Private prison (English Wikipedia)

Guilbaud, Fabrice (2011). "La privatisation des prisons : entre marché et dogme sécuritaire". In Benguigui, G.; Guilbaud, F.; Malochet, G. (eds.). Prisons sous tensions (in French). Nîmes, Champ social. pp. 190–220.

aclu.org (Global: 5,482^nd place; English: 3,140^th place)

"Banking on Bondage: Private Prisons and Mass Incarceration". American Civil Liberties Union. Retrieved April 2, 2025.
Petrella, Christopher (July 1, 2014). "An Open Letter to the Corrections Corporation of America". American Civil Liberties Union. Retrieved April 8, 2022.
Shapiro, David. "Banking on Bondage: Private Prisons and Mass Incarceration" (PDF). American Civil Liberties Union. Retrieved March 31, 2013.

aeaweb.org (Global: 7,762^nd place; English: 5,451^st place)

Mukherjee, Anita (May 2021). "Impacts of Private Prison Contracting on Inmate Time Served and Recidivism". American Economic Journal: Economic Policy. 13 (2): 408–438. doi:10.1257/pol. ISSN 1945-7731. S2CID 236623774.

afsc.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

The Treatment Industrial Complex: How For-Profit Prison Corporations are Undermining Efforts to Treat and Rehabilitate Prisoners for Corporate Gain Archived November 13, 2017, at the Wayback Machine. American Friends Service Committee, November 2014.

aic.gov.au (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Private prisons in Australia". November 3, 2017.

archive.today (Global: 14^th place; English: 14^th place)

"Why build a private prison when we have empty beds in public ones?". Public Service Association. March 9, 2012. Archived from the original on December 20, 2012. Retrieved October 6, 2023.

bbc.co.uk (Global: 8^th place; English: 10^th place)

"Four sacked after Panorama investigation into G4S unit". BBC News. January 12, 2016. Retrieved October 22, 2016.
"Panorama G4S young offenders centre probe: Four arrested". BBC News. January 13, 2013. Retrieved October 22, 2016.
"G4S Medway unit: Security firm to sell children's services". BBC News. February 26, 2016. Retrieved October 22, 2016.

bbc.com (Global: 20^th place; English: 30^th place)

Ashfield Young Offenders Institution restraint rates 'up nine-fold', BBC, 17 February 2012. Retrieved 26 September 2016.

billmoyers.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Holland, Joshua (7 February 2014). "Higher Profits Explain Why There Are More People of Color in Private Prisons". Moyers & Company. Retrieved 7 February 2014.

bjs.gov (Global: low place; English: 9,333^rd place)

"Corrections Statistical Analysis Tool (CSAT) - Prisoners". Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS).
Carson, E. Ann (October 2020). "Prisoners in 2019" (PDF). Bureau of Justice Statistics.

bl.uk (Global: 1,234^th place; English: 779^th place)

Liebling, Alison; Schmidt, Bethany; Crewe, Ben; Auty, Katherine (July 2015). "Birmingham prison: the transition from public to private sector and its impact on staff and prisoner quality of life - a three-year study" (PDF). National Offender Management Service. et al. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 8, 2022. Retrieved April 8, 2022.

bloomberg.com (Global: 99^th place; English: 77^th place)

Mayeda, Andrew (July 10, 2012). "Canada Studying Private Firms for Prisons as Budgets Fall". Bloomberg. Retrieved October 15, 2019.
Newkirk, M., & Selway, W. (2013, July 11). "Gangs Ruled Prison as For-Profit Model Put Blood on Floor", Bloomberg.com. Retrieved July 11, 2013, from

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Marie Gottschalk. Caught: The Prison State and the Lockdown of American Politics. Princeton University Press, 2014. p. 70
Selman, Donna and Paul Leighton (2010). Punishment for Sale: Private Prisons, Big Business, and the Incarceration Binge. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 1442201738 p. 78

brennancenter.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Eisen, Lauren-Brooke (January 20, 2025). "Trump Reverses Biden Order that Eliminated DOJ Contracts with Private Prisons". Brennan Center for Justice. Retrieved May 5, 2025.

cbc.ca (Global: 115^th place; English: 82^nd place)

"Ontario to Take Back Control of Private Super Jail". CBC News. November 10, 2006. Retrieved October 15, 2019.

ccky.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Catholic Bishops of the South (2004). "Wardens from Wall Street: Prison Privatization" (PDF). Atlanta, GA: Catholic Committee of the South. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2021. Retrieved November 7, 2019. (Slightly different versions of this document are available from Pennsylvania Peace and Justice Resources and The Catholic Labor Network)

cis.org.au (Global: low place; English: low place)

Glushko, Anastasia (2016). "Doing well and doing good: The case for privatising prisons" (PDF). Policy Magazine. Vol. 32, no. 1. Australia: The Centre for Independent Studies. pp. 19–23.

citizensvoice.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Halpin, James (August 11, 2016). "Judge convicted in kids-for-cash scandal files to have some convictions overturned". The Citizens' Voice. Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania: Times-Shamrock Communications. ISSN 1070-8626. EBSCOhost 2W6966257525.
Falchek, David (February 27, 2015). "FNCB fined for being kids-for-cash bank". The Citizens' Voice. Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania: Times-Shamrock Communications. ISSN 1070-8626. Retrieved December 4, 2024.

cnbc.com (Global: 220^th place; English: 155^th place)

Ferris, Robert (November 11, 2016). "Prison stocks are flying on Trump victory". CNBC. Retrieved April 8, 2022.

commondreams.org (Global: 5,363^rd place; English: 3,477^th place)

Fischer, Brendan (June 28, 2013). "Pushback Against Privatization Across the Country". Common Dreams.

