Protectionism (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Protectionism" in English language version.

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Pietromarchi, Virginia (1 March 2021). "Patently unfair: Can waivers help solve COVID vaccine inequality?". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 26 April 2021.

amazon.com

Piketty, Thomas (19 April 2022). A Brief History of Equality. Belknap Press. Retrieved 5 January 2024.

amnesty.org

"G7 leaders are shooting themselves in the foot by failing to tackle global vaccine access". Amnesty International. 19 February 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2021.

annualreviews.org

Irwin, Douglas A. (2 August 2020). "Trade Policy in American Economic History". Annual Review of Economics. 12 (1): 23–44. doi:10.1146/annurev-economics-070119-024409. ISSN 1941-1383. S2CID 241740782.

asiapacificcurriculum.ca

Canada, Asia Pacific Foundation of. "The Opium Wars in China". Asia Pacific Curriculum.

bbc.com

Gallas, Daniel (August 2018). "The Country Built on Trade Barriers". BBC News. Retrieved 10 November 2021.

bloomberg.com

"The Case for Protecting Infant Industries". Bloomberg.com. 22 December 2016. Retrieved 24 June 2017.

books.google.com

Irwin, Douglas (2017). Peddling Protectionism: Smoot-Hawley and the Great Depression. Princeton University Press. pp. vii–xviii. ISBN 978-1-4008-8842-9.
Peter Drahos; John Braithwaite (2002). Information Feudalism: Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?. London: Earthscan. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-85383-917-7.
Max Savelle (1948). Seeds of Liberty: The Genesis of the American Mind. Kessinger. p. 204ff. ISBN 978-1-4191-0707-8. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Santosh Mehrotra; Sylvie Guichard (2020). Planning in the 20th Century and Beyond: India's Planning Commission and the NITI Aayog. Cambridge University Press. p. 285. ISBN 978-1-108-49462-5. Most importantly, the United States was the birthplace of the idea of infant industry protection, and indeed was the most heavily protected economy in the world for about a century, until the Second World War

cambridge.org

Harley, C. Knick (2004). "7 – Trade: discovery, mercantilism and technology". The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Britain. Cambridge University. pp. 175–203. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521820363.008. ISBN 978-1-139-05385-3. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
Bairoch, Paul; Burke, Susan (15 June 1989), Mathias, Peter; Pollard, Sidney (eds.), "European trade policy, 1815–1914", The Cambridge Economic History of Europe from the Decline of the Roman Empire (1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–160, doi:10.1017/chol9780521225045.002, ISBN 978-1-139-05450-8, retrieved 6 November 2024

cato.org

"An Unnecessary Proposal: A WTO Waiver of Intellectual Property Rights for COVID-19 Vaccines". Cato Institute. 16 December 2020. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 25 February 2021.

census.gov

"Foreign Trade – U.S. Trade with China". United States Census Bureau.

cnbc.com

Rosenfeld, Everett (11 March 2016). "Here's why everyone is arguing about free trade". CNBC. Retrieved 10 August 2021.

consumerhealth.org

Richard Wolfson (1999) How Bovine Growth Hormone Was Rejected in Canada Archived 7 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine, from Consumerhealth.org 22(9)

core.ac.uk

William Poole, Free Trade: Why Are Economists and Noneconomists So Far Apart Archived 7 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review, September/October 2004, 86(5), pp. 1: "most observers agree that '[t]he consensus among mainstream economists on the desirability of free trade remains almost universal.'"

covid19response.org

"TRIPS Waiver | Covid-19 Response". covid19response.org.

devex.com

"WTO finally agrees on a TRIPS deal. But not everyone is happy". Devex. 17 June 2022.

