Prompt engineering (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Prompt engineering" in English language version.

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alignmentforum.org

  • "Mesa-Optimization". 31 May 2019. Retrieved 17 May 2023. Mesa-Optimization is the situation that occurs when a learned model (such as a neural network) is itself an optimizer.

arxiv.org

  • Garg, Shivam; Tsipras, Dimitris; Liang, Percy; Valiant, Gregory (2022). "What Can Transformers Learn In-Context? A Case Study of Simple Function Classes". arXiv:2208.01066 [cs.CL].
  • Brown, Tom; Mann, Benjamin; Ryder, Nick; Subbiah, Melanie; Kaplan, Jared D.; Dhariwal, Prafulla; Neelakantan, Arvind (2020). "Language models are few-shot learners". Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems. 33: 1877–1901. arXiv:2005.14165.
  • Wei, Jason; Tay, Yi; Bommasani, Rishi; Raffel, Colin; Zoph, Barret; Borgeaud, Sebastian; Yogatama, Dani; Bosma, Maarten; Zhou, Denny; Metzler, Donald; Chi, Ed H.; Hashimoto, Tatsunori; Vinyals, Oriol; Liang, Percy; Dean, Jeff; Fedus, William (31 August 2022). "Emergent Abilities of Large Language Models". arXiv:2206.07682 [cs.CL]. In prompting, a pre-trained language model is given a prompt (e.g. a natural language instruction) of a task and completes the response without any further training or gradient updates to its parameters... The ability to perform a task via few-shot prompting is emergent when a model has random performance until a certain scale, after which performance increases to well-above random
  • Caballero, Ethan; Gupta, Kshitij; Rish, Irina; Krueger, David (2022). "Broken Neural Scaling Laws". International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR), 2023.
  • Wei, Jason; Tay, Yi; Bommasani, Rishi; Raffel, Colin; Zoph, Barret; Borgeaud, Sebastian; Yogatama, Dani; Bosma, Maarten; Zhou, Denny; Metzler, Donald; Chi, Ed H.; Hashimoto, Tatsunori; Vinyals, Oriol; Liang, Percy; Dean, Jeff; Fedus, William (31 August 2022). "Emergent Abilities of Large Language Models". arXiv:2206.07682 [cs.CL].
  • Wei, Jason; Wang, Xuezhi; Schuurmans, Dale; Bosma, Maarten; Ichter, Brian; Xia, Fei; Chi, Ed H.; Le, Quoc V.; Zhou, Denny (31 October 2022). Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Models. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS 2022). Vol. 35. arXiv:2201.11903.
  • Johannes von Oswald; Niklasson, Eyvind; Randazzo, Ettore; Sacramento, João; Mordvintsev, Alexander; Zhmoginov, Andrey; Vladymyrov, Max (2022). "Transformers learn in-context by gradient descent". arXiv:2212.07677 [cs.LG]. Thus we show how trained Transformers become mesa-optimizers i.e. learn models by gradient descent in their forward pass
  • Garg, Shivam; Tsipras, Dimitris; Liang, Percy; Valiant, Gregory (2022). "What Can Transformers Learn In-Context? A Case Study of Simple Function Classes". arXiv:2208.01066 [cs.CL]. Training a model to perform in-context learning can be viewed as an instance of the more general learning-to-learn or meta-learning paradigm
  • McCann, Bryan; Shirish, Nitish; Xiong, Caiming; Socher, Richard (2018). "The Natural Language Decathlon: Multitask Learning as Question Answering". arXiv:1806.08730 [cs.CL].
  • Sanh, Victor; et al. (2021). "Multitask Prompted Training Enables Zero-Shot Task Generalization". arXiv:2110.08207 [cs.LG].
  • Bach, Stephen H.; Sanh, Victor; Yong, Zheng-Xin; Webson, Albert; Raffel, Colin; Nayak, Nihal V.; Sharma, Abheesht; Kim, Taewoon; M Saiful Bari; Fevry, Thibault; Alyafeai, Zaid; Dey, Manan; Santilli, Andrea; Sun, Zhiqing; Ben-David, Srulik; Xu, Canwen; Chhablani, Gunjan; Wang, Han; Jason Alan Fries; Al-shaibani, Maged S.; Sharma, Shanya; Thakker, Urmish; Almubarak, Khalid; Tang, Xiangru; Radev, Dragomir; Mike Tian-Jian Jiang; Rush, Alexander M. (2022). "PromptSource: An Integrated Development Environment and Repository for Natural Language Prompts". arXiv:2202.01279 [cs.LG].
