Prolotherapy (English Wikipedia)

Rabago, D; Slattengren, A; Zgierska, A (March 2010). "Prolotherapy in primary care practice". Primary Care. 37 (1): 65–80. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2009.09.013. PMC 2831229. PMID 20188998.
Rabago, D; Nourani, B (2017). "Prolotherapy for Osteoarthritis and Tendinopathy: a Descriptive Review". Current Rheumatology Reports. 19 (6): 34. doi:10.1007/s11926-017-0659-3. PMID 28484944. S2CID 4432773.
Sanderson, LM; Bryant, A (2015). "Effectiveness and safety of prolotherapy injections for management of lower limb tendinopathy and fasciopathy: a systematic review". Journal of Foot and Ankle Research. 8: 57. doi:10.1186/s13047-015-0114-5. PMC 4617485. PMID 26500703.
Dagenais, Simon; Yelland, Michael J; Del Mar, Chris; Schoene, Mark L; Nelemans, P (2007). "Prolotherapy injections for chronic low-back pain". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 34 (1): 49–59. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004059.pub3. hdl:10072/26843. PMC 6986690. PMID 17443537. S2CID 21217911.
Staal, J Bart; De Bie, Rob A.; De Vet, Henrica C. W.; Hildebrandt, Jan; Nelemans, Patty (2009). "Injection Therapy for Subacute and Chronic Low Back Pain". Spine. 34 (1): 49–59. doi:10.1097/brs.0b013e3181909558. PMID 19127161. S2CID 32221321.
Distel, Laura M.; Best, Thomas M. (2011). "Prolotherapy: A Clinical Review of Its Role in Treating Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain". PM&R. 3 (6): S78–81. doi:10.1016/j.pmrj.2011.04.003. PMID 21703585. S2CID 40431887.
Reeves, KD; Sit, RWS; Rabago, D (2016). "Dextrose Prolotherapy: A narrative review of basic science and clinical research, and best treatment recommendations". Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Clinics of North America. 27 (4): 783–823. doi:10.1016/j.pmr.2016.06.001. PMID 27788902.
Rabago, D; Best, TM; Zgierska, AE; Zelsig, E; Ryan, M; Crane, D (2009). "A systematic review of four injections therapies for lateral epicondylosis: prolotherapy, polidocanol, whole blood, and platelet-rich plasma". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 43 (7): 471–481. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2008.052761. PMC 2755040. PMID 19028733.
Coombes, Brooke K; Bisset, Leanne; Vicenzino, Bill (2010). "Efficacy and safety of corticosteroid injections and other injections for management of tendinopathy: A systematic review of randomised controlled trials" (PDF). The Lancet. 376 (9754): 1751–67. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61160-9. hdl:10072/35812. PMID 20970844. S2CID 45054853.
Morath, O; Kubosch, EJ; Lin, XB; Burger, C; Paul, C; Wang, ZL; Kong, FL; Welle, K; Jiang, ZC; Kabir, K (2016). "Injection therapies for lateral epicondylalgia: a systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 50 (15): 900–908. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2014-094387. PMID 26392595. S2CID 39792649.
Dong, W; Goost, H; Taeymans, J; Zwingmann, J; Konstantinidis, L; Südkamp, NP; Hirschmüller, A (2017). "The effect of sclerotherapy and prolotherapy on chronic painful Achilles tendinopathy-a systematic review including meta-analysis". Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports. Apr 27 (1): 4–15. doi:10.1111/sms.12898. PMID 28449312. S2CID 31502425.
Krogh, T. P.; Bartels, E. M.; Ellingsen, T.; Stengaard-Pedersen, K.; Buchbinder, R.; Fredberg, U.; Bliddal, H.; Christensen, R. (2012). "Comparative Effectiveness of Injection Therapies in Lateral Epicondylitis: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials". The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 41 (6): 1435–46. doi:10.1177/0363546512458237. PMID 22972856. S2CID 25355427.
Krstičević, M; Jerić, M; Došenović, S; Jeličić Kadić, A; Puljak, L (2017). "Proliferative injection therapy for osteoarthritis: a systematic review". International Orthopedics. 41 (4): 671–679. doi:10.1007/s00264-017-3422-5. PMID 28190092. S2CID 21684137.