companiesmarketcap.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"CoreCivic (CXW) - Revenue". companiesmarketcap.com. Retrieved December 11, 2025.

corrections.govt.nz (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Corrections Department NZ - Auckland South Corrections Facility". February 7, 2018. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
"Corrections Department NZ - Prison facts and statistics - June 2016". February 24, 2017. Archived from the original on January 22, 2019. Retrieved November 10, 2018.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Crewe, Ben; Liebling, Alison; Hulley, Susie (April 4, 2011). "Staff culture, use of authority and prisoner quality of life in public and private sector prisons". Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology. 44 (1): 94–115. doi:10.1177/0004865810392681. ISSN 0004-8658. S2CID 145558945.
Westmont, V. Camille; and Colclasure, Cayla B. (May 3, 2024). "An Archaeology of Convict Leasing in the American South". Journal of African Diaspora Archaeology and Heritage. 13 (2): 134–169. doi:10.1080/21619441.2023.2205688. ISSN 2161-9441.
Campbell, John L. (2010). "Neoliberalism's penal and debtor states". Theoretical Criminology. 14 (1): 59–73. doi:10.1177/1362480609352783. S2CID 145694058.
Mukherjee, Anita (2021). "Impacts of Private Prison Contracting on Inmate Time Served and Recidivism". American Economic Journal: Economic Policy. 13 (2): 408–438. doi:10.1257/pol.20170474. ISSN 1945-7731.
Stemen, Don; Rengifo, Andres F. (February 2011). "Policies and Imprisonment: The Impact of Structured Sentencing and Determinate Sentencing on State Incarceration Rates, 1978–2004". Justice Quarterly. 28 (1): 174–201. doi:10.1080/07418821003694759. ISSN 0741-8825. S2CID 144950675.
Mukherjee, Anita (May 2021). "Impacts of Private Prison Contracting on Inmate Time Served and Recidivism". American Economic Journal: Economic Policy. 13 (2): 408–438. doi:10.1257/pol. ISSN 1945-7731. S2CID 236623774.
Maahs, J.; Pratt, T. (1999). "Are Private Prisons More Cost-Effective Than Public Prisons? A Meta-Analysis of Evaluation Research Studies". Crime & Delinquency. 45 (3): 358–371. doi:10.1177/0011128799045003004. S2CID 145111551.
Bellin, Jeffrey (April 2018). "Gale - Product Login". Michigan Law Review. 116 (6): 835–858. doi:10.36644/mlr.116.6.reassessing. S2CID 246378992. Retrieved October 14, 2018.

ebscohost.com (Global: 1,786^th place; English: 1,096^th place)

search.ebscohost.com

Halpin, James (August 11, 2016). "Judge convicted in kids-for-cash scandal files to have some convictions overturned". The Citizens' Voice. Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania: Times-Shamrock Communications. ISSN 1070-8626. EBSCOhost 2W6966257525.
Falchek, David (February 27, 2015). "Regulators: FNCB failed to report 'Kids for Cash' money; might have prolonged scandal". EBSCOhost 2W63323326857.
Mocarsky, Steve (February 28, 2015). "FNCB fined $1.5 million in connection with 'Kids for Cash' scandal". EBSCOhost 2W62167492731.

emory.edu (Global: 4,363^rd place; English: 2,801^st place)

scholarlycommons.law.emory.edu

Brown, Alys V. (October 2018). "Are the U.k.'s Payment-by-Results Programs Right for U.s. Prisons?". Emory International Law Review. 33 (1): 175–201.

fijitimes.com (Global: low place; English: 7,363^rd place)

Savou, Taniela (October 26, 2020). "OPINION: Making a real change in the lives of prisoners". Fiji Times. Retrieved November 7, 2023.

fordham.edu (Global: 1,648^th place; English: 1,137^th place)

ir.lawnet.fordham.edu

Friedmann, Alex (December 2014). "Apples-to-Fish: Public and Private Prison Cost Comparisons". Fordham Urban Law Journal. 42 (2): 503–568.

fwweekly.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Private Prisons, Public Pain". Fort Worth Weekly. March 10, 2010. Retrieved May 25, 2016.

galegroup.com (Global: 1,830^th place; English: 1,066^th place)

link.galegroup.com

Bellin, Jeffrey (April 2018). "Gale - Product Login". Michigan Law Review. 116 (6): 835–858. doi:10.36644/mlr.116.6.reassessing. S2CID 246378992. Retrieved October 14, 2018.

genius.com (Global: 955^th place; English: 729^th place)

West, Kanye (2011). "New Slaves Lyrics".

geogroup.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"The Geo Group, Inc. 2012 Annual Report" (PDF). p. 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 23, 2013. Retrieved April 7, 2013.

georgiaencyclopedia.org (Global: 3,714^th place; English: 2,248^th place)

Todd, W. (2005). "Convict Lease System" Archived September 27, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. In The New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved October 1, 2006.

go.com (Global: 48^th place; English: 39^th place)

abcnews.go.com

Rebecca Boone (3 January 2014). Idaho to Take Over Privately-Run State Prison. ABC News. Retrieved 3 January 2014.

goodjobsfirst.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Mattera, Phil; Khan, Mafruza (October 2001). "Jail Breaks: Economic Development Subsidies Given to Private Prisons" (PDF). Good Jobs First. p. 2.

gov.uk (Global: 432^nd place; English: 278^th place)

"Prison population statistics". GOV.UK. September 2023.
(announcement on 29 November)
"Four new prisons boost rehabilitation and support economy". GOV.UK. June 28, 2020.

governing.com (Global: low place; English: 7,336^th place)

Greenblatt, Alan (October 2003). "What Makes Alec Smart?". Governing.

haaretz.com (Global: 497^th place; English: 371^st place)

Zarchin, Tomer (November 20, 2009). "International Legal Precedent: No Private Prisons in Israel". Haaretz. Retrieved April 8, 2022.