  • Kojima, Takeshi; Shixiang Shane Gu; Reid, Machel; Matsuo, Yutaka; Iwasawa, Yusuke (2022). "Large Language Models are Zero-Shot Reasoners". arXiv:2205.11916 [cs.CL].
  • Chung, Hyung Won; Hou, Le; Longpre, Shayne; Zoph, Barret; Tay, Yi; Fedus, William; Li, Yunxuan; Wang, Xuezhi; Dehghani, Mostafa; Brahma, Siddhartha; Webson, Albert; Gu, Shixiang Shane; Dai, Zhuyun; Suzgun, Mirac; Chen, Xinyun; Chowdhery, Aakanksha; Castro-Ros, Alex; Pellat, Marie; Robinson, Kevin; Valter, Dasha; Narang, Sharan; Mishra, Gaurav; Yu, Adams; Zhao, Vincent; Huang, Yanping; Dai, Andrew; Yu, Hongkun; Petrov, Slav; Chi, Ed H.; Dean, Jeff; Devlin, Jacob; Roberts, Adam; Zhou, Denny; Le, Quoc V.; Wei, Jason (2022). "Scaling Instruction-Finetuned Language Models". arXiv:2210.11416 [cs.LG].
  • Sahoo, Pranab; Singh, Ayush Kumar; Saha, Sriparna; Jain, Vinija; Mondal, Samrat; Chadha, Aman (2024-02-05), A Systematic Survey of Prompt Engineering in Large Language Models: Techniques and Applications, arXiv:2402.07927
  • Hu, Hanxu; Lu, Hongyuan; Zhang, Huajian; Song, Yun-Ze; Lam, Wai; Zhang, Yue (2023-10-03), Chain-of-Symbol Prompting Elicits Planning in Large Language Models, arXiv:2305.10276
  • Liu, Jiacheng; Liu, Alisa; Lu, Ximing; Welleck, Sean; West, Peter; Le Bras, Ronan; Choi, Yejin; Hajishirzi, Hannaneh (May 2022). "Generated Knowledge Prompting for Commonsense Reasoning". Proceedings of the 60th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers). Dublin, Ireland: Association for Computational Linguistics: 3154–3169. arXiv:2110.08387. doi:10.18653/v1/2022.acl-long.225. S2CID 239016123.
  • Zhou, Denny; Schärli, Nathanael; Hou, Le; Wei, Jason; Scales, Nathan; Wang, Xuezhi; Schuurmans, Dale; Cui, Claire; Bousquet, Olivier; Le, Quoc; Chi, Ed (2022-05-01). "Least-to-Most Prompting Enables Complex Reasoning in Large Language Models". arXiv:2205.10625 [cs.AI]. ...least-to-most prompting. The key idea in this strategy is to break down a complex problem into a series of simpler subproblems and then solve them in sequence.
  • Wang, Xuezhi; Wei, Jason; Schuurmans, Dale; Le, Quoc; Chi, Ed; Narang, Sharan; Chowdhery, Aakanksha; Zhou, Denny (2022-03-01). "Self-Consistency Improves Chain of Thought Reasoning in Language Models". arXiv:2203.11171 [cs.CL].
  • Diao, Shizhe; Wang, Pengcheng; Lin, Yong; Zhang, Tong (2023-02-01). "Active Prompting with Chain-of-Thought for Large Language Models". arXiv:2302.12246 [cs.CL].
  • Fu, Yao; Peng, Hao; Sabharwal, Ashish; Clark, Peter; Khot, Tushar (2022-10-01). "Complexity-Based Prompting for Multi-Step Reasoning". arXiv:2210.00720 [cs.CL].
  • Madaan, Aman; Tandon, Niket; Gupta, Prakhar; Hallinan, Skyler; Gao, Luyu; Wiegreffe, Sarah; Alon, Uri; Dziri, Nouha; Prabhumoye, Shrimai; Yang, Yiming; Gupta, Shashank; Prasad Majumder, Bodhisattwa; Hermann, Katherine; Welleck, Sean; Yazdanbakhsh, Amir (2023-03-01). "Self-Refine: Iterative Refinement with Self-Feedback". arXiv:2303.17651 [cs.CL].
  • Long, Jieyi (2023-05-15). "Large Language Model Guided Tree-of-Thought". arXiv:2305.08291 [cs.AI].
  • Yao, Shunyu; Yu, Dian; Zhao, Jeffrey; Shafran, Izhak; Griffiths, Thomas L.; Cao, Yuan; Narasimhan, Karthik (2023-05-17). "Tree of Thoughts: Deliberate Problem Solving with Large Language Models". arXiv:2305.10601 [cs.CL].
  • Jung, Jaehun; Qin, Lianhui; Welleck, Sean; Brahman, Faeze; Bhagavatula, Chandra; Le Bras, Ronan; Choi, Yejin (2022). "Maieutic Prompting: Logically Consistent Reasoning with Recursive Explanations". arXiv:2205.11822 [cs.CL].