Hassan, F; Trebinjac, S; Murrell, WD; Maffulli, N (2017). "The effectiveness of prolotherapy in treating knee osteoarthritis in adults: a systematic review". British Medical Bulletin. 122 (1): 91–108. doi:10.1093/bmb/ldx006. PMID 28334196.
Sit, RW; Chung, VCh; Reeves, KD; Rabago, N; Chan, KK; Chan, DC; Wu, X; Ho, RS; Wong, SY (2016). "Hypertonic dextrose injections (prolotherapy) in the treatment of symptomatic knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Scientific Reports. 6 (May 5): 25247. Bibcode:2016NatSR...625247S. doi:10.1038/srep25247. PMC 4857084. PMID 27146849.
Kolasinski, Sharon L.; et al. (February 2020). "2019 American College of Rheumatology/Arthritis Foundation Guideline for the Management of Osteoarthritis of the Hand, Hip, and Knee". Arthritis & Rheumatology. 72 (2): 220–233. doi:10.1002/art.41142. hdl:2027.42/153546. PMC 10518852. PMID 31908163. S2CID 210041163.
Rabago, D; Slattengren, A; Zgierska, A (2010). "Prolotherapy in Primary Care Practice". Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice. 37 (1): 65–80. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2009.09.013. PMC 2831229. PMID 20188998.
Judson, Christopher H.; Wolf, Jennifer Moriatis (2013). "Lateral Epicondylitis". Orthopedic Clinics of North America. 44 (4): 615–23. doi:10.1016/j.ocl.2013.06.013. PMID 24095076.
Slattengren A, Rabago D, Zgierska A (Mar 2010). "Prolotherapy in Primary Care Practice". Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice. 37 (1): 65–80. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2009.09.013. PMC 2831229. PMID 20188998.
Davidson, J.; Jayaraman, S. (2011). "Guided interventions in musculoskeletal ultrasound: What's the evidence?". Clinical Radiology. 66 (2): 140–52. doi:10.1016/j.crad.2010.09.006. PMID 21216330.
Johnston, E; Emani, C; Kochan, A; Ghebrehawariat, K; Tyburski, J; Johnston, M; Rabago, D (2020). "Prolotherapy agent P2G is associated with upregulation of fibroblast growth factor-2 genetic expression in vitro". Journal of Experimental Orthopaedics. 7 (1): 97. doi:10.1186/s40634-020-00312-z. PMC 7719583. PMID 33280075.
Ayyappan, M K; Sebastian, Jithin Jagan (2023). "Origin and Evolution of Sclerotherapy for Varicose Veins". Indian Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery. 10 (3): 237–239. doi:10.4103/ijves.ijves_82_23. ISSN 0972-0820.
Rice, Carl O. (March 1937). "The Injection Treatment of Hernia". Annals of Surgery. 105 (3): 343–350. doi:10.1097/00000658-193703000-00004. PMC 1390347. PMID 17856937.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Dagenais, Simon; Yelland, Michael J; Del Mar, Chris; Schoene, Mark L; Nelemans, P (2007). "Prolotherapy injections for chronic low-back pain". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 34 (1): 49–59. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004059.pub3. hdl:10072/26843. PMC 6986690. PMID 17443537. S2CID 21217911.
Coombes, Brooke K; Bisset, Leanne; Vicenzino, Bill (2010). "Efficacy and safety of corticosteroid injections and other injections for management of tendinopathy: A systematic review of randomised controlled trials" (PDF). The Lancet. 376 (9754): 1751–67. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61160-9. hdl:10072/35812. PMID 20970844. S2CID 45054853.
Kolasinski, Sharon L.; et al. (February 2020). "2019 American College of Rheumatology/Arthritis Foundation Guideline for the Management of Osteoarthritis of the Hand, Hip, and Knee". Arthritis & Rheumatology. 72 (2): 220–233. doi:10.1002/art.41142. hdl:2027.42/153546. PMC 10518852. PMID 31908163. S2CID 210041163.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Sit, RW; Chung, VCh; Reeves, KD; Rabago, N; Chan, KK; Chan, DC; Wu, X; Ho, RS; Wong, SY (2016). "Hypertonic dextrose injections (prolotherapy) in the treatment of symptomatic knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Scientific Reports. 6 (May 5): 25247. Bibcode:2016NatSR...625247S. doi:10.1038/srep25247. PMC 4857084. PMID 27146849.