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; English: 17^th place)

hir.harvard.edu

"Capital and the Carceral State: Prison Privatization in the United States and United Kingdom". Harvard International Review. September 23, 2020. Retrieved October 24, 2023.

howardleague.org.nz (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Fact Sheet 54 – Private Prisons – Ideology or evidence led?". Howard League for Penal Reform. April 27, 2009. Archived from the original on February 5, 2013. Retrieved October 6, 2023.

hrw.org (Global: 729^th place; English: 650^th place)

"Australia: Appalling Abuse, Neglect of Refugees on Nauru". Human Rights Watch. August 2, 2016. Retrieved April 8, 2022.

huffingtonpost.ca (Global: 2,253^rd place; English: 1,475^th place)

Tencer, Daniel (July 13, 2012). "Prison Privatization: Canada Mulls Contracting Services To Companies Lobbying For Correctional Work". The Huffington Post Canada. Retrieved October 15, 2019.

huffingtonpost.com (Global: 109^th place; English: 87^th place)

Katy Hall and Jan Diehm (19 September 2013). One Disturbing Reason For Our Exploding Prison Population (INFOGRAPHIC). The Huffington Post Retrieved 20 September 2013.

huffpost.com (Global: 378^th place; English: 251^st place)

Planas, Roque (November 9, 2016). "Private Prison Stocks Surge After Trump Victory". HuffPost. Retrieved April 8, 2022.

humanrights.gov.au (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Immigration detention and human rights". November 8, 2013.

ifpo.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Zito, M. (December 8, 2003). "Prison Privatization: Past and Present". International Foundation for Protection Officers. Archived from the original on September 23, 2006. Retrieved November 7, 2019.

instituteforgovernment.org.uk (Global: low place; English: 7,203^rd place)

Nehal, Panchamia (November 14, 2012). "Competition in prisons" (PDF). Institute for Government. Retrieved April 4, 2018.

inthepublicinterest.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Prison Privatization and the Use of Incarceration". In the Public Interest. The Sentencing Project. September 1, 2004. Retrieved April 8, 2022.
"Cost-Saving or Cost-Shifting: The Fiscal Impact of Prison Privatization in Arizona". In the Public Interest. February 1, 2005. Retrieved April 8, 2022.
CRIMINAL: How Lockup Quotas and "Low-Crime Taxes" Guarantee Profits for Private Prison Corporations Archived 2014-04-24 at the Wayback Machine. In the Public Interest. Retrieved 20 September 2013.

ipsnews.net (Global: 6,190^th place; English: 4,693^rd place)

Carey L. Biron (August 20, 2013). "More Countries Turn to Faltering U.S. Prison Privatisation Model". Inter Press Service. Retrieved March 31, 2019.

jacobinmag.com (Global: 5,166^th place; English: 3,338^th place)

George Joseph (June 27, 2015). The New Divestment Movement. Jacobin. Retrieved June 27, 2015.

joins.com (Global: 314^th place; English: 285^th place)

koreajoongangdaily.joins.com

Kim, Ki-hwan; Lee, Ga-hyuk (September 1, 2013). "At private prison, life isn't so awful". Korea JoongAng Daily. Retrieved November 7, 2023.

justiceinspectorates.gov.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

"2018/2019 inspections of probation services: summary report". Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Probation.

latimes.com (Global: 22^nd place; English: 19^th place)

Castillo, Andrea (December 23, 2019). "ICE signs contracts extending private immigrant detention centers ahead of California ban". LA Times. Retrieved June 17, 2020.

legislation.gov.uk (Global: 809^th place; English: 536^th place)

"Criminal Justice Act 1991". legislation.gov.uk. The National Archives. 1991 c. 53.

monash.edu (Global: low place; English: 9,141^st place)

"Australian Border Deaths Database". Monash Migration and Inclusion Centre. Retrieved April 8, 2022.

motherjones.com (Global: 2,008^th place; English: 1,197^th place)

Michaels, Samantha. "The fight against the private prison industry was just dealt a huge blow". Mother Jones. Retrieved April 8, 2022.
Pauly, Madison (November 12, 2018). "Private Prison Companies Poured Record Cash Into the 2018 Elections". Mother Jones. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
Katie Rose Quandt (28 April 2014). Corporations Divest Nearly $60 Million From Private Prison Industry. Mother Jones. Retrieved 2 May 2014.

muskokaregion.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Turnaround's end". Huntsville Forester. Metroland Media Group. December 5, 2003. Retrieved March 25, 2020.

mypalmbeachpost.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Pat Beall (November 22, 2013). Big business, legislators pushed for stiff sentences. The Palm Beach Post. Retrieved May 12, 2015.

nao.org.uk (Global: low place; English: 6,975^th place)

"The Operational Performance of PFI Prisons - National Audit Office (NAO) Report". National Audit Office. June 18, 2003. Retrieved April 8, 2022.

newheadnews.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Bates, Eric (January 5, 1998). "Private Prisons". The Nation. p. 13.

newsweek.com (Global: 269^th place; English: 201^st place)

Slisco, Aila (January 26, 2021). "Joe Biden moves to end federal use of private prisons after pledging to reduce mass incarceration". Newsweek. Archived from the original on January 27, 2021. Retrieved January 28, 2021.

newyorker.com (Global: 146^th place; English: 110^th place)

Sarah Stillman (June 23, 2014). Get Out of Jail, Inc. The New Yorker. Retrieved March 16, 2015.

