Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Pope County, Arkansas" in English language version.
Gulfside Casino Partnership, a Mississippi-based company, filed a lawsuit in Pulaski County Circuit Court on Thursday afternoon challenging the Racing Commission's decision earlier that day to deny the company's appeal of the board's decision to reject its application because it lacked the support of current public officials.
The latest action comes after the Arkansas Supreme Court reversed and dismissed a ruling by Pulaski County Circuit Judge Tim Fox that declared unconstitutional a commission rule and state law that required letters of endorsements for casino licenses to come from local officials in office at the time the license application is submitted. The ruling essentially invalidated an application from Gulfside Casino Partnership, leaving only the application for Legends Resort and Casino.
The settlement of the Cherokees is scattered for a long extent on the river, and appears not much different from those of the white people. They are considerably advanced towards civilization and were very decent in their deportment. They inhabit a lovely, rich part of the country.
The site selected for the Establishment, is on the west bank of the Illinois river, a northern branch of the Arkansaw, about five miles from their junction, on a gentle eminence, covered with a growth of oak and pine. At the foot of the eminence issues a large spring of pure water, yielding an abundant supply of this comfort and necessary of life. The Illinois, three fourths of the year, is navigable for keel boats, as far as the Establishment. Above, opposite, and below it, is plenty of excellent bottom land for culture, and conveniently near a good mill seat. From the circumstances mentioned, the situation promises to be very eligible; pleasant and healthful; and is also conveniently near the Indian villages. It is one hundred miles below Fort Smith; two hundred above the Arkansaw post; and about five hundred, as the river runs, from the mouth of the Arkansaw. The first log-house was raised here the 28th September, 1820.
Be it further enacted by the General Assembly of the Territory of Arkansas, That all the part of the county of Crawford, included within the following boundaries,... be, and the same is hereby, erected into a separate and distinct county, to be called and known by the name of Pope.
Be it further enacted that the temporary seat of justice of the said county of Pope, hereby erected and established, shall be at the present residence of John Bollinger; and that an election shall be held... on the first Monday in January next for the purpose of electing one commissioner from each of said townships..., to locate the seat of justice in and for the county of Pope..(Note 1: The act actually took effect on December 25, though John Pope approved it on November 2. Virtually all references give November 2 for the day that Pope County was established.) (Note 2: John Bollinger was one of 13 county magistrates appointed November 20, 1829.)
... an election for Commissioners was directed by the Act to be held to locate the county seat permanently. The place selected for the purpose was Scotia, the residence place of Judge Andrew Scott, which was the next house to Bollinger's in the neighborhood settlement, and was made the county seat in 1830...
It was located at Dover by Benjamin Lanford, Webster Jamison and James Burton. It remained there until March 19th, 1887...
However, with the building of the railroad... in 1873 Russellville and Atkins became the most important towns in the county.
(Lieutenant Colonel Hugh Cameron) As captain of company F, 2d Kansas cavalry, while on duty in Arkansas, in 1862-'63, I never failed to find faithful scouts and reliable guides among the citizens. When, at Dardanelle, during the months of November and December, 1863, with eighty-five armed men, ('Mountain Feds') surrounded by more than six hundred renegade Missouri rebels, I was sustained and re-enforced as often as necessary by the citizens of Pope and Yell counties, under the direction of Burk Johnson and the late William Stout, during which time over five hundred recruits were added to the federal army, and not a single case of treachery on the part of any citizen was discovered.
In the spring of 1867 two companies of 'regulars' under the command of Major Mulligan, United States army, came to Dover, the county seat, to aid the civil authorities and in the interest of the Freedman's Bureau. These soldiers had a welcome reception and after a year and a half departed, regretted by all. The officers of the companies, by their gentlemanly bearing and conservative methods, made friends in every class of people.
Deposition of William F. Grove, taken August 6, 1873...On arriving in sight of Dover I saw quite a number of armed men drawn up in the street, and on arriving in town found there between seventy and eighty men. I asked them why they were armed. They told me that Dodson had threatened to kill some of them and burn the town down. I asked them if they had any idea that he would kill any of them if he got them, or burn their town down. They said they did, for he had already partially carried out one threat by killing Hale and Tucker.
... for twenty years, beginning in 1808, Arkansas was the government's destination of choice for removed tribes.
By the time the New Madrid earthquakes drowned out the Cherokee settlements on the St. Francis River, their population there had increased to two thousand persons. The principal Cherokee town was undoubtedly the largest settlement in Arkansas at the time, with a population roughly four times greater than Arkansas Post.
The Indians left behind them many well-cultivated farms and substantial dwellings. White settlers moved onto the land and occupied the improvements. Many even purchased the land and improvements from the departing Cherokees, who, of course, had no right to sell them.
