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation. 49 (4): 245–252. Bibcode:2002IBiBi..49..245H. doi:10.1016/S0964-8305(02)00051-3.
Russell, J. R.; Huang, J.; Anand, P.; Kucera, K.; Sandoval, A. G.; Dantzler, K. W.; Hickman, D.; Jee, J.; Kimovec, F. M.; Koppstein, D.; Marks, D. H.; Mittermiller, P. A.; Nunez, S. J.; Santiago, M.; Townes, M. A.; Vishnevetsky, M.; Williams, N. E.; Vargas, M. P. N.; Boulanger, L.-A.; Bascom-Slack, C.; Strobel, S. A. (2011). "Biodegradation of Polyester Polyurethane by Endophytic Fungi". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 77 (17): 6076–84. Bibcode:2011ApEnM..77.6076R. doi:10.1128/AEM.00521-11. PMC 3165411. PMID 21764951.
Cappitelli, F.; Sorlini, C. (2007). "Microorganisms Attack Synthetic Polymers in Items Representing Our Cultural Heritage". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 74 (3): 564–9. Bibcode:2008ApEnM..74..564C. doi:10.1128/AEM.01768-07. PMC 2227722. PMID 18065627.
Tokiwa, Yutaka; Calabia, Buenaventurada P.; Ugwu, Charles U.; Aiba, Seiichi (2009). "Biodegradability of Plastics". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 10 (9): 3722–42. Bibcode:2009IJMSc..10.3722T. doi:10.3390/ijms10093722. PMC 2769161. PMID 19865515.

edmunds.com (Global: 4,791^st place; English: 2,880^th place)

"New Twist on Green: 2008 Ford Mustang Seats Will Be Soy-Based Foam". Edmunds inside line. July 12, 2007. Archived from the original on 2008-05-31. Retrieved 2010-06-15.

epa.gov (Global: 961^st place; English: 595^th place)

epa.gov

"Environmental Profiles of Chemical Flame-Retardant Alternatives for Low-Density Polyurethane Foam". United States Environmental Protection Agency. September 2005.
"Flame Retardants Used in Flexible Polyurethane Foam – Draft Update to a 2005 Alternatives Assessment". United States Environmental Protection Agency. June 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)

archive.epa.gov

"Quick Safety Tips for Spray Polyurethane Foam Users". United States Environmental Protection Agency. 4 August 2015.

espacenet.com (Global: 950^th place; English: 813^th place)

worldwide.espacenet.com

DE 728981, I.G. Farbenindustrie A.G., "Verfahren zur Herstellung von Polyurethanen bzw. Polyharnstoffen [Process for the production of polyurethanes or polyurea]", published 1942-12-07
EP 0755955, Hager, Stanley L.; Knight, James E. & Helma, Gregory F. et al., "Polyether polyols suitable for flexible polyurethane foam prepared by co-initiation of aqueous solutions of solid polyhydroxyl initiators", published 1997-01-29, assigned to ARCO Chemical Technology

fxi.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Discoloration of polyurethane foam" (PDF). Foamex Information sheet. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-09-24. Retrieved 2010-09-26.

gbv.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

Feske, Bert (October 2004). "The Use of Saytex RB-9130/9170 Low Viscosity Brominated Flame Retardant Polyols in HFC-245fa and High Water Formulations" (PDF). Polyurethanes Expo 2004. Las Vegas, NV: Alliance for the Polyurethane Industry Technical Conference. p. 309. Retrieved 2007-08-01.

greensciencepolicy.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Manufacturers" (PDF). greensciencepolicy.org. 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-12-19.

huntsman.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Jeffcat Amine Catalysts for the Polyurethane Industry" (PDF). 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-11-29. Retrieved 2007-10-23.

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dowglobal.beta.ides.com

"Technical data sheet from Dow Chemical". Archived from the original on 2007-10-13. Retrieved 2007-09-15.

