Proportional representation (English Wikipedia)

Faliszewski, Piotr; Skowron, Piotr; Szufa, Stanisław; Talmon, Nimrod (8 May 2019). "Proportional Representation in Elections: STV vs PAV". Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems. AAMAS '19. Richland, SC: International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems: 1946–1948. ISBN 978-1-4503-6309-9.

archive.org

Humphreys, John H (1911). Proportional Representation, A Study in Methods of Election. London: Methuen & Co.Ltd.
Rokkan, Stein (1970). Citizens, elections, parties: approaches to the comparative study of the processes of development. McKay.

archive.today

O'Kelly, Michael. "The fall of Fianna Fáil in the 2011 Irish general election". Significance. Royal Statistical Society, American Statistical Association. Archived from the original on 6 August 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)

arlis.am

"DocumentView". www.arlis.am.

arxiv.org

Brill, Markus; Laslier, Jean-François; Skowron, Piotr (2016). "Multiwinner Approval Rules as Apportionment Methods". arXiv:1611.08691 [cs.GT].
Aziz, Haris; Gaspers, Serge; Gudmundsson, Joachim; Mackenzie, Simon; Mattei, Nicholas; Walsh, Toby (2014). "Computational Aspects of Multi-Winner Approval Voting". Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems. pp. 107–115. arXiv:1407.3247v1. ISBN 978-1-4503-3413-6.
Lackner, Martin; Skowron, Piotr (2023). Multi-Winner Voting with Approval Preferences. SpringerBriefs in Intelligent Systems. arXiv:2007.01795. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-09016-5. ISBN 978-3-031-09015-8. S2CID 244921148.

ballotbox.scot

"Holyrood's AMS Voting System Explained".

bangkokpost.com

"Explainer: New rules for the House of Representatives". Bangkok Post.

bbc.com

"Election 2015 – BBC News". BBC. Retrieved 11 May 2015.

berkeleyside.org

Sargent, Felix (19 June 2019). "Opinion: Berkeley's City Council's switch to 're-weighted range voting' adds fairness to the system". Berkeleyside. Retrieved 11 May 2022.

books.google.com

Commission On Electoral Reform, Hansard Society for Parliamentary Government (1976). "Report of the Hansard Society Commission on Electoral Reform". Hansard Society. London.
Gibson, Gordon (2003). Fixing Canadian Democracy. The Fraser Institute. p. 76. ISBN 9780889752016.
Bochsler, Daniel (13 May 2010). "Chapter 5, How Party Systems Develop in Mixed Electoral Systems". Territory and Electoral Rules in Post-Communist Democracies. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9780230281424.
Deutscher, Isaac (5 January 2015). The Prophet: The Life of Leon Trotsky. Verso Books. p. 293. ISBN 978-1-78168-721-5.

cambridge.org

ebooks.cambridge.org

Ahmed, Amel (2012). Democracy and the Politics of Electoral System Choice: Engineering Electoral Dominance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9781139382137. ISBN 9781139382137. S2CID 153171400.

cambridgema.gov

"Adoption of Plan E". Welcome to the City of Cambridge. City of Cambridge, MA. Archived from the original on 13 December 2014. Retrieved 25 November 2014.

cbc.ca

Campbell, Kerry (15 April 2016). "P.E.I. electoral reform committee proposes ranked ballot". CBC News.
Bradley, Susan (7 November 2016). "P.E.I. plebiscite favours mixed member proportional representation". CBC News.
McElroy, Justin (2 June 2018). "Know your voting systems: three types of electoral reform on B.C.'s ballot". CBC News.

collectionscanada.gc.ca

Jansen, Harold John (1998). "The Single Transferable Vote in Alberta and Manitoba" (PDF). Library and Archives Canada. University of Alberta. Retrieved 23 March 2015.

constitution.org

Wilson, James (1804). "Vol 2, Part II, Ch.1 Of the constitutions of the United States and of Pennsylvania – Of the legislative department, I, of the election of its members". The Works of the Honourable James Wilson. Constitution Society. Retrieved 5 August 2014.