Most of those pioneers who chose to stay came from Appalachian stock and settled individually throughout the area. Log cabins with dirt floors, a small garden for corn, and supplies for trapping and hunting were all they needed to scratch out a life in the hills.
With the majority of the Sixth Infantry and First Dragoons en route to Mexico, the volunteers were essential to maintaining a strong federal presence along the Arkansas border and preventing further violence among the Cherokees. The volunteers rounded up deserters, criminals, and murderers for prosecution by local authorities or military courts and helped prevent theft of livestock and property from local inhabitants. Though they never faced combat, the volunteers experienced many of the same hardships and privations as their brethren in Mexico. Disease plagued troops, and unfamiliarity with army regulations caused continual conflict between volunteer and regular army commanders.
April 8. Staid in Camp all day. Rebs burnt 23 Buildings in Dover
Dr. Russell and Mary Ann, with their two youngest sons, Thomas Jefferson and Lawrence, were refugees in Texas during the last months of the Civil War.
The land was transferred without cost to the Department by the General Services Administration pursuant to the provisions of Public Law 537, 80th Congress.
In 1957, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers transferred 4,068 acres to the Fish and Wildlife Service, but retained a permanent flood easement for these acres. In 1985, a court action based on the Thalweg Law accreted an additional 1,526 acres for the refuge. Other acquisitions totaling 589 acres, plus 441 acres included in the migratory bird closure area, account for a total of 7,055 acres currently under refuge management.
Although mandatory relocation would not be established until 1830, by 1804 President Jefferson and others already looked to the western lands as a refuge for Indian peoples occupying land nearer to American settlements, particularly in the southern states and territories. Keeping American settlers and Indian societies separate in order to keep the peace seemed sensible, and the vast tracts beyond the great river offered Jefferson his solution.
... for twenty years, beginning in 1808, Arkansas was the government's destination of choice for removed tribes.
By the time the New Madrid earthquakes drowned out the Cherokee settlements on the St. Francis River, their population there had increased to two thousand persons. The principal Cherokee town was undoubtedly the largest settlement in Arkansas at the time, with a population roughly four times greater than Arkansas Post.
The Indians left behind them many well-cultivated farms and substantial dwellings. White settlers moved onto the land and occupied the improvements. Many even purchased the land and improvements from the departing Cherokees, who, of course, had no right to sell them.
All the people at Dwight Mission moved 150 miles west into Indian Territory (Oklahoma) in 1829 and most of the Cherokee followed. The reservation was dissolved and the area of the Ozarks was opened for white settlement.
Most of those pioneers who chose to stay came from Appalachian stock and settled individually throughout the area. Log cabins with dirt floors, a small garden for corn, and supplies for trapping and hunting were all they needed to scratch out a life in the hills.
With the majority of the Sixth Infantry and First Dragoons en route to Mexico, the volunteers were essential to maintaining a strong federal presence along the Arkansas border and preventing further violence among the Cherokees. The volunteers rounded up deserters, criminals, and murderers for prosecution by local authorities or military courts and helped prevent theft of livestock and property from local inhabitants. Though they never faced combat, the volunteers experienced many of the same hardships and privations as their brethren in Mexico. Disease plagued troops, and unfamiliarity with army regulations caused continual conflict between volunteer and regular army commanders.
April 8. Staid in Camp all day. Rebs burnt 23 Buildings in Dover
Dr. Russell and Mary Ann, with their two youngest sons, Thomas Jefferson and Lawrence, were refugees in Texas during the last months of the Civil War.
In many Rotary clubs throughout the world, wives of male members are affectionately called "Rotary Ann's." This designation was never one of disparagement, but rather grew out of an interesting historical occasion.
We lost nearly all our town in the war. Our own boys burned it to keep the federals from occupying it, after they had driven out the women and children.
It was neutral ground, and successively over-ran by federals from Dardanelle and Lewisburg, and by rangers and jayhawkers of both armies, and of neither. Horses and stock were stolen, houses burned and wayside murders committed. The people, observing old political lines fell into both armies, according to their traditions; but they seem not to have divided by any geographical line. Between rival families recriminations ensued after the peace, and in time old grudges began to be avenged, and bushwhacking was not uncommon.
In this period, several county officials were killed, although the citizens disavow the acts, and say that they were private assassinations arising from personal causes.
After the new and disfranchising constitution went into operation a lull ensued, and for some time everything was quiet, but the county officials of Pope, who were all republicans and secret leaguers, grew more and more obnoxious to the people and both sides were surly, muttering and threatening. The native republicans, who go by the name of 'Mountain Feds' took sides with their Sheriff and County Clerk, and as the time of another election drew near the county authorities claimed that the insecurity of the times demanded martial law in Pope County.