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Blair, G. Ron; Dawe, Bob; McEvoy, Jim; Pask, Roy; de Priamus, Marcela Rusan; Wright, Carol (2007). The Effect of Visible Light on the Variability of Flexible Foam Compression Sets (PDF). Orlando, FL: Center for the Polyurethane Industry. Retrieved 2008-01-26.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Gama, Nuno; Ferreira, Artur; Barros-Timmons, Ana (27 September 2018). "Polyurethane Foams: Past, Present, and Future". Materials. 11 (10): 1841. Bibcode:2018Mate...11.1841G. doi:10.3390/ma11101841. PMC 6213201. PMID 30262722.
Soto, Marc; Sebastián, Rosa María; Marquet, Jordi (2014). "Photochemical Activation of Extremely Weak Nucleophiles: Highly Fluorinated Urethanes and Polyurethanes from Polyfluoro Alcohols". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 79 (11): 5019–27. doi:10.1021/jo5005789. PMID 24820955.
Waleed, H. Q.; Viskolcz, B.; Fiser, B. (2024). "Urethane Synthesis in the Presence of Organic Acid Catalysts—A Computational Study". Molecules (Basel, Switzerland). 29 (10): 2375. doi:10.3390/molecules29102375. PMC 11123846. PMID 38792235.
Russell, J. R.; Huang, J.; Anand, P.; Kucera, K.; Sandoval, A. G.; Dantzler, K. W.; Hickman, D.; Jee, J.; Kimovec, F. M.; Koppstein, D.; Marks, D. H.; Mittermiller, P. A.; Nunez, S. J.; Santiago, M.; Townes, M. A.; Vishnevetsky, M.; Williams, N. E.; Vargas, M. P. N.; Boulanger, L.-A.; Bascom-Slack, C.; Strobel, S. A. (2011). "Biodegradation of Polyester Polyurethane by Endophytic Fungi". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 77 (17): 6076–84. Bibcode:2011ApEnM..77.6076R. doi:10.1128/AEM.00521-11. PMC 3165411. PMID 21764951.
Cappitelli, F.; Sorlini, C. (2007). "Microorganisms Attack Synthetic Polymers in Items Representing Our Cultural Heritage". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 74 (3): 564–9. Bibcode:2008ApEnM..74..564C. doi:10.1128/AEM.01768-07. PMC 2227722. PMID 18065627.
Tokiwa, Yutaka; Calabia, Buenaventurada P.; Ugwu, Charles U.; Aiba, Seiichi (2009). "Biodegradability of Plastics". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 10 (9): 3722–42. Bibcode:2009IJMSc..10.3722T. doi:10.3390/ijms10093722. PMC 2769161. PMID 19865515.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Gama, Nuno; Ferreira, Artur; Barros-Timmons, Ana (27 September 2018). "Polyurethane Foams: Past, Present, and Future". Materials. 11 (10): 1841. Bibcode:2018Mate...11.1841G. doi:10.3390/ma11101841. PMC 6213201. PMID 30262722.
Waleed, H. Q.; Viskolcz, B.; Fiser, B. (2024). "Urethane Synthesis in the Presence of Organic Acid Catalysts—A Computational Study". Molecules (Basel, Switzerland). 29 (10): 2375. doi:10.3390/molecules29102375. PMC 11123846. PMID 38792235.
Russell, J. R.; Huang, J.; Anand, P.; Kucera, K.; Sandoval, A. G.; Dantzler, K. W.; Hickman, D.; Jee, J.; Kimovec, F. M.; Koppstein, D.; Marks, D. H.; Mittermiller, P. A.; Nunez, S. J.; Santiago, M.; Townes, M. A.; Vishnevetsky, M.; Williams, N. E.; Vargas, M. P. N.; Boulanger, L.-A.; Bascom-Slack, C.; Strobel, S. A. (2011). "Biodegradation of Polyester Polyurethane by Endophytic Fungi". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 77 (17): 6076–84. Bibcode:2011ApEnM..77.6076R. doi:10.1128/AEM.00521-11. PMC 3165411. PMID 21764951.
Cappitelli, F.; Sorlini, C. (2007). "Microorganisms Attack Synthetic Polymers in Items Representing Our Cultural Heritage". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 74 (3): 564–9. Bibcode:2008ApEnM..74..564C. doi:10.1128/AEM.01768-07. PMC 2227722. PMID 18065627.
Tokiwa, Yutaka; Calabia, Buenaventurada P.; Ugwu, Charles U.; Aiba, Seiichi (2009). "Biodegradability of Plastics". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 10 (9): 3722–42. Bibcode:2009IJMSc..10.3722T. doi:10.3390/ijms10093722. PMC 2769161. PMID 19865515.