doi.org

Laakso, Markku (1980). "Electoral Justice as a Criterion for Different Systems of Proportional Representation". Scandinavian Political Studies. 3 (3). Wiley: 249–264. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9477.1980.tb00248.x. ISSN 0080-6757.
Koriyama, Y.; Macé, A.; Laslier, J.-F.; Treibich, R. (2013). "Optimal apportionment". Journal of Political Economy. 121 (3): 584–608. doi:10.1086/670380. S2CID 10158811.
Norris, Pippa (1997). "Choosing Electoral Systems: Proportional, Majoritarian and Mixed Systems" (PDF). International Political Science Review. 18 (3). Harvard University: 297–312. doi:10.1177/019251297018003005. ISSN 0192-5121. S2CID 9523715. Archived from the original on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
Cox, Gary W.; Fiva, Jon H.; Smith, Daniel M. (2016). "The Contraction Effect: How Proportional Representation Affects Mobilization and Turnout" (PDF). The Journal of Politics. 78 (4): 1249–1263. doi:10.1086/686804. hdl:11250/2429132. S2CID 55400647.
Karp, Jeffrey A.; Banducci, Susan A. (2008). "Political Efficacy and Participation in Twenty-Seven Democracies: How Electoral Systems Shape Political Behaviour". British Journal of Political Science. 38 (2): 311–334. doi:10.1017/S0007123408000161. hdl:10036/64393. S2CID 55486399.
Carey, John M.; Hix, Simon (2011). "The Electoral Sweet Spot: Low-Magnitude Proportional Electoral Systems" (PDF). American Journal of Political Science. 55 (2): 383–397. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00495.x.
Benoit, Kenneth. "Which Electoral Formula Is the Most Proportional?" (PDF). doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.pan.a029822. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 June 2010
Karpov, Alexander (2008). "Measurement of disproportionality in proportional representation systems". Mathematical and Computer Modelling. 48 (9–10): 1421–1438. doi:10.1016/j.mcm.2008.05.027.
Wada, Junichiro (2016). "Apportionment behind the veil of uncertainty". The Japanese Economic Review. 67 (3): 348–360. doi:10.1111/jere.12093. S2CID 156608434.
Smrek, Michal (2023). "Mavericks or Loyalists? Popular Ballot Jumpers and Party Discipline in the Flexible-List PR Context". Political Research Quarterly. 76 (1): 323–336. doi:10.1177/10659129221087961.
Moser, Robert G. (December 2004). "Mixed electoral systems and electoral system effects: controlled comparison and cross-national analysis". Electoral Studies. 23 (4): 575–599. doi:10.1016/S0261-3794(03)00056-8.
Massicotte, Louis (September 1999). "Mixed electoral systems: a conceptual and empirical survey". Electoral Studies. 18 (3): 341–366. doi:10.1016/S0261-3794(98)00063-8.
Graham, Sean (2016). Dual-Member Mixed Proportional: A New Electoral System for Canada (Thesis). University of Alberta. doi:10.7939/R3-QPPP-B676. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
Pukelsheim, Friedrich (September 2009). "Zurich's New Apportionment" (PDF). German Research. 31 (2): 10–12. doi:10.1002/germ.200990024. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
Balinski, Michel (February 2008). "Fair Majority Voting (or How to Eliminate Gerrymandering)". The American Mathematical Monthly. 115 (2): 97–113. doi:10.1080/00029890.2008.11920503. S2CID 1139441. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
Akartunalı, Kerem; Knight, Philip A. (June 2017). "Network models and biproportional rounding for fair seat allocations in the UK elections". Annals of Operations Research. 253 (1). University of Strathclyde: 1–19. doi:10.1007/s10479-016-2323-0. ISSN 0254-5330. S2CID 30623821. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
Tideman, Nicolaus (1995). "The Single Transferable Vote". Journal of Economic Perspectives. 9 (1): 27–38. doi:10.1257/jep.9.1.27.
Lackner, Martin; Skowron, Piotr (2023). Multi-Winner Voting with Approval Preferences. SpringerBriefs in Intelligent Systems. arXiv:2007.01795. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-09016-5. ISBN 978-3-031-09015-8. S2CID 244921148.
Santucci, Jack (10 November 2016). "Party Splits, Not Progressives". American Politics Research. 45 (3): 494–526. doi:10.1177/1532673x16674774. ISSN 1532-673X. S2CID 157400899.
Smrek, Michal (2023). "Mavericks or Loyalists? Popular Ballot Jumpers and Party Discipline in the Flexible-List PR Context". Political Research Quarterly. 76 (1): 323–336. doi:10.1177/10659129221087961.
Shugart, Matthew Søberg (December 2005). "Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns". French Politics. 3 (3): 323–351. doi:10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087. S2CID 73642272.
Boix, Carles (1999). "Setting the Rules of the Game: The Choice of Electoral Systems in Advanced Democracies". The American Political Science Review. 93 (3): 609–624. doi:10.2307/2585577. hdl:10230/307. ISSN 0003-0554. JSTOR 2585577. S2CID 16429584.
Ahmed, Amel (2012). Democracy and the Politics of Electoral System Choice: Engineering Electoral Dominance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9781139382137. ISBN 9781139382137. S2CID 153171400.
Gjerløw, Haakon; Rasmussen, Magnus B. (2021). "Revolution, Elite Fear, and Electoral Institutions". Comparative Politics. 54 (4): 595–620. doi:10.5129/001041522x16316387001621. S2CID 244107337.
Cusack, Thomas R.; Iversen, Torben; Soskice, David (2007). "Economic Interests and the Origins of Electoral Systems". The American Political Science Review. 101 (3): 373–391. doi:10.1017/S0003055407070384. hdl:10419/51231. ISSN 0003-0554. JSTOR 27644455. S2CID 2799521.

