Protectionism (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Protectionism" in English language version.

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33doi.org

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aeaweb.org (Global: 7,762^nd place; English: 5,451^st place)

assets.aeaweb.org

Kuziemko, Ilyana; Washington, Ebonya (2018). "Why did the Democrats lose the South? Bringing new data to an old debate" (PDF). American Economic Review. 108 (10): 2830–2867. doi:10.1257/aer.20161413.

aei.org (Global: 9,353^rd place; English: 5,804^th place)

Irwin, Douglas A. (August 2018). "Did Tariffs Make America Great? A Long-Read Q&A with Trade Historian Douglas A. Irwin". American Enterprise Institute. Retrieved 4 July 2025.

aljazeera.com (Global: 268^th place; English: 215^th place)

Pietromarchi, Virginia (1 March 2021). "Patently unfair: Can waivers help solve COVID vaccine inequality?". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 26 April 2021.

amazon.com (Global: 105^th place; English: 79^th place)

Piketty, Thomas (19 April 2022). A Brief History of Equality. Belknap Press. Retrieved 5 January 2024.

amnesty.org (Global: 1,367^th place; English: 1,176^th place)

"G7 leaders are shooting themselves in the foot by failing to tackle global vaccine access". Amnesty International. 19 February 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2021.

asiapacificcurriculum.ca (Global: low place; English: low place)

Canada, Asia Pacific Foundation of. "The Opium Wars in China". Asia Pacific Curriculum.

bbc.com (Global: 20^th place; English: 30^th place)

Gallas, Daniel (August 2018). "The Country Built on Trade Barriers". BBC News. Retrieved 10 November 2021.

bloomberg.com (Global: 99^th place; English: 77^th place)

"The Case for Protecting Infant Industries". Bloomberg.com. 22 December 2016. Retrieved 24 June 2017.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Irwin, Douglas (2017). Peddling Protectionism: Smoot-Hawley and the Great Depression. Princeton University Press. pp. vii–xviii. ISBN 978-1-4008-8842-9.
Peter Drahos; John Braithwaite (2002). Information Feudalism: Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?. London: Earthscan. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-85383-917-7.
Max Savelle (1948). Seeds of Liberty: The Genesis of the American Mind. Kessinger. p. 204ff. ISBN 978-1-4191-0707-8. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Irwin, Douglas A. (2011). Peddling Protectionism: Smoot-Hawley and the Great Depression. Princeton University Press. p. 116. ISBN 9781400888429.

cambridge.org (Global: 305^th place; English: 264^th place)

Harley, C. Knick (2004). "7 – Trade: discovery, mercantilism and technology". The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Britain. Cambridge University. pp. 175–203. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521820363.008. ISBN 978-1-139-05385-3. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
Bairoch, Paul; Burke, Susan (15 June 1989), Mathias, Peter; Pollard, Sidney (eds.), "European trade policy, 1815–1914", The Cambridge Economic History of Europe from the Decline of the Roman Empire (1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–160, doi:10.1017/chol9780521225045.002, ISBN 978-1-139-05450-8, retrieved 6 November 2024

cato.org (Global: 4,789^th place; English: 3,253^rd place)

"An Unnecessary Proposal: A WTO Waiver of Intellectual Property Rights for COVID-19 Vaccines". Cato Institute. 16 December 2020. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 25 February 2021.

cnbc.com (Global: 220^th place; English: 155^th place)

Rosenfeld, Everett (11 March 2016). "Here's why everyone is arguing about free trade". CNBC. Retrieved 10 August 2021.

core.ac.uk (Global: 1,734^th place; English: 1,312^th place)

William Poole, Free Trade: Why Are Economists and Noneconomists So Far Apart Archived 7 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review, September/October 2004, 86(5), pp. 1: "most observers agree that '[t]he consensus among mainstream economists on the desirability of free trade remains almost universal.'"

covid19response.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"TRIPS Waiver | Covid-19 Response". covid19response.org.