  • Li, Zekun; Peng, Baolin; He, Pengcheng; Galley, Michel; Gao, Jianfeng; Yan, Xifeng (2023). "Guiding Large Language Models via Directional Stimulus Prompting". arXiv:2302.11520 [cs.CL]. The directional stimulus serves as hints or cues for each input query to guide LLMs toward the desired output, such as keywords that the desired summary should include for summarization.
  • OpenAI (2023-03-27). "GPT-4 Technical Report". arXiv:2303.08774 [cs.CL]. [See Figure 8.]
  • Lewis, Patrick; Perez, Ethan; Piktus, Aleksandra; Petroni, Fabio; Karpukhin, Vladimir; Goyal, Naman; Küttler, Heinrich; Lewis, Mike; Yih, Wen-tau; Rocktäschel, Tim; Riedel, Sebastian; Kiela, Douwe (2020). "Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Knowledge-Intensive NLP Tasks". Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems. 33. Curran Associates, Inc.: 9459–9474. arXiv:2005.11401.
  • Edge, Darren; Trinh, Ha; Cheng, Newman; Bradley, Joshua; Chao, Alex; Mody, Apurva; Truitt, Steven; Larson, Jonathan (2024), From Local to Global: A Graph RAG Approach to Query-Focused Summarization, arXiv:2404.16130
  • Sequeda, Juan; Allemang, Dean; Jacob, Bryon (2023), A Benchmark to Understand the Role of Knowledge Graphs on Large Language Model's Accuracy for Question Answering on Enterprise SQL Databases, arXiv:2311.07509
  • Singh, Chandan; Morris, John; Aneja, Jyoti; Rush, Alexander; Gao, Jianfeng (October 4, 2022). "Explaining Patterns in Data with Language Models via Interpretable Autoprompting". arXiv.
  • Fernando, Chrisantha; Banarse, Dylan; Michalewski, Henryk; Osindero, Simon; Rocktäschel, Tim (2023). "Promptbreeder: Self-Referential Self-Improvement Via Prompt Evolution". arXiv:2309.16797. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  • Pryzant, Reid; Iter, Dan; Li, Jerry; Lee, Yin Tat; Zhu, Chenguang; Zeng, Michael (2023). "Automatic Prompt Optimization with "Gradient Descent" and Beam Search". arXiv:2305.03495. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  • Guo, Qingyan; Wang, Rui; Guo, Junliang; Li, Bei; Song, Kaitao; Tan, Xu; Liu, Guoqing; Bian, Jiang; Yang, Yujiu (2023). "Connecting Large Language Models with Evolutionary Algorithms Yields Powerful Prompt Optimizers". arXiv:2309.08532. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  • Zhou, Yongchao; Ioan Muresanu, Andrei; Han, Ziwen; Paster, Keiran; Pitis, Silviu; Chan, Harris; Ba, Jimmy (2022-11-01). "Large Language Models Are Human-Level Prompt Engineers". arXiv:2211.01910 [cs.LG].
  • Zhang, Zhuosheng; Zhang, Aston; Li, Mu; Smola, Alex (2022-10-01). "Automatic Chain of Thought Prompting in Large Language Models". arXiv:2210.03493 [cs.CL].
  • Gal, Rinon; Alaluf, Yuval; Atzmon, Yuval; Patashnik, Or; Bermano, Amit H.; Chechik, Gal; Cohen-Or, Daniel (2022). "An Image is Worth One Word: Personalizing Text-to-Image Generation using Textual Inversion". arXiv:2208.01618 [cs.CV]. Using only 3-5 images of a user-provided concept, like an object or a style, we learn to represent it through new "words" in the embedding space of a frozen text-to-image model.
  • Kirillov, Alexander; Mintun, Eric; Ravi, Nikhila; Mao, Hanzi; Rolland, Chloe; Gustafson, Laura; Xiao, Tete; Whitehead, Spencer; Berg, Alexander C.; Lo, Wan-Yen; Dollár, Piotr; Girshick, Ross (2023-04-01). "Segment Anything". arXiv:2304.02643 [cs.CV].
  • Lester, Brian; Al-Rfou, Rami; Constant, Noah (2021). "The Power of Scale for Parameter-Efficient Prompt Tuning". Proceedings of the 2021 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. pp. 3045–3059. arXiv:2104.08691. doi:10.18653/V1/2021.EMNLP-MAIN.243. S2CID 233296808. In this work, we explore "prompt tuning," a simple yet effective mechanism for learning "soft prompts"...Unlike the discrete text prompts used by GPT-3, soft prompts are learned through back-propagation
  • Sun, Simeng; Liu, Yang; Iter, Dan; Zhu, Chenguang; Iyyer, Mohit (2023). "How Does In-Context Learning Help Prompt Tuning?". arXiv:2302.11521 [cs.CL].