duq.edu

"Constitution of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania – 1790, art.I,§ VII, Of districts for electing Senators". Duquesne University. Retrieved 9 December 2014.

economist.com

"Electoral reform in Chile: Tie breaker". The Economist. 14 February 2015. Retrieved 11 April 2018.

economynext.com

"Sri Lanka electors can vote for one party, three preferences in 2020 general elections: polls chief". EconomyNext. 4 August 2020.

electionguide.org

"IFES Election Guide | Elections: Sri Lanka Parliament 2020". www.electionguide.org.
"IFES Election Guide | Elections: Sweden Parliament 2018". www.electionguide.org.
"IFES Election Guide | Elections: Switzerland Council of States 2019". www.electionguide.org.
"IFES Election Guide | Elections: Tunisia Parliament 2019". www.electionguide.org.
"IFES Election Guide | Elections: Turkey Grand National Assembly 2018". www.electionguide.org.

electionresults.govt.nz

"2020 GENERAL ELECTION – OFFICIAL RESULTS AND STATISTICS". ElectionResults.govt.nz. Electoral Commission. 30 November 2020.

elections.bc.ca

"2018 Referendum on Electoral Reform: Voting Results Available". Elections BC. 20 December 2018. Retrieved 1 November 2020.

elections.org.nz

"MMP Voting System". Wellington: Electoral Commission New Zealand. 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
"Report of the Electoral Commission on the Review of the MMP Voting System". Wellington: Electoral Commission New Zealand. 2011. Archived from the original on 7 July 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2014.

electionspei.ca

Elections PEI (7 November 2016). "Plebiscite Results". Archived from the original on 8 November 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2017.

electoral-reform.org.uk

"Electoral Reform Society's evidence to the Joint Committee on the Draft Bill for House of Lords Reform". Electoral Reform Society. 21 October 2011. Retrieved 10 May 2015.
"Single Transferable Vote". London: Electoral Reform Society. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
"Party List PR". Electoral Reform Society. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
"Additional Member System". London: Electoral Reform Society. Retrieved 16 October 2015.

electoralcommission.org.uk

Rallings, Colin; Thrasher, Michael. "The 2005 general election: analysis of the results" (PDF). Electoral Commission, Research, Electoral data. London: Electoral Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2015.

fairvote.ca

"A look at the evidence". Fair Vote Canada. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
"Proportional representation systems for Canada".

fairvote.org

Amy, Douglas J. "How Proportional Representation Elections Work". FairVote. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
Amy, Douglas. "Proportional Representation Voting Systems". Fairvote.org. Takoma Park. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
Amy, Douglas J. "Single Transferable Vote Or Choice Voting". FairVote. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
"Democrats' Edge in House Popular Vote Would Have Increased if All Seats Had Been Contested". FairVote. Archived from the original on 28 September 2015. Retrieved 7 July 2014.
"National projections" (PDF). Monopoly Politics 2014 and the Fair Voting Solution. FairVote. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
"Fair Voting/Proportional Representation". FairVote. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
"Proportional Representation in Most Robust Democracies". Fair Vote: The Center for Voting And Democracy. 7 March 2016. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
"New York's proportional representation experiment demonstrates potential of fair representation". 18 December 2017.
"Illinois' Drive to Revive Cumulative Voting". FairVote. 21 April 2006. Retrieved 17 May 2015.