devex.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"WTO finally agrees on a TRIPS deal. But not everyone is happy". Devex. 17 June 2022.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Fairbrother, Malcolm (1 March 2014). "Economists, Capitalists, and the Making of Globalization: North American Free Trade in Comparative-Historical Perspective". American Journal of Sociology. 119 (5): 1324–1379. doi:10.1086/675410. ISSN 0002-9602. PMID 25097930. S2CID 38027389.
Poole, William (2004). "Free Trade: Why Are Economists and Noneconomists So Far Apart?". Review. 86 (5). doi:10.20955/r.86.1-6.
Poole, William (2004). "Free Trade: Why Are Economists and Noneconomists So Far Apart?". Review. 86 (5). doi:10.20955/r.86.1-6. One set of reservations concerns distributional effects of trade. Workers are not seen as benefiting from trade. Strong evidence exists indicating a perception that the benefits of trade flow to businesses and the wealthy, rather than to workers, and to those abroad rather than to those in the United States.
Xiong, Ping (2012b). "Patents in TRIPS-Plus Provisions and the Approaches to Interpretation of Free Trade Agreements and TRIPS: Do They Affect Public Health?". Journal of World Trade. 46 (1): 155. doi:10.54648/TRAD2012006.
Krugman, Paul R. (1987). "Is Free Trade Passe?". The Journal of Economic Perspectives. 1 (2): 131–44. doi:10.1257/jep.1.2.131. JSTOR 1942985.
Fajgelbaum, Pablo D.; Khandelwal, Amit K. (1 August 2016). "Measuring the Unequal Gains from Trade" (PDF). The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 131 (3): 1113–80. doi:10.1093/qje/qjw013. ISSN 0033-5533. S2CID 9094432.
Frankel, Jeffrey A; Romer, David (June 1999). "Does Trade Cause Growth?". American Economic Review. 89 (3): 379–99. doi:10.1257/aer.89.3.379. ISSN 0002-8282.
Irwin, Douglas A. (1 January 2001). "Tariffs and Growth in Late Nineteenth-Century America". World Economy. 24 (1): 15–30. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.200.5492. doi:10.1111/1467-9701.00341. ISSN 1467-9701. S2CID 153647738.
Varian, Brian D. (2022). "Revisiting the tariff-growth correlation: The Australasian colonies, 1866–1900". Australian Economic History Review. 62 (1): 47–65. doi:10.1111/aehr.12233. ISSN 0004-8992.
H. O'Rourke, Kevin (1 November 2000). "British trade policy in the 19th century: a review article". European Journal of Political Economy. 16 (4): 829–42. doi:10.1016/S0176-2680(99)00043-9.
Baldwin, Robert E. (1969). "The Case against Infant-Industry Tariff Protection". Journal of Political Economy. 77 (3): 295–305. doi:10.1086/259517. JSTOR 1828905. S2CID 154784307.
Choudhri, Ehsan U.; Hakura, Dalia S. (2000). "International Trade and Productivity Growth: Exploring the Sectoral Effects for Developing Countries". IMF Staff Papers. 47 (1): 30–53. doi:10.2307/3867624. JSTOR 3867624.
Baldwin, Richard E.; Krugman, Paul (June 1986). "Market Access and International Competition: A Simulation Study of 16K Random Access Memories". NBER Working Paper No. 1936. doi:10.3386/w1936.
Luzio, Eduardo; Greenstein, Shane (1995). "Measuring the Performance of a Protected Infant Industry: The Case of Brazilian Microcomputers" (PDF). The Review of Economics and Statistics. 77 (4): 622–633. doi:10.2307/2109811. hdl:2142/29917. JSTOR 2109811.
Timmermann, Cristian; Henk van den Belt (2013). "Intellectual property and global health: from corporate social responsibility to the access to knowledge movement". Liverpool Law Review. 34 (1): 47–73. doi:10.1007/s10991-013-9129-9. S2CID 145492036. Archived from the original on 23 June 2020. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
C, Feenstra, Robert; M, Taylor, Alan (23 December 2013). "Globalization in an Age of Crisis: Multilateral Economic Cooperation in the Twenty-First Century". NBER. doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226030890.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-226-03075-3.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Harley, C. Knick (2004). "7 – Trade: discovery, mercantilism and technology". The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Britain. Cambridge University. pp. 175–203. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521820363.008. ISBN 978-1-139-05385-3. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
Williamson, Jeffrey G (1 April 1990). "The impact of the Corn Laws just prior to repeal". Explorations in Economic History. 27 (2): 123–156. doi:10.1016/0014-4983(90)90007-L.
Lynn, Martin (1999). Porter, Andrew (ed.). "British Policy, Trade, and Informal Empire in the Mid-19th Century". The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume III: The Nineteenth Century. 3: 101–121. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205654.003.0006.
Williamson, Jeffrey G (1 April 1990). "The impact of the Corn Laws just prior to repeal". Explorations in Economic History. 27 (2): 123–156. doi:10.1016/0014-4983(90)90007-L.
Bairoch, Paul; Burke, Susan (15 June 1989), Mathias, Peter; Pollard, Sidney (eds.), "European trade policy, 1815–1914", The Cambridge Economic History of Europe from the Decline of the Roman Empire (1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–160, doi:10.1017/chol9780521225045.002, ISBN 978-1-139-05450-8, retrieved 6 November 2024
Varian, Brian D. (2023). "British exports and foreign tariffs: Insights from the Board of Trade's foreign tariff compilation for 1902". The Economic History Review. 76 (3): 827–843. doi:10.1111/ehr.13214. ISSN 0013-0117.
Coppock, D. J. (1956). "The Climacteric of the 1890's: A Critical Note". The Manchester School. 24 (1): 1–31. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9957.1956.tb00972.x. ISSN 1463-6786.
Crafts, Nicholas; Mills, Terence C (1 November 2020). "Sooner than you think: the Pre-1914 UK Productivity Slowdown was Victorian not Edwardian". European Review of Economic History. 24 (4): 736–748. doi:10.1093/ereh/hez022. hdl:10.1093/ereh/hez022. ISSN 1361-4916.
Varian, Brian D. (2019). "The growth of manufacturing protection in 1920s Britain". Scottish Journal of Political Economy. 66 (5): 703–711. doi:10.1111/sjpe.12223. ISSN 0036-9292.
Foreman-Peck, J. S. (1979). "Tariff Protection and Economies of Scale: The British Motor Industry Before 1939". Oxford Economic Papers. 31 (2): 237–257. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.oep.a041444. ISSN 1464-3812.
Varian, Brian D. (18 August 2022). "Protection and the British rayon industry during the 1920s". Business History. 64 (6): 1131–1148. doi:10.1080/00076791.2020.1753699. ISSN 0007-6791.
Lloyd, Simon P.; Solomou, Solomos (2020). "The impact of the 1932 General Tariff: a difference-in-difference approach". Cliometrica. 14 (1): 41–60. doi:10.1007/s11698-019-00184-z. ISSN 1863-2505.
Pinilla, Vicente; Rayes, Agustina (27 September 2018). "How Argentina became a super-exporter of agricultural and food products during the First Globalisation (1880–1929)". Cliometrica. 13 (3): 443–469. doi:10.1007/s11698-018-0178-0. hdl:11336/177360. ISSN 1863-2505. S2CID 158598822.
Irwin, Douglas A. (2020). "Trade policy in American economic history" (PDF). Annual Review of Economics. 12 (1): 23–44. doi:10.1146/annurev-economics-070119-024409.
Irwin, Douglas A. (2005). "The welfare costs of autarky: evidence from the Jeffersonian embargo, 1807–1809". Review of International Economics. 13: 631–645. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9396.2005.00527.x.
Bailey, Michael A. (2003). "The politics of the difficult: Congress, public opinion, and early Cold War aid and trade policies". Legislative Studies Quarterly. 28 (2): 147–177. doi:10.3162/036298003X200845.
Kuziemko, Ilyana; Washington, Ebonya (2018). "Why did the Democrats lose the South? Bringing new data to an old debate" (PDF). American Economic Review. 108 (10): 2830–2867. doi:10.1257/aer.20161413.