mayoclinic.com

Bauer, Brent A. (2012). "Prolotherapy: Solution to low back pain?". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 16 December 2012.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Rabago, D; Slattengren, A; Zgierska, A (March 2010). "Prolotherapy in primary care practice". Primary Care. 37 (1): 65–80. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2009.09.013. PMC 2831229. PMID 20188998.
Rabago, D; Nourani, B (2017). "Prolotherapy for Osteoarthritis and Tendinopathy: a Descriptive Review". Current Rheumatology Reports. 19 (6): 34. doi:10.1007/s11926-017-0659-3. PMID 28484944. S2CID 4432773.
Sanderson, LM; Bryant, A (2015). "Effectiveness and safety of prolotherapy injections for management of lower limb tendinopathy and fasciopathy: a systematic review". Journal of Foot and Ankle Research. 8: 57. doi:10.1186/s13047-015-0114-5. PMC 4617485. PMID 26500703.
Covey, CJ; Sineath, MH Jr; Penta, JF; Leggit, JC (2015). "Prolotherapy: Can it help your patient?". Journal of Family Practice. 64 (12): 763–768. PMID 26844994.
Dagenais, Simon; Yelland, Michael J; Del Mar, Chris; Schoene, Mark L; Nelemans, P (2007). "Prolotherapy injections for chronic low-back pain". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 34 (1): 49–59. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004059.pub3. hdl:10072/26843. PMC 6986690. PMID 17443537. S2CID 21217911.
Staal, J Bart; De Bie, Rob A.; De Vet, Henrica C. W.; Hildebrandt, Jan; Nelemans, Patty (2009). "Injection Therapy for Subacute and Chronic Low Back Pain". Spine. 34 (1): 49–59. doi:10.1097/brs.0b013e3181909558. PMID 19127161. S2CID 32221321.
Distel, Laura M.; Best, Thomas M. (2011). "Prolotherapy: A Clinical Review of Its Role in Treating Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain". PM&R. 3 (6): S78–81. doi:10.1016/j.pmrj.2011.04.003. PMID 21703585. S2CID 40431887.
Reeves, KD; Sit, RWS; Rabago, D (2016). "Dextrose Prolotherapy: A narrative review of basic science and clinical research, and best treatment recommendations". Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Clinics of North America. 27 (4): 783–823. doi:10.1016/j.pmr.2016.06.001. PMID 27788902.
Rabago, D; Best, TM; Zgierska, AE; Zelsig, E; Ryan, M; Crane, D (2009). "A systematic review of four injections therapies for lateral epicondylosis: prolotherapy, polidocanol, whole blood, and platelet-rich plasma". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 43 (7): 471–481. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2008.052761. PMC 2755040. PMID 19028733.
Coombes, Brooke K; Bisset, Leanne; Vicenzino, Bill (2010). "Efficacy and safety of corticosteroid injections and other injections for management of tendinopathy: A systematic review of randomised controlled trials" (PDF). The Lancet. 376 (9754): 1751–67. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61160-9. hdl:10072/35812. PMID 20970844. S2CID 45054853.
Morath, O; Kubosch, EJ; Lin, XB; Burger, C; Paul, C; Wang, ZL; Kong, FL; Welle, K; Jiang, ZC; Kabir, K (2016). "Injection therapies for lateral epicondylalgia: a systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 50 (15): 900–908. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2014-094387. PMID 26392595. S2CID 39792649.