archive.fairvote.org

Amy, Douglas J. "A Brief History of Proportional Representation in the United States". FairVote. Retrieved 16 October 2015.

fiva.no

jon.fiva.no

Cox, Gary W.; Fiva, Jon H.; Smith, Daniel M. (2016). "The Contraction Effect: How Proportional Representation Affects Mobilization and Turnout" (PDF). The Journal of Politics. 78 (4): 1249–1263. doi:10.1086/686804. hdl:11250/2429132. S2CID 55400647.

gouv.qc.ca

institutions-democratiques.gouv.qc.ca

Massicotte, Louis (2004). In Search of Compensatory Mixed Electoral System for Québec (PDF) (Report). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2019. Retrieved 29 December 2023.

gov.bc.ca

engage.gov.bc.ca

Eby, David (30 May 2018). "How We Vote: 2018 Electoral Reform Referendum Report and Recommendations of the Attorney General" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 August 2018. Retrieved 9 June 2018.

gutenberg.org

Mill, John Stuart (1861). "Chapter VII, Of True and False Democracy; Representation of All, and Representation of the Majority only". Considerations on Representative Government. London: Parker, Son, & Bourn.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Cox, Gary W.; Fiva, Jon H.; Smith, Daniel M. (2016). "The Contraction Effect: How Proportional Representation Affects Mobilization and Turnout" (PDF). The Journal of Politics. 78 (4): 1249–1263. doi:10.1086/686804. hdl:11250/2429132. S2CID 55400647.
Karp, Jeffrey A.; Banducci, Susan A. (2008). "Political Efficacy and Participation in Twenty-Seven Democracies: How Electoral Systems Shape Political Behaviour". British Journal of Political Science. 38 (2): 311–334. doi:10.1017/S0007123408000161. hdl:10036/64393. S2CID 55486399.
Boix, Carles (1999). "Setting the Rules of the Game: The Choice of Electoral Systems in Advanced Democracies". The American Political Science Review. 93 (3): 609–624. doi:10.2307/2585577. hdl:10230/307. ISSN 0003-0554. JSTOR 2585577. S2CID 16429584.
Cusack, Thomas R.; Iversen, Torben; Soskice, David (2007). "Economic Interests and the Origins of Electoral Systems". The American Political Science Review. 101 (3): 373–391. doi:10.1017/S0003055407070384. hdl:10419/51231. ISSN 0003-0554. JSTOR 27644455. S2CID 2799521.

hathitrust.org

babel.hathitrust.org

Hoag, Clarence; Hallett, George (1926). Proportional Representation. New York: The Macmillan Company.

hurriyetdailynews.com

"Turkey reduces election threshold to 7 percent – Türkiye News". Hürriyet Daily News. April 2022. Retrieved 19 March 2023.

hw.ac.uk

macs.hw.ac.uk

Mollison, Denis. "Fair votes in practice STV for Westminster" (PDF). Heriot Watt University. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
Mollison, Denis (2010). "Fair votes in practice: STV for Westminster". Heriot-Watt University. Retrieved 3 June 2014.

idea.int

"Electoral System Design: the New International IDEA Handbook". International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. 2005. Retrieved 9 April 2014.

ifes.org

"Electoral Systems and the Delimitation of Constituencies". International Foundation for Electoral Systems. 2 July 2009.

ingentaconnect.com

Gjerløw, Haakon; Rasmussen, Magnus B. (2021). "Revolution, Elite Fear, and Electoral Institutions". Comparative Politics. 54 (4): 595–620. doi:10.5129/001041522x16316387001621. S2CID 244107337.