nola.com (Global: 1,016^th place; English: 591^st place)

Chang, Cindy (May 29, 2012). "Louisiana is the world's prison capital". The Times-Picayune. Archived from the original on March 3, 2015. Retrieved April 4, 2013.

npr.org (Global: 92^nd place; English: 72^nd place)

Sullivan, Laura (2010). Prison Economics Help Drive Ariz. Immigration Law. National Public Radio.
Sullivan, Laura (2010). Shaping State Laws With Little Scrutiny. National Public Radio.
Justice Department Will Phase Out Its Use Of Private Prisons

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

Bishop, Greg (February 19, 2013). "A Company That Runs Prisons Will Have Its Name on a Stadium". The New York Times.
Richard A. Oppel, Jr. (May 18, 2011). "Private Prisons Found to Offer Little in Savings". New York Times.

nzherald.co.nz (Global: 435^th place; English: 276^th place)

"Serco admits 'fight club' reports came months ago". The New Zealand Herald. NZME. July 20, 2015. Retrieved October 6, 2023.
Cheng, Derek (March 8, 2012). "New private prison at Wiri given green light". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved October 6, 2023.
Collins, Simon (August 2, 2011). "Official nod makes Wiri biggest prison precinct". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved October 6, 2023.
"Prison plans nonsensical - Labour". The New Zealand Herald. APNZ. March 22, 2012. Retrieved October 6, 2023.
"Minister defends prison closure plans". The New Zealand Herald. APNZ. March 23, 2012. Retrieved October 6, 2023.
Collins, Simon (May 8, 2015). "NZ's first privately-owned jail opened today". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
Cheng, Derek (November 5, 2017). "Govt wants to axe new prison and lower prison muster". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved March 16, 2018.

ofsted.gov.uk (Global: 8,285^th place; English: 4,322^nd place)

reports.ofsted.gov.uk

Inspection of Rainsbrook Secure Training Centre (PDF). London: Ofsted. May 20, 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 18, 2016. Retrieved March 23, 2016.

ojp.gov (Global: 8,153^rd place; English: 4,786^th place)

bjs.ojp.gov

"Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear 2004". Bureau of Justice Statistics. Retrieved April 8, 2022.

pc.gov.au (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Corrective services". Retrieved November 7, 2018.

pewresearch.org (Global: 1,418^th place; English: 966^th place)

"U.S. private prison population has declined in recent years". Pew Research Center. April 11, 2017.

policymattersohio.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Selective Celling: Inmate Population in Ohio's Private Prisons". www.policymattersohio.org. Retrieved April 8, 2022.

ppjr.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Catholic Bishops of the South (2004). "Wardens from Wall Street: Prison Privatization" (PDF). Atlanta, GA: Catholic Committee of the South. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2021. Retrieved November 7, 2019. (Slightly different versions of this document are available from Pennsylvania Peace and Justice Resources and The Catholic Labor Network)

princeton.edu (Global: 741^st place; English: 577^th place)

press.princeton.edu

Marie Gottschalk. Caught: The Prison State and the Lockdown of American Politics. Princeton University Press, 2014. p. 70

prisonpolicy.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Are private prisons driving mass incarceration?". Prison Policy Initiative. October 7, 2015.

privateci.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"PCI Religious Statements". Retrieved May 25, 2016.

psa.org.nz (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Why build a private prison when we have empty beds in public ones?". Public Service Association. March 9, 2012. Archived from the original on December 20, 2012. Retrieved October 6, 2023.

pubrecord.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Steve Laudig. "Ripped from the Headlines: Greed, Corruption, and Hate Crimes in Northeastern Pennsylvania". The Public Record. Archived from the original on October 12, 2013. Retrieved November 16, 2012.

qz.com (Global: 1,110^th place; English: 695^th place)

Kozlowska, Hanna (August 3, 2017). "The prisons that propped up small US towns can hurt them badly when they shut down". Quartz. Retrieved December 5, 2018.

radionz.co.nz (Global: 5,259^th place; English: 3,182^nd place)

"Serco to pay $8m to Corrections". Radio New Zealand. April 4, 2016. Retrieved December 24, 2017.

reuters.com (Global: 49^th place; English: 47^th place)

"U.S. reverses Obama-era move to phase out private prisons". Reuters. February 23, 2017. Retrieved April 8, 2022.
Conlin, Michelle; Cooke, Kristina (January 18, 2019). "$11 toothpaste: Immigrants pay big for basics at private ICE lock-ups". www.reuters.com. Retrieved January 18, 2019.
Donald Cohen (11 July 2013). COLUMN - Edward Snowden and the disaster of privatization. Reuters. Retrieved 11 July 2013.

rollingstone.com (Global: 47^th place; English: 38^th place)

Hannah Gold (18 June 2014). 5 "Links Between Higher Education and the Prison Industry", Rolling Stone, Retrieved 13 July 2014.

rutherford.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Whitehead, John (April 10, 2012). "Jailing Americans for Profit: The Rise of the Prison Industrial Complex". The Rutherford Institute. Retrieved April 2, 2013.