claid.ai

cnet.com

contractnerds.com

doi.org

  • Liu, Jiacheng; Liu, Alisa; Lu, Ximing; Welleck, Sean; West, Peter; Le Bras, Ronan; Choi, Yejin; Hajishirzi, Hannaneh (May 2022). "Generated Knowledge Prompting for Commonsense Reasoning". Proceedings of the 60th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers). Dublin, Ireland: Association for Computational Linguistics: 3154–3169. arXiv:2110.08387. doi:10.18653/v1/2022.acl-long.225. S2CID 239016123.
  • Li, Xiang Lisa; Liang, Percy (2021). "Prefix-Tuning: Optimizing Continuous Prompts for Generation". Proceedings of the 59th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 11th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers). pp. 4582–4597. doi:10.18653/V1/2021.ACL-LONG.353. S2CID 230433941. In this paper, we propose prefix-tuning, a lightweight alternative to fine-tuning... Prefix-tuning draws inspiration from prompting
  • Lester, Brian; Al-Rfou, Rami; Constant, Noah (2021). "The Power of Scale for Parameter-Efficient Prompt Tuning". Proceedings of the 2021 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. pp. 3045–3059. arXiv:2104.08691. doi:10.18653/V1/2021.EMNLP-MAIN.243. S2CID 233296808. In this work, we explore "prompt tuning," a simple yet effective mechanism for learning "soft prompts"...Unlike the discrete text prompts used by GPT-3, soft prompts are learned through back-propagation
  • Shin, Taylor; Razeghi, Yasaman; Logan IV, Robert L.; Wallace, Eric; Singh, Sameer (November 2020). "AutoPrompt: Eliciting Knowledge from Language Models with Automatically Generated Prompts". Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP). Online: Association for Computational Linguistics. pp. 4222–4235. doi:10.18653/v1/2020.emnlp-main.346. S2CID 226222232.