ipu.org

archive.ipu.org

"IPU PARLINE database: SPAIN (Congreso de los Diputados), Electoral system". archive.ipu.org.
"IPU PARLINE database: SRI LANKA (Parliament), Electoral system". archive.ipu.org.
"IPU PARLINE database: SURINAME (Nationale Assemblee), Electoral system". archive.ipu.org.
"IPU PARLINE database: SWEDEN (Riksdagen), Electoral system". archive.ipu.org.
"IPU PARLINE database: SWITZERLAND (Nationalrat – Conseil national – Consiglio nazionale), Electoral system". archive.ipu.org.
"IPU PARLINE database: SWITZERLAND (Ständerat – Conseil des Etats – Consiglio degli Stati), Electoral system". archive.ipu.org.
"IPU PARLINE database: TOGO (Assemblée nationale), Electoral system". archive.ipu.org.
"IPU PARLINE database: URUGUAY (Cámara de Representantes), Electoral system". archive.ipu.org.
"IPU PARLINE database: URUGUAY (Cámara de Senadores), Electoral system". archive.ipu.org.

jstor.org

Elgie, Robert (2016). "Government Systems, Party Politics, and Institutional Engineering in the Round". Insight Turkey. 18 (4): 79–92. ISSN 1302-177X. JSTOR 26300453.
Boix, Carles (1999). "Setting the Rules of the Game: The Choice of Electoral Systems in Advanced Democracies". The American Political Science Review. 93 (3): 609–624. doi:10.2307/2585577. hdl:10230/307. ISSN 0003-0554. JSTOR 2585577. S2CID 16429584.
Cusack, Thomas R.; Iversen, Torben; Soskice, David (2007). "Economic Interests and the Origins of Electoral Systems". The American Political Science Review. 101 (3): 373–391. doi:10.1017/S0003055407070384. hdl:10419/51231. ISSN 0003-0554. JSTOR 27644455. S2CID 2799521.

libdemvoice.org

Roberts, Iain (29 June 2010). "People in broad church parties should think twice before attacking coalitions". Liberal Democrat Voice. Retrieved 29 July 2014.

likumi.lv

"Saeimas vēlēšanu likums". LIKUMI.LV (in Latvian). Section 7. Retrieved 10 June 2022.

lse.ac.uk

eprints.lse.ac.uk

Carey, John M.; Hix, Simon (2011). "The Electoral Sweet Spot: Low-Magnitude Proportional Electoral Systems" (PDF). American Journal of Political Science. 55 (2): 383–397. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00495.x.

maa.org

Balinski, Michel (February 2008). "Fair Majority Voting (or How to Eliminate Gerrymandering)". The American Mathematical Monthly. 115 (2): 97–113. doi:10.1080/00029890.2008.11920503. S2CID 1139441. Retrieved 10 August 2014.

masshist.org

Adams, John (1776). "Thoughts on Government". The Adams Papers Digital Edition. Massachusetts Historical Society. Retrieved 26 July 2014.

mcdougall.org.uk

Hill, I D (May 1997). "Measuring proportionality". Voting Matters (8).

nationalcivicleague.org

Model City Charter National Civic League. 9th edition. 2021

ndi.org

"Report of the Post-Election Assessment of Sri Lanka Mission: November 28 – December 2, 2000" (PDF). www.ndi.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2022.

netidea.com

community.netidea.com

Gallagher, Michael. "Ireland: The Archetypal Single Transferable Vote System" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2017. Retrieved 26 October 2014.

nytimes.com

krugman.blogs.nytimes.com

Krugman, Paul (19 May 2012). "Going To Extreme". The Conscience of a Liberal, Paul Krugman Blog. The New York Times Co. Retrieved 24 November 2014.
Scheppele, Kim Lane (13 April 2014). "Legal But Not Fair (Hungary)". The Conscience of a Liberal, Paul Krugman Blog. The New York Times Co. Retrieved 12 July 2014.

nzherald.co.nz

"Referendum 2011: A look at the STV system". The New Zealand Herald. Auckland: The New Zealand Herald. 1 November 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2014.

oireachtas.ie

"Joint Committee on the Constitution" (PDF). Dublin: Houses of the Oireachtas. July 2010.

oscars.org

"89th Annual Academy Awards of Merit for Achievements during 2017" (PDF). Retrieved 4 April 2016.
"Rule Twenty-Two: Special Rules for the Visual Effects Award". Archived from the original on 14 September 2012. Retrieved 4 April 2016.

osce.org

Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (11 July 2014). "Hungary, Parliamentary Elections, 6 April 2014: Final Report". OSCE.
"Armenia, Parliamentary Elections, 2 April 2017: Needs Assessment Mission Report". osce.org. Retrieved 30 May 2022.