Dong, W; Goost, H; Taeymans, J; Zwingmann, J; Konstantinidis, L; Südkamp, NP; Hirschmüller, A (2017). "The effect of sclerotherapy and prolotherapy on chronic painful Achilles tendinopathy-a systematic review including meta-analysis". Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports. Apr 27 (1): 4–15. doi:10.1111/sms.12898. PMID 28449312. S2CID 31502425.
Krogh, T. P.; Bartels, E. M.; Ellingsen, T.; Stengaard-Pedersen, K.; Buchbinder, R.; Fredberg, U.; Bliddal, H.; Christensen, R. (2012). "Comparative Effectiveness of Injection Therapies in Lateral Epicondylitis: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials". The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 41 (6): 1435–46. doi:10.1177/0363546512458237. PMID 22972856. S2CID 25355427.
Krstičević, M; Jerić, M; Došenović, S; Jeličić Kadić, A; Puljak, L (2017). "Proliferative injection therapy for osteoarthritis: a systematic review". International Orthopedics. 41 (4): 671–679. doi:10.1007/s00264-017-3422-5. PMID 28190092. S2CID 21684137.
Hassan, F; Trebinjac, S; Murrell, WD; Maffulli, N (2017). "The effectiveness of prolotherapy in treating knee osteoarthritis in adults: a systematic review". British Medical Bulletin. 122 (1): 91–108. doi:10.1093/bmb/ldx006. PMID 28334196.
Sit, RW; Chung, VCh; Reeves, KD; Rabago, N; Chan, KK; Chan, DC; Wu, X; Ho, RS; Wong, SY (2016). "Hypertonic dextrose injections (prolotherapy) in the treatment of symptomatic knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Scientific Reports. 6 (May 5): 25247. Bibcode:2016NatSR...625247S. doi:10.1038/srep25247. PMC 4857084. PMID 27146849.
Kolasinski, Sharon L.; et al. (February 2020). "2019 American College of Rheumatology/Arthritis Foundation Guideline for the Management of Osteoarthritis of the Hand, Hip, and Knee". Arthritis & Rheumatology. 72 (2): 220–233. doi:10.1002/art.41142. hdl:2027.42/153546. PMC 10518852. PMID 31908163. S2CID 210041163.
Rabago, D; Slattengren, A; Zgierska, A (2010). "Prolotherapy in Primary Care Practice". Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice. 37 (1): 65–80. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2009.09.013. PMC 2831229. PMID 20188998.
Judson, Christopher H.; Wolf, Jennifer Moriatis (2013). "Lateral Epicondylitis". Orthopedic Clinics of North America. 44 (4): 615–23. doi:10.1016/j.ocl.2013.06.013. PMID 24095076.
Slattengren A, Rabago D, Zgierska A (Mar 2010). "Prolotherapy in Primary Care Practice". Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice. 37 (1): 65–80. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2009.09.013. PMC 2831229. PMID 20188998.
Davidson, J.; Jayaraman, S. (2011). "Guided interventions in musculoskeletal ultrasound: What's the evidence?". Clinical Radiology. 66 (2): 140–52. doi:10.1016/j.crad.2010.09.006. PMID 21216330.
Johnston, E; Emani, C; Kochan, A; Ghebrehawariat, K; Tyburski, J; Johnston, M; Rabago, D (2020). "Prolotherapy agent P2G is associated with upregulation of fibroblast growth factor-2 genetic expression in vitro". Journal of Experimental Orthopaedics. 7 (1): 97. doi:10.1186/s40634-020-00312-z. PMC 7719583. PMID 33280075.