sagepub.com (Global: 731^st place; English: 638^th place)

journals.sagepub.com

Crewe, Ben; Liebling, Alison; Hulley, Susie (April 4, 2011). "Staff culture, use of authority and prisoner quality of life in public and private sector prisons". Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology. 44 (1): 94–115. doi:10.1177/0004865810392681. ISSN 0004-8658. S2CID 145558945.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Crewe, Ben; Liebling, Alison; Hulley, Susie (April 4, 2011). "Staff culture, use of authority and prisoner quality of life in public and private sector prisons". Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology. 44 (1): 94–115. doi:10.1177/0004865810392681. ISSN 0004-8658. S2CID 145558945.
Campbell, John L. (2010). "Neoliberalism's penal and debtor states". Theoretical Criminology. 14 (1): 59–73. doi:10.1177/1362480609352783. S2CID 145694058.
Stemen, Don; Rengifo, Andres F. (February 2011). "Policies and Imprisonment: The Impact of Structured Sentencing and Determinate Sentencing on State Incarceration Rates, 1978–2004". Justice Quarterly. 28 (1): 174–201. doi:10.1080/07418821003694759. ISSN 0741-8825. S2CID 144950675.
Mukherjee, Anita (May 2021). "Impacts of Private Prison Contracting on Inmate Time Served and Recidivism". American Economic Journal: Economic Policy. 13 (2): 408–438. doi:10.1257/pol. ISSN 1945-7731. S2CID 236623774.
Maahs, J.; Pratt, T. (1999). "Are Private Prisons More Cost-Effective Than Public Prisons? A Meta-Analysis of Evaluation Research Studies". Crime & Delinquency. 45 (3): 358–371. doi:10.1177/0011128799045003004. S2CID 145111551.
Bellin, Jeffrey (April 2018). "Gale - Product Login". Michigan Law Review. 116 (6): 835–858. doi:10.36644/mlr.116.6.reassessing. S2CID 246378992. Retrieved October 14, 2018.

sentencingproject.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Capitalizing on Mass Incarceration: U.S. Growth in Private Prisons". The Sentencing Project. August 2, 2018. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
"Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 14, 2007. Retrieved July 16, 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

smh.com.au (Global: 132^nd place; English: 96^th place)

"All children to be off Nauru by year's end". The Sydney Morning Herald. November 1, 2018. Retrieved April 8, 2022.
Hall, Nicole Hasham, Inga Ting, Sarah Muller, Bianca (January 21, 2016). "Australia's harshest detention centre revealed". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved April 8, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

somangcorrection.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"소망교도소". Somangcorrection.org (in Korean). 소망교도소. Retrieved November 27, 2020.

springfieldtraffictickets.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Legislature of the State of Kansas - HOUSE BILL No. 2576" (PDF). Springfield Traffic Tickets.

standardspeaker.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Michael R. Sisak (Staff Writer) (December 17, 2009). "County judges provide TV fodder". Standard Speaker. Retrieved November 16, 2012.

stateaction.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Center for Policy Alternatives. (n.d.). Privatizing Prisons. Retrieved October 3, 2006, from the Center for Policy Alternatives Web site: http://www.stateaction.org/issues/issue.cfm/issue/PrivatizingPrisons.xml

stuff.co.nz (Global: 457^th place; English: 272^nd place)

Kay, Martin (December 14, 2010). "Govt awards first private prison contract". Stuff. Retrieved October 6, 2023.

sydney.edu.au (Global: 8,221^st place; English: 5,446^th place)

"Prison Privatisation in Australia: The State of the Nation. Accountability, Costs, Performance and Efficiency" (PDF). University of Sydney. 2016. Retrieved November 10, 2018.^{[permanent dead link]}

tandfonline.com (Global: 507^th place; English: 429^th place)

Westmont, V. Camille; and Colclasure, Cayla B. (May 3, 2024). "An Archaeology of Convict Leasing in the American South". Journal of African Diaspora Archaeology and Heritage. 13 (2): 134–169. doi:10.1080/21619441.2023.2205688. ISSN 2161-9441.

theatlantic.com (Global: 228^th place; English: 158^th place)

Eric Schlosser (December 1998). The Prison-Industrial Complex. The Atlantic. Retrieved 2 January 2014.

thegeogroupinc.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

The GEO Group, Inc. (2005). Retrieved October 2, 2006, from "Corporate" Archived 2006-10-05 at the Wayback Machine

theguardian.com (Global: 12^th place; English: 11^th place)

Doherty, Ben (May 17, 2016). "Australia's indefinite detention of refugees illegal, UN rules". The Guardian.
Hélène Mulholland (August 23, 2007). "Scottish Executive scraps private prison plan". The Guardian. Retrieved May 25, 2016.
"G4S-run youth jail criticised over degrading treatment of dainees". The Guardian.com. May 20, 2016. Retrieved March 23, 2016.
Hallison, Eric; Hattenstone, Simon (January 11, 2016). "G4S guards at youth prison alleged to have falsified reports to avoid fines". The Guardian. Retrieved October 22, 2016.
Managers at G4S-run Medway youth jail paid bonuses despite failings, The Guardian, Eric Allison & Simon Hattenstone, October 21, 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
Failing private prisons to be renationalized says Labour, The Guardian, Nicholas Watt, Jan 2, 2014. Retrieved 27 September 2016.
Laughland, Oliver (August 12, 2016). "Private federal prisons more dangerous, damning DoJ investigation reveals". The Guardian. Retrieved April 8, 2022.
George Monbiot, The Guardian, 3 March 2009, "This revolting trade in human lives is an incentive to lock people up"
Pilkington, Ed (March 7, 2009). "Jailed for a MySpace parody, the student who exposed America's cash for kids scandal". The Guardian. London. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
BondGraham, Darwin (September 12, 2019). "California bans private prisons – including Ice detention centers". The Guardian. Retrieved September 16, 2019.

time.com (Global: 61^st place; English: 54^th place)

"America's Shocking History of Private Prisons". Time. September 25, 2018. Retrieved October 24, 2023.
Zorthian, Julia (August 18, 2016). "Justice Department Will Stop the Use of Private Prisons". Time. Retrieved April 8, 2022.
"This Is the Real Reason Private Prisons Should Be Outlawed". Time. Retrieved November 9, 2018.