ourcommons.ca

Canadian House of Commons Special Committee on Electoral Reform (December 2016). "Strengthening Democracy in Canada: Principles, Process and Public Engagement for Electoral Reform".

parlement.com

"Evenredige vertegenwoordiging". www.parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 28 January 2020.

pewresearch.org

"As Partisan Hostility Grows, Signs of Frustration with the Two-Party System". 9 August 2022.

prsa.org.au

"The Hare-Clark System of Proportional Representation". Melbourne: Proportional Representation Society of Australia. Retrieved 21 November 2014.

publications.gc.ca

"Voting Counts: Electoral Reform for Canada" (PDF). Law Commission of Canada. 2004. p. 22.

rajyasabha.gov.in

"Rajya Sabha Introduction".

rdrr.io

"polrep: Calculate Political Representation Scores version 0.32.7 from R-Forge". rdrr.io. Retrieved 18 April 2021.

regjeringen.no

"The main features of the Norwegian electoral system". Oslo: Ministry of Local Government and Modernisation. 6 July 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2014.

reuters.com

da Costa, Ana Nicolaci; Greenfield, Charlotte (23 September 2017). "New Zealand's ruling party ahead after poll but kingmaker in no rush to decide". Reuters.
Lubell, Maayan (11 March 2014). "Israel ups threshold for Knesset seats despite opposition boycott". Thomson Reuters. Retrieved 10 July 2014.

sagepub.com

journals.sagepub.com

Norris, Pippa (1997). "Choosing Electoral Systems: Proportional, Majoritarian and Mixed Systems" (PDF). International Political Science Review. 18 (3). Harvard University: 297–312. doi:10.1177/019251297018003005. ISSN 0192-5121. S2CID 9523715. Archived from the original on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 9 April 2014.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Koriyama, Y.; Macé, A.; Laslier, J.-F.; Treibich, R. (2013). "Optimal apportionment". Journal of Political Economy. 121 (3): 584–608. doi:10.1086/670380. S2CID 10158811.
Norris, Pippa (1997). "Choosing Electoral Systems: Proportional, Majoritarian and Mixed Systems" (PDF). International Political Science Review. 18 (3). Harvard University: 297–312. doi:10.1177/019251297018003005. ISSN 0192-5121. S2CID 9523715. Archived from the original on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
Cox, Gary W.; Fiva, Jon H.; Smith, Daniel M. (2016). "The Contraction Effect: How Proportional Representation Affects Mobilization and Turnout" (PDF). The Journal of Politics. 78 (4): 1249–1263. doi:10.1086/686804. hdl:11250/2429132. S2CID 55400647.
Karp, Jeffrey A.; Banducci, Susan A. (2008). "Political Efficacy and Participation in Twenty-Seven Democracies: How Electoral Systems Shape Political Behaviour". British Journal of Political Science. 38 (2): 311–334. doi:10.1017/S0007123408000161. hdl:10036/64393. S2CID 55486399.
Wada, Junichiro (2016). "Apportionment behind the veil of uncertainty". The Japanese Economic Review. 67 (3): 348–360. doi:10.1111/jere.12093. S2CID 156608434.
Balinski, Michel (February 2008). "Fair Majority Voting (or How to Eliminate Gerrymandering)". The American Mathematical Monthly. 115 (2): 97–113. doi:10.1080/00029890.2008.11920503. S2CID 1139441. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
Akartunalı, Kerem; Knight, Philip A. (June 2017). "Network models and biproportional rounding for fair seat allocations in the UK elections". Annals of Operations Research. 253 (1). University of Strathclyde: 1–19. doi:10.1007/s10479-016-2323-0. ISSN 0254-5330. S2CID 30623821. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
Lackner, Martin; Skowron, Piotr (2023). Multi-Winner Voting with Approval Preferences. SpringerBriefs in Intelligent Systems. arXiv:2007.01795. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-09016-5. ISBN 978-3-031-09015-8. S2CID 244921148.
Santucci, Jack (10 November 2016). "Party Splits, Not Progressives". American Politics Research. 45 (3): 494–526. doi:10.1177/1532673x16674774. ISSN 1532-673X. S2CID 157400899.
Shugart, Matthew Søberg (December 2005). "Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns". French Politics. 3 (3): 323–351. doi:10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087. S2CID 73642272.
Boix, Carles (1999). "Setting the Rules of the Game: The Choice of Electoral Systems in Advanced Democracies". The American Political Science Review. 93 (3): 609–624. doi:10.2307/2585577. hdl:10230/307. ISSN 0003-0554. JSTOR 2585577. S2CID 16429584.
Ahmed, Amel (2012). Democracy and the Politics of Electoral System Choice: Engineering Electoral Dominance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9781139382137. ISBN 9781139382137. S2CID 153171400.
Gjerløw, Haakon; Rasmussen, Magnus B. (2021). "Revolution, Elite Fear, and Electoral Institutions". Comparative Politics. 54 (4): 595–620. doi:10.5129/001041522x16316387001621. S2CID 244107337.
Cusack, Thomas R.; Iversen, Torben; Soskice, David (2007). "Economic Interests and the Origins of Electoral Systems". The American Political Science Review. 101 (3): 373–391. doi:10.1017/S0003055407070384. hdl:10419/51231. ISSN 0003-0554. JSTOR 27644455. S2CID 2799521.