On Tuesday night the jail was discovered in flames and in a few minutes was destroyed. The building had just been completed at a cost of $2500. The fire was evidently the work of an incendiary, as the locks were found in the flames with the bolts all drawn. There were four prisoners confined in the jail, all of whom escaped.
The village church was being used as a court house.
... unlawful to establish or change any county seat, in this State without the consent of a majority of the qualified voters of the county to be affected by the change...Note: Approved March 2, 1885
We consider the Court House as a very unsafe place to keep the public records in, and liable at almost any time to fall to the ground—rendering It not only unsafe for the public records, but hazardous to the life of those who have to be about the building. We would recommend that the records be removed to a safe place. We condemn the building as wholy unfit for use as a Court house.
...Mr. W. T. Cox, to whom was awarded the contract for repairing the court house at Dover... will soon commence work on the building.
The repairs on the court house are moving up lively...
The contract for repairing the court house was let... to Mr. W. R. Cox, of Atkins, for $1000, his being the lowest bid. The work according to contract and specifications will commence at once and is to be completed by the March term of the circuit court.
"But it is a universal rule that the donating of facilities for the public convenience, as an inducement to the electors to vote for the removal of a county seat, will not invalidate the election. Affirmed.
The case appealed to the supreme court has not been decided...
On the night of January 16, 1906 a fire destroyed nearly half of the downtown business district. The fire included both sides of Commerce Street from Main to "B" Street. Ironically, Russellville had just formed a fire department and ordered fire-fighting equipment, all of which had not arrived. The newly formed fire department, insufficiently organized, was helpless to contain the ravaging fire which, fueled by strong winds, spread to the north side of Main Street from Commerce. In less than three hours, twenty-three buildings were destroyed. The estimated loss was $250,000 of which only 40% was insured. In addition to the loss of the buildings and their stock, many of the citizens of Russellville who worked in the businesses abruptly lost their jobs. Those early businessmen of Russellville immediately set about re-building the downtown and, remarkably, within six months, twenty of the twenty-three buildings lost in the fire had been rebuilt.
In 1931 a new courthouse for Pope County was constructed on the site of the original 1888 building. The four-story brick building was designed by Arkansas architect H. Ray Burks (architect of many Arkansas county courthouses) and is typical of Depression-era public building construction with its simple lines and Art Deco detailing.
Art. 5 - The United States bind themselves in exchange for the lands ceded in the first and second articles hereof, to give to that part of the Cherokee nation on the Arkansas as much land on said river and White river as they have or may hereafter receive from the Cherokee nation east of the Mississippi, acre for acre, as the just proportion due that part of the nation on the Arkansas agreeably to their numbers; which is to commence on the north side of the Arkansas river at the mouth of Point Remove or Budwell's Old Place; thence, by a straight line, northwardly, to strike Chataunga mountain, or the hill first above Shield's Ferry on White river, running up and between said rivers for complement, the banks of which rivers to be the lines; and to have the above line, from the point of beginning to the point on White river, run and marked, which shall be done soon after the ratification of this treaty; and all citizens of the United States, except. P. Lovely, who is to remain where she lives during life, removed from within the bounds as above named. And it is further stipulated, that the treaties heretofore between the Cherokee nation and the United States are to continue in full force with both parts of the nation, and both parts thereof entitled to all the immunities and privilege which the old nation enjoyed under the aforesaid treaties; the United States reserving the right of establishing factories, a military post, and roads within the boundaries above defined.
This courthouse, which replaced an 1888 structure, is the dominant building in the downtown. It occupies a small corner site, presenting two facades, of which the principal and more elaborate one faces Main Street. Constructed of beige brick, the courthouse is three stories in height on a raised basement and is elaborated with fluted pilasters of white between the windows and flanking the main entrances. The entrance to the building on the Main Street side is handsomely decorated with low relief Art Deco stylized foliate ornamentation, a cartouche, and, perched on the entrance entablature, a sculpted eagle with outstretched wings.
Most of those pioneers who chose to stay came from Appalachian stock and settled individually throughout the area. Log cabins with dirt floors, a small garden for corn, and supplies for trapping and hunting were all they needed to scratch out a life in the hills.
The East Fork Wilderness takes its name from the East Fork of the Illinois Bayou, which bisects the wilderness from the northeast to southwest. The Area encompasses 10,777 acres along the southern edge of the Boston Mountains. East Fork's terrain is characterized by flat or gently rounded ridges separated by hollows with very steep slopes of sheer rock walls. The elevation ranges from 800- 1,600 ft. The most unique feature of East Fork Wilderness is the presence of 3 upland ponds. These areas have exposed standing water during wet weather months and...