doi.org

Fairbrother, Malcolm (1 March 2014). "Economists, Capitalists, and the Making of Globalization: North American Free Trade in Comparative-Historical Perspective". American Journal of Sociology. 119 (5): 1324–1379. doi:10.1086/675410. ISSN 0002-9602. PMID 25097930. S2CID 38027389.
Poole, William (2004). "Free Trade: Why Are Economists and Noneconomists So Far Apart?". Review. 86 (5). doi:10.20955/r.86.1-6.
Poole, William (2004). "Free Trade: Why Are Economists and Noneconomists So Far Apart?". Review. 86 (5). doi:10.20955/r.86.1-6. One set of reservations concerns distributional effects of trade. Workers are not seen as benefiting from trade. Strong evidence exists indicating a perception that the benefits of trade flow to businesses and the wealthy, rather than to workers, and to those abroad rather than to those in the United States.
Xiong, Ping (2012b). "Patents in TRIPS-Plus Provisions and the Approaches to Interpretation of Free Trade Agreements and TRIPS: Do They Affect Public Health?". Journal of World Trade. 46 (1): 155. doi:10.54648/TRAD2012006.
C, Feenstra, Robert; M, Taylor, Alan (23 December 2013). "Globalization in an Age of Crisis: Multilateral Economic Cooperation in the Twenty-First Century". NBER. doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226030890.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-226-03075-3.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Harley, C. Knick (2004). "7 – Trade: discovery, mercantilism and technology". The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Britain. Cambridge University. pp. 175–203. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521820363.008. ISBN 978-1-139-05385-3. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
Williamson, Jeffrey G (1 April 1990). "The impact of the Corn Laws just prior to repeal". Explorations in Economic History. 27 (2): 123–156. doi:10.1016/0014-4983(90)90007-L.
Lynn, Martin (1999). Porter, Andrew (ed.). "British Policy, Trade, and Informal Empire in the Mid-19th Century". The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume III: The Nineteenth Century. 3: 101–121. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205654.003.0006.
Williamson, Jeffrey G (1 April 1990). "The impact of the Corn Laws just prior to repeal". Explorations in Economic History. 27 (2): 123–156. doi:10.1016/0014-4983(90)90007-L.
Bairoch, Paul; Burke, Susan (15 June 1989), Mathias, Peter; Pollard, Sidney (eds.), "European trade policy, 1815–1914", The Cambridge Economic History of Europe from the Decline of the Roman Empire (1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–160, doi:10.1017/chol9780521225045.002, ISBN 978-1-139-05450-8, retrieved 6 November 2024
Varian, Brian D. (2023). "British exports and foreign tariffs: Insights from the Board of Trade's foreign tariff compilation for 1902". The Economic History Review. 76 (3): 827–843. doi:10.1111/ehr.13214. ISSN 0013-0117.
Coppock, D. J. (1956). "The Climacteric of the 1890's: A Critical Note". The Manchester School. 24 (1): 1–31. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9957.1956.tb00972.x. ISSN 1463-6786.
Crafts, Nicholas; Mills, Terence C (1 November 2020). "Sooner than you think: the Pre-1914 UK Productivity Slowdown was Victorian not Edwardian". European Review of Economic History. 24 (4): 736–748. doi:10.1093/ereh/hez022. hdl:10.1093/ereh/hez022. ISSN 1361-4916.
Varian, Brian D. (2019). "The growth of manufacturing protection in 1920s Britain". Scottish Journal of Political Economy. 66 (5): 703–711. doi:10.1111/sjpe.12223. ISSN 0036-9292.
Foreman-Peck, J. S. (1979). "Tariff Protection and Economies of Scale: The British Motor Industry Before 1939". Oxford Economic Papers. 31 (2): 237–257. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.oep.a041444. ISSN 1464-3812.