springer.com

link.springer.com

Akartunalı, Kerem; Knight, Philip A. (June 2017). "Network models and biproportional rounding for fair seat allocations in the UK elections". Annals of Operations Research. 253 (1). University of Strathclyde: 1–19. doi:10.1007/s10479-016-2323-0. ISSN 0254-5330. S2CID 30623821. Retrieved 10 August 2014.

tcd.ie

Laver, Michael (1998). "A new electoral system for Ireland?" (PDF). The Policy Institute, Trinity College Dublin.

teachingamericanhistory.org

Madison, James. "Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787, Wednesday, June 6". TeachingAmericanHistory.org. Retrieved 5 August 2014.

thedanishparliament.dk

"The Parliamentary Electoral System in Denmark". Copenhagen: Ministry of the Interior and Health. 2011. Archived from the original on 23 November 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2014.

theguardian.com

Harris, Paul (20 November 2011). "'America is better than this': paralysis at the top leaves voters desperate for change". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 November 2014.

thetyee.ca

Hodgson, Antony (21 January 2016). "Why a referendum on electoral reform would be undemocratic". The Tyee.
"Change the Way We Elect? Round Two of the Debate". The Tyee. Vancouver. 30 April 2009. Retrieved 21 November 2014.

ualberta.ca

era.library.ualberta.ca

Graham, Sean (2016). Dual-Member Mixed Proportional: A New Electoral System for Canada (Thesis). University of Alberta. doi:10.7939/R3-QPPP-B676. Retrieved 10 August 2022.

ubc.ca

esm.ubc.ca

"1993 Canadian Federal Election Results". University of British Columbia. Archived from the original on 30 August 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2016.

um.edu.mt

Hirczy de Miño, Wolfgang; Lane, John (1999). "Malta: STV in a two-party system" (PDF). Retrieved 24 July 2014.

uni-augsburg.de

Pukelsheim, Friedrich (September 2009). "Zurich's New Apportionment" (PDF). German Research. 31 (2): 10–12. doi:10.1002/germ.200990024. Retrieved 10 August 2014.

upenn.edu

onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu

Report of meeting on Proportional representation or effective voting, p. 25. https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupid?key=ha100618520

uwo.ca

ir.lib.uwo.ca

Charles Harry John Phillips, Challenges to the Voting System in Canada 1874–1974, University of Western Ontario, PhD thesis, 1976 (available on-line https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1860&context=digitizedtheses) https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/digitizedtheses/861/

val.se

"The Swedish electoral system". Stockholm: Election Authority. 2011. Archived from the original on 18 August 2014. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
Swedish Election Authority: Elections in Sweden: The way its done Archived 25 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine (page 16)

votingmatters.org.uk

Kestelman, Philip (March 1999). "Quantifying Representativity". Voting Matters (10). Retrieved 10 August 2013.
O’Neill, Jeffrey C. (July 2006). "Comments on the STV Rules Proposed by British Columbia". Voting Matters (22). Retrieved 10 August 2013.

wahlrecht.de

As counted from the table in http://www.wahlrecht.de/ausland/europa.htm [in German]; "Vorzugsstimme(n)" means "open list".