dw-world.de (Global: 1,885^th place; English: 3,847^th place)

"Brussels Warns US on Protectionism". Dw-world.de. 30 January 2009. Retrieved 16 October 2017.

economist.com (Global: 254^th place; English: 236^th place)

"A historian on the myths of American trade". The Economist. Retrieved 26 November 2017.

europa.eu (Global: 68^th place; English: 117^th place)

ecb.europa.eu

"The economic implications of rising protectionism: a euro area and global perspective". European Central Bank. 24 April 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2024.

fcs.edu.uy (Global: low place; English: low place)

Arnaut, Javier. "Understanding the Latin American Gap during the era of Import Substitution: Institutions, Productivity, and Distance to the Technology Frontier in Brazil, Argentina and Mexico's Manufacturing Industries, 1935–1975" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 April 2012.

fdiintelligence.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Intelligence, fDi (21 June 2023). "Protectionism: trade restrictions reach an all-time high". www.fdiintelligence.com. Retrieved 11 January 2024.

forbes.com (Global: 54^th place; English: 48^th place)

Calomiris W., Charles. "Trump Gets His Facts Wrong On China". Forbes. Retrieved 12 April 2025.

globalpolicy.org (Global: 9,125^th place; English: 7,271^st place)

[1] Archived 17 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine

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"Independent monitoring of policies that affect world trade". Global Trade Alert. Retrieved 16 December 2016.
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handle.net (Global: 102^nd place; English: 76^th place)

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Luzio, Eduardo; Greenstein, Shane (1995). "Measuring the Performance of a Protected Infant Industry: The Case of Brazilian Microcomputers" (PDF). The Review of Economics and Statistics. 77 (4): 622–633. doi:10.2307/2109811. hdl:2142/29917. JSTOR 2109811.
Crafts, Nicholas; Mills, Terence C (1 November 2020). "Sooner than you think: the Pre-1914 UK Productivity Slowdown was Victorian not Edwardian". European Review of Economic History. 24 (4): 736–748. doi:10.1093/ereh/hez022. hdl:10.1093/ereh/hez022. ISSN 1361-4916.
Pinilla, Vicente; Rayes, Agustina (27 September 2018). "How Argentina became a super-exporter of agricultural and food products during the First Globalisation (1880–1929)". Cliometrica. 13 (3): 443–469. doi:10.1007/s11698-018-0178-0. hdl:11336/177360. ISSN 1863-2505. S2CID 158598822.