timesleader.com (Global: 9,859^th place; English: 5,389^th place)

archives.timesleader.com

"TV Show Mirrors Area Legal Headlines". The Times Leader. 2009. Archived from the original on October 4, 2013. Retrieved November 16, 2012.

truth-out.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Kay Whitlock and Nancy A. Heitzeg (February 24, 2015). "Bipartisan" Criminal Justice Reform: A Misguided Merger Archived July 2, 2017, at the Wayback Machine. Truthout. Retrieved March 16, 2015.

truthdig.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Chris Hedges (December 29, 2014). The Prison State of America. Truthdig. Retrieved December 29, 2014.

tvnz.co.nz (Global: 2,766^th place; English: 1,662^nd place)

Appleby, Luke (July 16, 2015). "Exclusive: Secret gang fight club at Mt Eden Prison revealed". 1News. TVNZ. Archived from the original on February 10, 2018. Retrieved December 24, 2017.

ucanews.com (Global: low place; English: 8,234^th place)

Hong, Stephen (December 3, 2010). "Protestants open South Korea's first private jail". Union of Catholic Asian News. Seoul. Retrieved November 7, 2023.

upi.com (Global: 290^th place; English: 202^nd place)

Downs, Ray (July 30, 2017). "New Mexico private prison to close, doesn't have enough inmates to profit". UPI. Retrieved December 5, 2018.

vice.com (Global: 175^th place; English: 137^th place)

Ray Downs (May 17 2013). Who's Getting Rich Off the Prison-Industrial Complex? Vice. Retrieved 2 January 2014.

vimeo.com (Global: 1,015^th place; English: 717^th place)

"The 'Kids for Cash' Scandal from Capitalism: A Love Story".

washingtonpost.com (Global: 34^th place; English: 27^th place)

washingtonpost.com

Justice Department says it will end use of private prisons, Washington Post, Matt Zapotosky & Chico Harlan, August 8, 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2016.

apps.washingtonpost.com

Reducing Our Use of Private Prisons Archived September 9, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, United States Department of Justice, Sally Q. Yates, August 18, 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2016.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

"Nauru and Manus Island Fact Sheet" (PDF). Wilson Security. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 8, 2018. Retrieved November 10, 2018.
"Fact Sheet 54 – Private Prisons – Ideology or evidence led?". Howard League for Penal Reform. April 27, 2009. Archived from the original on February 5, 2013. Retrieved October 6, 2023.
Appleby, Luke (July 16, 2015). "Exclusive: Secret gang fight club at Mt Eden Prison revealed". 1News. TVNZ. Archived from the original on February 10, 2018. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
"Corrections Department NZ - Prison facts and statistics - June 2016". February 24, 2017. Archived from the original on January 22, 2019. Retrieved November 10, 2018.
Liebling, Alison; Schmidt, Bethany; Crewe, Ben; Auty, Katherine (July 2015). "Birmingham prison: the transition from public to private sector and its impact on staff and prisoner quality of life - a three-year study" (PDF). National Offender Management Service. et al. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 8, 2022. Retrieved April 8, 2022.
Inspection of Rainsbrook Secure Training Centre (PDF). London: Ofsted. May 20, 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 18, 2016. Retrieved March 23, 2016.
Slisco, Aila (January 26, 2021). "Joe Biden moves to end federal use of private prisons after pledging to reduce mass incarceration". Newsweek. Archived from the original on January 27, 2021. Retrieved January 28, 2021.
San Quentin, California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
Todd, W. (2005). "Convict Lease System" Archived September 27, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. In The New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved October 1, 2006.
Zito, M. (December 8, 2003). "Prison Privatization: Past and Present". International Foundation for Protection Officers. Archived from the original on September 23, 2006. Retrieved November 7, 2019.
The GEO Group, Inc. (2005). Retrieved October 2, 2006, from "Corporate" Archived 2006-10-05 at the Wayback Machine
"The Geo Group, Inc. 2012 Annual Report" (PDF). p. 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 23, 2013. Retrieved April 7, 2013.
The Treatment Industrial Complex: How For-Profit Prison Corporations are Undermining Efforts to Treat and Rehabilitate Prisoners for Corporate Gain Archived November 13, 2017, at the Wayback Machine. American Friends Service Committee, November 2014.
Kay Whitlock and Nancy A. Heitzeg (February 24, 2015). "Bipartisan" Criminal Justice Reform: A Misguided Merger Archived July 2, 2017, at the Wayback Machine. Truthout. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
Chang, Cindy (May 29, 2012). "Louisiana is the world's prison capital". The Times-Picayune. Archived from the original on March 3, 2015. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
"Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 14, 2007. Retrieved July 16, 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
CRIMINAL: How Lockup Quotas and "Low-Crime Taxes" Guarantee Profits for Private Prison Corporations Archived 2014-04-24 at the Wayback Machine. In the Public Interest. Retrieved 20 September 2013.
Catholic Bishops of the South (2004). "Wardens from Wall Street: Prison Privatization" (PDF). Atlanta, GA: Catholic Committee of the South. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2021. Retrieved November 7, 2019. (Slightly different versions of this document are available from Pennsylvania Peace and Justice Resources and The Catholic Labor Network)
Reducing Our Use of Private Prisons Archived September 9, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, United States Department of Justice, Sally Q. Yates, August 18, 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
Steve Laudig. "Ripped from the Headlines: Greed, Corruption, and Hate Crimes in Northeastern Pennsylvania". The Public Record. Archived from the original on October 12, 2013. Retrieved November 16, 2012.
"TV Show Mirrors Area Legal Headlines". The Times Leader. 2009. Archived from the original on October 4, 2013. Retrieved November 16, 2012.

wilsonsecurity.com.au (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Nauru and Manus Island Fact Sheet" (PDF). Wilson Security. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 8, 2018. Retrieved November 10, 2018.