Rice, Carl O. (March 1937). "The Injection Treatment of Hernia". Annals of Surgery. 105 (3): 343–350. doi:10.1097/00000658-193703000-00004. PMC 1390347. PMID 17856937.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Rabago, D; Slattengren, A; Zgierska, A (March 2010). "Prolotherapy in primary care practice". Primary Care. 37 (1): 65–80. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2009.09.013. PMC 2831229. PMID 20188998.
Sanderson, LM; Bryant, A (2015). "Effectiveness and safety of prolotherapy injections for management of lower limb tendinopathy and fasciopathy: a systematic review". Journal of Foot and Ankle Research. 8: 57. doi:10.1186/s13047-015-0114-5. PMC 4617485. PMID 26500703.
Dagenais, Simon; Yelland, Michael J; Del Mar, Chris; Schoene, Mark L; Nelemans, P (2007). "Prolotherapy injections for chronic low-back pain". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 34 (1): 49–59. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004059.pub3. hdl:10072/26843. PMC 6986690. PMID 17443537. S2CID 21217911.
Rabago, D; Best, TM; Zgierska, AE; Zelsig, E; Ryan, M; Crane, D (2009). "A systematic review of four injections therapies for lateral epicondylosis: prolotherapy, polidocanol, whole blood, and platelet-rich plasma". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 43 (7): 471–481. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2008.052761. PMC 2755040. PMID 19028733.
Sit, RW; Chung, VCh; Reeves, KD; Rabago, N; Chan, KK; Chan, DC; Wu, X; Ho, RS; Wong, SY (2016). "Hypertonic dextrose injections (prolotherapy) in the treatment of symptomatic knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Scientific Reports. 6 (May 5): 25247. Bibcode:2016NatSR...625247S. doi:10.1038/srep25247. PMC 4857084. PMID 27146849.
Kolasinski, Sharon L.; et al. (February 2020). "2019 American College of Rheumatology/Arthritis Foundation Guideline for the Management of Osteoarthritis of the Hand, Hip, and Knee". Arthritis & Rheumatology. 72 (2): 220–233. doi:10.1002/art.41142. hdl:2027.42/153546. PMC 10518852. PMID 31908163. S2CID 210041163.
Rabago, D; Slattengren, A; Zgierska, A (2010). "Prolotherapy in Primary Care Practice". Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice. 37 (1): 65–80. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2009.09.013. PMC 2831229. PMID 20188998.
Slattengren A, Rabago D, Zgierska A (Mar 2010). "Prolotherapy in Primary Care Practice". Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice. 37 (1): 65–80. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2009.09.013. PMC 2831229. PMID 20188998.
Johnston, E; Emani, C; Kochan, A; Ghebrehawariat, K; Tyburski, J; Johnston, M; Rabago, D (2020). "Prolotherapy agent P2G is associated with upregulation of fibroblast growth factor-2 genetic expression in vitro". Journal of Experimental Orthopaedics. 7 (1): 97. doi:10.1186/s40634-020-00312-z. PMC 7719583. PMID 33280075.
Rice, Carl O. (March 1937). "The Injection Treatment of Hernia". Annals of Surgery. 105 (3): 343–350. doi:10.1097/00000658-193703000-00004. PMC 1390347. PMID 17856937.