nssga.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Health Alert: Polyurethane exposure" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2004-10-19. Retrieved 2009-12-19.

osha.gov (Global: 5,777^th place; English: 3,669^th place)

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patents.google.com (Global: 1,154^th place; English: 606^th place)

CA2257214C, Rosenberg, Ronald Owen; Singh, Ajaib & Maupin, Christopher James et al., "Removal of unreacted diisocyanate monomer from polyurethane prepolymers", issued 2006-11-21

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"Could Plastic-Eating Mushrooms Solve mankind's Plastic Problem?". Sciencemint. 2021-04-14. Archived from the original on 2021-07-09. Retrieved 2021-07-02.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Petrović, Zoran S. (2008). "Polyurethanes from Vegetable Oils". Polymer Reviews. 48 (1): 109–155. doi:10.1080/15583720701834224. S2CID 95466690.
Jakhmola, Swati; Das, Sonalee; Dutta, Kingshuk (2023-10-31). "Emerging research trends in the field of polyurethane and its nanocomposites: Chemistry, Synthesis, Characterization, Application in coatings and Future perspectives". Journal of Coatings Technology and Research. 21 (1): 137–172. doi:10.1007/s11998-023-00841-z. ISSN 1935-3804. S2CID 264908475.
Valentine, C.; Craig, T.A.; Hager, S.L. (1993). "Inhibition of the Discoloration of Polyurethane Foam Caused by Ultraviolet Light". Journal of Cellular Plastics. 29 (6): 569–88. doi:10.1177/0021955X9302900605. S2CID 208363195.

statista.com (Global: 1,214^th place; English: 1,277^th place)

"Polyurethane global market volume 2015-2026". Statista. Retrieved 23 July 2021.

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"Low Free Technology". UBE Corporation. Retrieved 2026-03-16.

uic-gmbh.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Getting Low Free Polyurethane - Prepolymers by Vacuum Distillation Case Study" (PDF). uic-gmbh.de. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2026-03-16. Retrieved 2026-03-16.

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oatao.univ-toulouse.fr

Nohra, Bassam; Candy, Laure; Blanco, Jean-François; Guerin, Celine; Raoul, Yann; Mouloungui, Zephirin (2013). "From Petrochemical Polyurethanes to Biobased Polyhydroxyurethanes" (PDF). Macromolecules. 46 (10): 3771–92. Bibcode:2013MaMol..46.3771N. doi:10.1021/ma400197c. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-09-22.

vt.edu (Global: 2,818^th place; English: 1,692^nd place)

theses.lib.vt.edu

Kaushiva, Byran D. (August 15, 1999). Structure-Property Relationships of Flexible Polyurethane Foams (Ph.D.). Virginia Polytechnic Institute.

vta-process.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Getting Low Free Polyurethane" (PDF). Retrieved 2026-03-16.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