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Campbell, Charles F. (2001). The intolerable hulks : British shipboard confinement, 1776-1857 (3rd ed.). Tucson, Ariz.: Fenestra Books. ISBN 1-58736-068-3. OCLC 48803593.
Crewe, Ben; Liebling, Alison; Hulley, Susie (April 4, 2011). "Staff culture, use of authority and prisoner quality of life in public and private sector prisons". Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology. 44 (1): 94–115. doi:10.1177/0004865810392681. ISSN 0004-8658. S2CID 145558945.
Le Vay, Julian (2016). Competition for prisons : public or private?. Bristol. ISBN 978-1-4473-1323-6. OCLC 931873390.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Westmont, V. Camille; and Colclasure, Cayla B. (May 3, 2024). "An Archaeology of Convict Leasing in the American South". Journal of African Diaspora Archaeology and Heritage. 13 (2): 134–169. doi:10.1080/21619441.2023.2205688. ISSN 2161-9441.
Schmalleger, Frank (2001). Corrections in the 21st century. John Ortiz Smykla. New York: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-02-802567-9. OCLC 42736361.
Mukherjee, Anita (2021). "Impacts of Private Prison Contracting on Inmate Time Served and Recidivism". American Economic Journal: Economic Policy. 13 (2): 408–438. doi:10.1257/pol.20170474. ISSN 1945-7731.
Stemen, Don; Rengifo, Andres F. (February 2011). "Policies and Imprisonment: The Impact of Structured Sentencing and Determinate Sentencing on State Incarceration Rates, 1978–2004". Justice Quarterly. 28 (1): 174–201. doi:10.1080/07418821003694759. ISSN 0741-8825. S2CID 144950675.
Review of the Federal Bureau of Prisons' monitoring of contract prisons. United States Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General, Evaluation and Inspections Division. 2016. OCLC 957766545.
Mukherjee, Anita (May 2021). "Impacts of Private Prison Contracting on Inmate Time Served and Recidivism". American Economic Journal: Economic Policy. 13 (2): 408–438. doi:10.1257/pol. ISSN 1945-7731. S2CID 236623774.
Halpin, James (August 11, 2016). "Judge convicted in kids-for-cash scandal files to have some convictions overturned". The Citizens' Voice. Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania: Times-Shamrock Communications. ISSN 1070-8626. EBSCOhost 2W6966257525.
Falchek, David (February 27, 2015). "FNCB fined for being kids-for-cash bank". The Citizens' Voice. Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania: Times-Shamrock Communications. ISSN 1070-8626. Retrieved December 4, 2024.

yale.edu (Global: 565^th place; English: 460^th place)

campuspress.yale.edu

Psygkas, Akis (November 22, 2009). "[Cases] Prison Privatization Judged Unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of Israel". Comparative Administrative Law Blog. Retrieved April 8, 2022.

Private prison (English Wikipedia)

academia.edu (Global: 121st place; English: 142nd place)

aclu.org (Global: 5,482nd place; English: 3,140th place)

aeaweb.org (Global: 7,762nd place; English: 5,451st place)

afsc.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

aic.gov.au (Global: low place; English: low place)

archive.today (Global: 14th place; English: 14th place)

bbc.co.uk (Global: 8th place; English: 10th place)

bbc.com (Global: 20th place; English: 30th place)

billmoyers.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

bjs.gov (Global: low place; English: 9,333rd place)

bl.uk (Global: 1,234th place; English: 779th place)

bloomberg.com (Global: 99th place; English: 77th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3rd place; English: 3rd place)

brennancenter.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

cbc.ca (Global: 115th place; English: 82nd place)

ccky.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

cis.org.au (Global: low place; English: low place)

citizensvoice.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

cnbc.com (Global: 220th place; English: 155th place)

commondreams.org (Global: 5,363rd place; English: 3,477th place)

companiesmarketcap.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

corrections.govt.nz (Global: low place; English: low place)

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

ebscohost.com (Global: 1,786th place; English: 1,096th place)

search.ebscohost.com

emory.edu (Global: 4,363rd place; English: 2,801st place)

scholarlycommons.law.emory.edu

fijitimes.com (Global: low place; English: 7,363rd place)

fordham.edu (Global: 1,648th place; English: 1,137th place)

ir.lawnet.fordham.edu

fwweekly.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

galegroup.com (Global: 1,830th place; English: 1,066th place)

link.galegroup.com

genius.com (Global: 955th place; English: 729th place)

geogroup.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

georgiaencyclopedia.org (Global: 3,714th place; English: 2,248th place)

go.com (Global: 48th place; English: 39th place)

abcnews.go.com

goodjobsfirst.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

gov.uk (Global: 432nd place; English: 278th place)

governing.com (Global: low place; English: 7,336th place)

haaretz.com (Global: 497th place; English: 371st place)

harvard.edu (Global: 18th place; English: 17th place)

hir.harvard.edu

howardleague.org.nz (Global: low place; English: low place)

hrw.org (Global: 729th place; English: 650th place)

huffingtonpost.ca (Global: 2,253rd place; English: 1,475th place)

huffingtonpost.com (Global: 109th place; English: 87th place)

huffpost.com (Global: 378th place; English: 251st place)

humanrights.gov.au (Global: low place; English: low place)

ifpo.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

instituteforgovernment.org.uk (Global: low place; English: 7,203rd place)

inthepublicinterest.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

ipsnews.net (Global: 6,190th place; English: 4,693rd place)