nytimes.com

Brody, Jane E. (7 August 2007). "Injections to Kick-Start Tissue Repair". New York Times. Retrieved 24 July 2008. Prolotherapy involves a series of injections designed to produce inflammation in the injured tissue

ocfm.com

"Prolotherapy Frequently Asked Questions". Osteopathic Center for Family Medicine. Retrieved 2024-03-15.

prolotherapysandiego.com

Banks, AR (1991). "A Rationale for Prolotherapy" (PDF). Journal of Orthopaedic Medicine. 13 (3).

proquest.com

De Garmo, W B (8 January 1887). "THE TREATMENT OF HERNIA BY SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTION". Medical Record. 31 (2): 35. ProQuest 88980623.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Rabago, D; Nourani, B (2017). "Prolotherapy for Osteoarthritis and Tendinopathy: a Descriptive Review". Current Rheumatology Reports. 19 (6): 34. doi:10.1007/s11926-017-0659-3. PMID 28484944. S2CID 4432773.
Dagenais, Simon; Yelland, Michael J; Del Mar, Chris; Schoene, Mark L; Nelemans, P (2007). "Prolotherapy injections for chronic low-back pain". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 34 (1): 49–59. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004059.pub3. hdl:10072/26843. PMC 6986690. PMID 17443537. S2CID 21217911.
Staal, J Bart; De Bie, Rob A.; De Vet, Henrica C. W.; Hildebrandt, Jan; Nelemans, Patty (2009). "Injection Therapy for Subacute and Chronic Low Back Pain". Spine. 34 (1): 49–59. doi:10.1097/brs.0b013e3181909558. PMID 19127161. S2CID 32221321.
Distel, Laura M.; Best, Thomas M. (2011). "Prolotherapy: A Clinical Review of Its Role in Treating Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain". PM&R. 3 (6): S78–81. doi:10.1016/j.pmrj.2011.04.003. PMID 21703585. S2CID 40431887.
Coombes, Brooke K; Bisset, Leanne; Vicenzino, Bill (2010). "Efficacy and safety of corticosteroid injections and other injections for management of tendinopathy: A systematic review of randomised controlled trials" (PDF). The Lancet. 376 (9754): 1751–67. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61160-9. hdl:10072/35812. PMID 20970844. S2CID 45054853.
Morath, O; Kubosch, EJ; Lin, XB; Burger, C; Paul, C; Wang, ZL; Kong, FL; Welle, K; Jiang, ZC; Kabir, K (2016). "Injection therapies for lateral epicondylalgia: a systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 50 (15): 900–908. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2014-094387. PMID 26392595. S2CID 39792649.
Dong, W; Goost, H; Taeymans, J; Zwingmann, J; Konstantinidis, L; Südkamp, NP; Hirschmüller, A (2017). "The effect of sclerotherapy and prolotherapy on chronic painful Achilles tendinopathy-a systematic review including meta-analysis". Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports. Apr 27 (1): 4–15. doi:10.1111/sms.12898. PMID 28449312. S2CID 31502425.
Krogh, T. P.; Bartels, E. M.; Ellingsen, T.; Stengaard-Pedersen, K.; Buchbinder, R.; Fredberg, U.; Bliddal, H.; Christensen, R. (2012). "Comparative Effectiveness of Injection Therapies in Lateral Epicondylitis: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials". The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 41 (6): 1435–46. doi:10.1177/0363546512458237. PMID 22972856. S2CID 25355427.
Krstičević, M; Jerić, M; Došenović, S; Jeličić Kadić, A; Puljak, L (2017). "Proliferative injection therapy for osteoarthritis: a systematic review". International Orthopedics. 41 (4): 671–679. doi:10.1007/s00264-017-3422-5. PMID 28190092. S2CID 21684137.
Kolasinski, Sharon L.; et al. (February 2020). "2019 American College of Rheumatology/Arthritis Foundation Guideline for the Management of Osteoarthritis of the Hand, Hip, and Knee". Arthritis & Rheumatology. 72 (2): 220–233. doi:10.1002/art.41142. hdl:2027.42/153546. PMC 10518852. PMID 31908163. S2CID 210041163.

unitedhealthcareonline.com

"Prolotherapy for Musculoskeletal Indications" (PDF). Medical Policy. UnitedHealthCare. 2013. Retrieved 12 October 2013.

upmc.com

"Prolotherapy". University of Pittsburgh Medical Center. 2012. Retrieved 16 December 2012.

uq.edu.au

espace.library.uq.edu.au

Coombes, Brooke K; Bisset, Leanne; Vicenzino, Bill (2010). "Efficacy and safety of corticosteroid injections and other injections for management of tendinopathy: A systematic review of randomised controlled trials" (PDF). The Lancet. 376 (9754): 1751–67. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61160-9. hdl:10072/35812. PMID 20970844. S2CID 45054853.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Ayyappan, M K; Sebastian, Jithin Jagan (2023). "Origin and Evolution of Sclerotherapy for Varicose Veins". Indian Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery. 10 (3): 237–239. doi:10.4103/ijves.ijves_82_23. ISSN 0972-0820.

wsj.com

Johannes, Laura (October 19, 2010). "A Pinch of Sugar for Pain". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 16 December 2012.