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"Free Trade". IGM Forum. 13 March 2012. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
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illinois.edu (Global: 1,349^th place; English: 866^th place)

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Luzio, Eduardo; Greenstein, Shane (1995). "Measuring the Performance of a Protected Infant Industry: The Case of Brazilian Microcomputers" (PDF). The Review of Economics and Statistics. 77 (4): 622–633. doi:10.2307/2109811. hdl:2142/29917. JSTOR 2109811.

imf.org (Global: 142^nd place; English: 363^rd place)

imf.org

"2015 External Sector Report—Individual Economy Assessments" (PDF). International Monetary Fund: 13. 26 June 2015. Retrieved 11 April 2025.
"Trade and the Crisis: Protect or Recover" (PDF). Imf.org. Retrieved 16 October 2017.

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Choudhri, Ehsan U.; Hakura, Dalia S. (2000). "International Trade and Productivity Growth: Exploring the Sectoral Effects for Developing Countries". IMF Staff Papers. 47 (1): 30–53. doi:10.2307/3867624. JSTOR 3867624.

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jstor.org (Global: 26^th place; English: 20^th place)

Krugman, Paul R. (1987). "Is Free Trade Passe?". The Journal of Economic Perspectives. 1 (2): 131–44. doi:10.1257/jep.1.2.131. JSTOR 1942985.
Baldwin, Robert E. (1969). "The Case against Infant-Industry Tariff Protection". Journal of Political Economy. 77 (3): 295–305. doi:10.1086/259517. JSTOR 1828905. S2CID 154784307.
Choudhri, Ehsan U.; Hakura, Dalia S. (2000). "International Trade and Productivity Growth: Exploring the Sectoral Effects for Developing Countries". IMF Staff Papers. 47 (1): 30–53. doi:10.2307/3867624. JSTOR 3867624.
Luzio, Eduardo; Greenstein, Shane (1995). "Measuring the Performance of a Protected Infant Industry: The Case of Brazilian Microcomputers" (PDF). The Review of Economics and Statistics. 77 (4): 622–633. doi:10.2307/2109811. hdl:2142/29917. JSTOR 2109811.
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Fajgelbaum, Pablo D.; Khandelwal, Amit K. (1 August 2016). "Measuring the Unequal Gains from Trade" (PDF). The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 131 (3): 1113–80. doi:10.1093/qje/qjw013. ISSN 0033-5533. S2CID 9094432.
C, Feenstra, Robert; M, Taylor, Alan (23 December 2013). "Globalization in an Age of Crisis: Multilateral Economic Cooperation in the Twenty-First Century". NBER. doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226030890.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-226-03075-3.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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Fairbrother, Malcolm (1 March 2014). "Economists, Capitalists, and the Making of Globalization: North American Free Trade in Comparative-Historical Perspective". American Journal of Sociology. 119 (5): 1324–1379. doi:10.1086/675410. ISSN 0002-9602. PMID 25097930. S2CID 38027389.

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Mankiw, N. Gregory (24 April 2015). "Economists Actually Agree on This: The Wisdom of Free Trade" Archived 14 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine. The New York Times. Retrieved 10 August 2021. "Economists are famous for disagreeing with one another.... But economists reach near unanimity on some topics, including international trade."
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Crafts, Nicholas; Mills, Terence C (1 November 2020). "Sooner than you think: the Pre-1914 UK Productivity Slowdown was Victorian not Edwardian". European Review of Economic History. 24 (4): 736–748. doi:10.1093/ereh/hez022. hdl:10.1093/ereh/hez022. ISSN 1361-4916.
Foreman-Peck, J. S. (1979). "Tariff Protection and Economies of Scale: The British Motor Industry Before 1939". Oxford Economic Papers. 31 (2): 237–257. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.oep.a041444. ISSN 1464-3812.

global.oup.com

Panagariya, Arvind (2019). Free Trade and Prosperity: How Openness Helps the Developing Countries Grow Richer and Combat Poverty. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-091449-3.

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[1] Archived 17 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine
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