web.archive.org

Gallagher, Michael. "Ireland: The Archetypal Single Transferable Vote System" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2017. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
Amy, Douglas. "Proportional Representation Voting Systems". Fairvote.org. Takoma Park. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
Norris, Pippa (1997). "Choosing Electoral Systems: Proportional, Majoritarian and Mixed Systems" (PDF). International Political Science Review. 18 (3). Harvard University: 297–312. doi:10.1177/019251297018003005. ISSN 0192-5121. S2CID 9523715. Archived from the original on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
Rallings, Colin; Thrasher, Michael. "The 2005 general election: analysis of the results" (PDF). Electoral Commission, Research, Electoral data. London: Electoral Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
"1993 Canadian Federal Election Results". University of British Columbia. Archived from the original on 30 August 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
Amy, Douglas J. "Single Transferable Vote Or Choice Voting". FairVote. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
"Democrats' Edge in House Popular Vote Would Have Increased if All Seats Had Been Contested". FairVote. Archived from the original on 28 September 2015. Retrieved 7 July 2014.
"National projections" (PDF). Monopoly Politics 2014 and the Fair Voting Solution. FairVote. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
"The Parliamentary Electoral System in Denmark". Copenhagen: Ministry of the Interior and Health. 2011. Archived from the original on 23 November 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
"The Swedish electoral system". Stockholm: Election Authority. 2011. Archived from the original on 18 August 2014. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
Massicotte, Louis (2004). In Search of Compensatory Mixed Electoral System for Québec (PDF) (Report). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2019. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
"Report of the Electoral Commission on the Review of the MMP Voting System". Wellington: Electoral Commission New Zealand. 2011. Archived from the original on 7 July 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
Elections PEI (7 November 2016). "Plebiscite Results". Archived from the original on 8 November 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
Eby, David (30 May 2018). "How We Vote: 2018 Electoral Reform Referendum Report and Recommendations of the Attorney General" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 August 2018. Retrieved 9 June 2018.
"Fair Voting/Proportional Representation". FairVote. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
"Rule Twenty-Two: Special Rules for the Visual Effects Award". Archived from the original on 14 September 2012. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
"Adoption of Plan E". Welcome to the City of Cambridge. City of Cambridge, MA. Archived from the original on 13 December 2014. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
"Report of the Post-Election Assessment of Sri Lanka Mission: November 28 – December 2, 2000" (PDF). www.ndi.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
Swedish Election Authority: Elections in Sweden: The way its done Archived 25 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine (page 16)

worldcat.org

Laakso, Markku (1980). "Electoral Justice as a Criterion for Different Systems of Proportional Representation". Scandinavian Political Studies. 3 (3). Wiley: 249–264. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9477.1980.tb00248.x. ISSN 0080-6757.
Norris, Pippa (1997). "Choosing Electoral Systems: Proportional, Majoritarian and Mixed Systems" (PDF). International Political Science Review. 18 (3). Harvard University: 297–312. doi:10.1177/019251297018003005. ISSN 0192-5121. S2CID 9523715. Archived from the original on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
Akartunalı, Kerem; Knight, Philip A. (June 2017). "Network models and biproportional rounding for fair seat allocations in the UK elections". Annals of Operations Research. 253 (1). University of Strathclyde: 1–19. doi:10.1007/s10479-016-2323-0. ISSN 0254-5330. S2CID 30623821. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
Santucci, Jack (10 November 2016). "Party Splits, Not Progressives". American Politics Research. 45 (3): 494–526. doi:10.1177/1532673x16674774. ISSN 1532-673X. S2CID 157400899.
Elgie, Robert (2016). "Government Systems, Party Politics, and Institutional Engineering in the Round". Insight Turkey. 18 (4): 79–92. ISSN 1302-177X. JSTOR 26300453.
Boix, Carles (1999). "Setting the Rules of the Game: The Choice of Electoral Systems in Advanced Democracies". The American Political Science Review. 93 (3): 609–624. doi:10.2307/2585577. hdl:10230/307. ISSN 0003-0554. JSTOR 2585577. S2CID 16429584.
Cusack, Thomas R.; Iversen, Torben; Soskice, David (2007). "Economic Interests and the Origins of Electoral Systems". The American Political Science Review. 101 (3): 373–391. doi:10.1017/S0003055407070384. hdl:10419/51231. ISSN 0003-0554. JSTOR 27644455. S2CID 2799521.

zeit.de

"Deutschland hat ein neues Wahlrecht" (in German). Zeit Online. 22 February 2013.