forbes.com

github.blog

googleblog.com

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hackaday.com

llamaindex.ai

docs.llamaindex.ai

lumiere-video.github.io

masterofcode.com

medium.com

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microsoft.com

midjourney.com

docs.midjourney.com

minimaxir.com

neurips.cc

proceedings.neurips.cc

nytimes.com

openai.com

openai.com

cdn.openai.com

  • Radford, Alec; Wu, Jeffrey; Child, Rewon; Luan, David; Amodei, Dario; Sutskever, Ilya (2019). "Language Models are Unsupervised Multitask Learners" (PDF). OpenAI. We demonstrate language models can perform down-stream tasks in a zero-shot setting – without any parameter or architecture modification

platform.openai.com

openart.ai

cdn.openart.ai

  • Diab, Mohamad; Herrera, Julian; Chernow, Bob (2022-10-28). "Stable Diffusion Prompt Book" (PDF). Retrieved 2023-08-07. Prompt engineering is the process of structuring words that can be interpreted and understood by a text-to-image model. Think of it as the language you need to speak in order to tell an AI model what to draw.

promptsora.com

scientificamerican.com

  • Musser, George. "How AI Knows Things No One Told It". Scientific American. Retrieved 17 May 2023. By the time you type a query into ChatGPT, the network should be fixed; unlike humans, it should not continue to learn. So it came as a surprise that LLMs do, in fact, learn from their users' prompts—an ability known as in-context learning.

searchenginejournal.com

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

  • Liu, Jiacheng; Liu, Alisa; Lu, Ximing; Welleck, Sean; West, Peter; Le Bras, Ronan; Choi, Yejin; Hajishirzi, Hannaneh (May 2022). "Generated Knowledge Prompting for Commonsense Reasoning". Proceedings of the 60th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers). Dublin, Ireland: Association for Computational Linguistics: 3154–3169. arXiv:2110.08387. doi:10.18653/v1/2022.acl-long.225. S2CID 239016123.
  • Li, Xiang Lisa; Liang, Percy (2021). "Prefix-Tuning: Optimizing Continuous Prompts for Generation". Proceedings of the 59th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 11th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers). pp. 4582–4597. doi:10.18653/V1/2021.ACL-LONG.353. S2CID 230433941. In this paper, we propose prefix-tuning, a lightweight alternative to fine-tuning... Prefix-tuning draws inspiration from prompting
  • Lester, Brian; Al-Rfou, Rami; Constant, Noah (2021). "The Power of Scale for Parameter-Efficient Prompt Tuning". Proceedings of the 2021 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. pp. 3045–3059. arXiv:2104.08691. doi:10.18653/V1/2021.EMNLP-MAIN.243. S2CID 233296808. In this work, we explore "prompt tuning," a simple yet effective mechanism for learning "soft prompts"...Unlike the discrete text prompts used by GPT-3, soft prompts are learned through back-propagation
  • Shin, Taylor; Razeghi, Yasaman; Logan IV, Robert L.; Wallace, Eric; Singh, Sameer (November 2020). "AutoPrompt: Eliciting Knowledge from Language Models with Automatically Generated Prompts". Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP). Online: Association for Computational Linguistics. pp. 4222–4235. doi:10.18653/v1/2020.emnlp-main.346. S2CID 226222232.

simonwillison.net

stable-diffusion-art.com

techcrunch.com

  • Wiggers, Kyle (2023-06-12). "Meta open sources an AI-powered music generator". TechCrunch. Retrieved 2023-08-15. Next, I gave a more complicated prompt to attempt to throw MusicGen for a loop: "Lo-fi slow BPM electro chill with organic samples."

technologyreview.com

theregister.com

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worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

zapier.com

  • Robinson, Reid (August 3, 2023). "How to write an effective GPT-3 or GPT-4 prompt". Zapier. Retrieved 2023-08-14. "Basic prompt: 'Write a poem about leaves falling.' Better prompt: 'Write a poem in the style of Edgar Allan Poe about leaves falling.'

zdnet.com