jacobinmag.com (Global: 5,166th place; English: 3,338th place)

joins.com (Global: 314th place; English: 285th place)

koreajoongangdaily.joins.com

justiceinspectorates.gov.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

latimes.com (Global: 22nd place; English: 19th place)

legislation.gov.uk (Global: 809th place; English: 536th place)

monash.edu (Global: low place; English: 9,141st place)

motherjones.com (Global: 2,008th place; English: 1,197th place)

muskokaregion.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

mypalmbeachpost.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

nao.org.uk (Global: low place; English: 6,975th place)

newheadnews.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

newsweek.com (Global: 269th place; English: 201st place)

newyorker.com (Global: 146th place; English: 110th place)

nola.com (Global: 1,016th place; English: 591st place)

npr.org (Global: 92nd place; English: 72nd place)

nytimes.com (Global: 7th place; English: 7th place)

nzherald.co.nz (Global: 435th place; English: 276th place)

ofsted.gov.uk (Global: 8,285th place; English: 4,322nd place)

reports.ofsted.gov.uk

ojp.gov (Global: 8,153rd place; English: 4,786th place)

bjs.ojp.gov

pc.gov.au (Global: low place; English: low place)

pewresearch.org (Global: 1,418th place; English: 966th place)

policymattersohio.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

academia.edu (Global: 121^st place; English: 142^nd place)

aclu.org (Global: 5,482^nd place; English: 3,140^th place)

aeaweb.org (Global: 7,762^nd place; English: 5,451^st place)

archive.today (Global: 14^th place; English: 14^th place)

bbc.co.uk (Global: 8^th place; English: 10^th place)

bbc.com (Global: 20^th place; English: 30^th place)

bjs.gov (Global: low place; English: 9,333^rd place)

bl.uk (Global: 1,234^th place; English: 779^th place)

bloomberg.com (Global: 99^th place; English: 77^th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

cbc.ca (Global: 115^th place; English: 82^nd place)

cnbc.com (Global: 220^th place; English: 155^th place)

commondreams.org (Global: 5,363^rd place; English: 3,477^th place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

ebscohost.com (Global: 1,786^th place; English: 1,096^th place)

emory.edu (Global: 4,363^rd place; English: 2,801^st place)

fijitimes.com (Global: low place; English: 7,363^rd place)

fordham.edu (Global: 1,648^th place; English: 1,137^th place)

galegroup.com (Global: 1,830^th place; English: 1,066^th place)

genius.com (Global: 955^th place; English: 729^th place)

georgiaencyclopedia.org (Global: 3,714^th place; English: 2,248^th place)

go.com (Global: 48^th place; English: 39^th place)

gov.uk (Global: 432^nd place; English: 278^th place)

governing.com (Global: low place; English: 7,336^th place)

haaretz.com (Global: 497^th place; English: 371^st place)

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; English: 17^th place)

hrw.org (Global: 729^th place; English: 650^th place)

huffingtonpost.ca (Global: 2,253^rd place; English: 1,475^th place)

huffingtonpost.com (Global: 109^th place; English: 87^th place)

huffpost.com (Global: 378^th place; English: 251^st place)

instituteforgovernment.org.uk (Global: low place; English: 7,203^rd place)

ipsnews.net (Global: 6,190^th place; English: 4,693^rd place)

jacobinmag.com (Global: 5,166^th place; English: 3,338^th place)

joins.com (Global: 314^th place; English: 285^th place)

latimes.com (Global: 22^nd place; English: 19^th place)

legislation.gov.uk (Global: 809^th place; English: 536^th place)

monash.edu (Global: low place; English: 9,141^st place)

motherjones.com (Global: 2,008^th place; English: 1,197^th place)

nao.org.uk (Global: low place; English: 6,975^th place)

newsweek.com (Global: 269^th place; English: 201^st place)

newyorker.com (Global: 146^th place; English: 110^th place)

nola.com (Global: 1,016^th place; English: 591^st place)

npr.org (Global: 92^nd place; English: 72^nd place)

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

nzherald.co.nz (Global: 435^th place; English: 276^th place)

ofsted.gov.uk (Global: 8,285^th place; English: 4,322^nd place)

ojp.gov (Global: 8,153^rd place; English: 4,786^th place)

pewresearch.org (Global: 1,418^th place; English: 966^th place)

princeton.edu (Global: 741^st place; English: 577^th place)

qz.com (Global: 1,110^th place; English: 695^th place)

radionz.co.nz (Global: 5,259^th place; English: 3,182^nd place)

reuters.com (Global: 49^th place; English: 47^th place)

rollingstone.com (Global: 47^th place; English: 38^th place)

sagepub.com (Global: 731^st place; English: 638^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; English: 8^th place)

smh.com.au (Global: 132^nd place; English: 96^th place)

stuff.co.nz (Global: 457^th place; English: 272^nd place)

sydney.edu.au (Global: 8,221^st place; English: 5,446^th place)

tandfonline.com (Global: 507^th place; English: 429^th place)

theatlantic.com (Global: 228^th place; English: 158^th place)

theguardian.com (Global: 12^th place; English: 11^th place)

time.com (Global: 61^st place; English: 54^th place)

timesleader.com (Global: 9,859^th place; English: 5,389^th place)

tvnz.co.nz (Global: 2,766^th place; English: 1,662^nd place)

ucanews.com (Global: low place; English: 8,234^th place)

upi.com (Global: 290^th place; English: 202^nd place)

vice.com (Global: 175^th place; English: 137^th place)

vimeo.com (Global: 1,015^th place; English: 717^th place)

washingtonpost.com (Global: 34^th place; English: 27^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

yale.edu (Global: 565^th place; English: 460^th place)