"Technical data sheet from Dow Chemical". Archived from the original on 2007-10-13. Retrieved 2007-09-15.
Bob Parker. "FEVE Technology for Higher Performance Coating Systems on Bridges" (PDF). Paintsquare.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 August 2021. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
"New Twist on Green: 2008 Ford Mustang Seats Will Be Soy-Based Foam". Edmunds inside line. July 12, 2007. Archived from the original on 2008-05-31. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
Nohra, Bassam; Candy, Laure; Blanco, Jean-François; Guerin, Celine; Raoul, Yann; Mouloungui, Zephirin (2013). "From Petrochemical Polyurethanes to Biobased Polyhydroxyurethanes" (PDF). Macromolecules. 46 (10): 3771–92. Bibcode:2013MaMol..46.3771N. doi:10.1021/ma400197c. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-09-22.
"Jeffcat Amine Catalysts for the Polyurethane Industry" (PDF). 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-11-29. Retrieved 2007-10-23.
"Building quality with Air Products trimerisation catalysts" (PDF). 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-11-29. Retrieved 2007-10-23.
Randall, David; Lee, Steve, eds. (2002). "10". The Polyurethanes Book. The United Kingdom: Huntsman International LLC, Polyurethanes business. pp. 156–159. ISBN 978-0470850411. Archived from the original on 2018-05-24. Retrieved 2018-05-23.
"Getting Low Free Polyurethane - Prepolymers by Vacuum Distillation Case Study" (PDF). uic-gmbh.de. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2026-03-16. Retrieved 2026-03-16.
"Health Alert: Polyurethane exposure" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2004-10-19. Retrieved 2009-12-19.
"Manufacturers" (PDF). greensciencepolicy.org. 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-12-19.
"Discoloration of polyurethane foam" (PDF). Foamex Information sheet. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-09-24. Retrieved 2010-09-26.
"Could Plastic-Eating Mushrooms Solve mankind's Plastic Problem?". Sciencemint. 2021-04-14. Archived from the original on 2021-07-09. Retrieved 2021-07-02.

wiley.com (Global: 150^th place; English: 174^th place)

Randall, David; Lee, Steve, eds. (2002). "10". The Polyurethanes Book. The United Kingdom: Huntsman International LLC, Polyurethanes business. pp. 156–159. ISBN 978-0470850411. Archived from the original on 2018-05-24. Retrieved 2018-05-23.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Blackwell, J.; Nagarajan, M. R.; Hoitink, T. B. (1981). "The Structure of the Hard Segments in MDI/diol/PTMA Polyurethane Elastomers". ACS Symposium Series. 172. Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society: 179–196. doi:10.1021/bk-1981-0172.ch014. ISBN 978-0-8412-0664-9. ISSN 0097-6156.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN (link)
Blackwell, John; Gardner, Kenncorwin H. (1979). "Structure of the hard segments in polyurethane elastomers". Polymer. 20 (1): 13–17. Bibcode:1979Poly...20...13B. doi:10.1016/0032-3861(79)90035-1. ISSN 0032-3861.
Jakhmola, Swati; Das, Sonalee; Dutta, Kingshuk (2023-10-31). "Emerging research trends in the field of polyurethane and its nanocomposites: Chemistry, Synthesis, Characterization, Application in coatings and Future perspectives". Journal of Coatings Technology and Research. 21 (1): 137–172. doi:10.1007/s11998-023-00841-z. ISSN 1935-3804. S2CID 264908475.

Polyurethane (English Wikipedia)

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dowglobal.beta.ides.com

isopa.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

moldedfoam-ip.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

nih.gov (Global: 5th place; English: 5th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

nssga.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

osha.gov (Global: 5,777th place; English: 3,669th place)

paintsquare.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

patents.google.com (Global: 1,154th place; English: 606th place)

safetyjogger.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

sciencemint.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15th place; English: 8th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

statista.com (Global: 1,214th place; English: 1,277th place)

ube.co.jp (Global: low place; English: low place)

uic-gmbh.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

univ-toulouse.fr (Global: low place; English: low place)

oatao.univ-toulouse.fr

vt.edu (Global: 2,818th place; English: 1,692nd place)

theses.lib.vt.edu

vta-process.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; English: 1st place)

wiley.com (Global: 150th place; English: 174th place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4th place; English: 4th place)

search.worldcat.org

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; English: 9^th place)

cdc.gov (Global: 251^st place; English: 248^th place)

dictionary.com (Global: 1,672^nd place; English: 1,248^th place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

edmunds.com (Global: 4,791^st place; English: 2,880^th place)

epa.gov (Global: 961^st place; English: 595^th place)

espacenet.com (Global: 950^th place; English: 813^th place)

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

osha.gov (Global: 5,777^th place; English: 3,669^th place)

patents.google.com (Global: 1,154^th place; English: 606^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

statista.com (Global: 1,214^th place; English: 1,277^th place)

vt.edu (Global: 2,818^th place; English: 1,692^nd place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

wiley.com (Global: 150^th place; English: 174^th place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)