Varian, Brian D. (18 August 2022). "Protection and the British rayon industry during the 1920s". Business History. 64 (6): 1131–1148. doi:10.1080/00076791.2020.1753699. ISSN 0007-6791.
Lloyd, Simon P.; Solomou, Solomos (2020). "The impact of the 1932 General Tariff: a difference-in-difference approach". Cliometrica. 14 (1): 41–60. doi:10.1007/s11698-019-00184-z. ISSN 1863-2505.
Pinilla, Vicente; Rayes, Agustina (27 September 2018). "How Argentina became a super-exporter of agricultural and food products during the First Globalisation (1880–1929)". Cliometrica. 13 (3): 443–469. doi:10.1007/s11698-018-0178-0. hdl:11336/177360. ISSN 1863-2505. S2CID 158598822.
Irwin, Douglas A. (2 August 2020). "Trade Policy in American Economic History". Annual Review of Economics. 12 (1): 23–44. doi:10.1146/annurev-economics-070119-024409. ISSN 1941-1383. S2CID 241740782.
Read, Robert (1 August 2005). "The Political Economy of Trade Protection: The Determinants and Welfare Impact of the 2002 US Emergency Steel Safeguard Measures" (PDF). World Economy. 28 (8): 1119–1137. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9701.2005.00722.x. ISSN 1467-9701. S2CID 154520390.
Chung, Sunghoon; Lee, Joonhyung; Osang, Thomas (1 June 2016). "Did China tire safeguard save U.S. workers?" (PDF). European Economic Review. 85: 22–38. doi:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2015.12.009. ISSN 0014-2921.
Krugman, Paul R. (1987). "Is Free Trade Passe?". The Journal of Economic Perspectives. 1 (2): 131–44. doi:10.1257/jep.1.2.131. JSTOR 1942985.
Fajgelbaum, Pablo D.; Khandelwal, Amit K. (1 August 2016). "Measuring the Unequal Gains from Trade" (PDF). The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 131 (3): 1113–80. doi:10.1093/qje/qjw013. ISSN 0033-5533. S2CID 9094432.
Frankel, Jeffrey A; Romer, David (June 1999). "Does Trade Cause Growth?". American Economic Review. 89 (3): 379–99. doi:10.1257/aer.89.3.379. ISSN 0002-8282.
Irwin, Douglas A. (1 January 2001). "Tariffs and Growth in Late Nineteenth-Century America". World Economy. 24 (1): 15–30. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.200.5492. doi:10.1111/1467-9701.00341. ISSN 1467-9701. S2CID 153647738.
Varian, Brian D. (2022). "Revisiting the tariff-growth correlation: The Australasian colonies, 1866–1900". Australian Economic History Review. 62 (1): 47–65. doi:10.1111/aehr.12233. ISSN 0004-8992.
H. O'Rourke, Kevin (1 November 2000). "British trade policy in the 19th century: a review article". European Journal of Political Economy. 16 (4): 829–42. doi:10.1016/S0176-2680(99)00043-9.
Baldwin, Robert E. (1969). "The Case against Infant-Industry Tariff Protection". Journal of Political Economy. 77 (3): 295–305. doi:10.1086/259517. JSTOR 1828905. S2CID 154784307.
Choudhri, Ehsan U.; Hakura, Dalia S. (2000). "International Trade and Productivity Growth: Exploring the Sectoral Effects for Developing Countries". IMF Staff Papers. 47 (1): 30–53. doi:10.2307/3867624. JSTOR 3867624.
Baldwin, Richard E.; Krugman, Paul (June 1986). "Market Access and International Competition: A Simulation Study of 16K Random Access Memories". NBER Working Paper No. 1936. doi:10.3386/w1936.
Luzio, Eduardo; Greenstein, Shane (1995). "Measuring the Performance of a Protected Infant Industry: The Case of Brazilian Microcomputers" (PDF). The Review of Economics and Statistics. 77 (4): 622–633. doi:10.2307/2109811. hdl:2142/29917. JSTOR 2109811.
Timmermann, Cristian; Henk van den Belt (2013). "Intellectual property and global health: from corporate social responsibility to the access to knowledge movement". Liverpool Law Review. 34 (1): 47–73. doi:10.1007/s10991-013-9129-9. S2CID 145492036. Archived from the original on 23 June 2020. Retrieved 31 October 2020.

dw-world.de

"Brussels Warns US on Protectionism". Dw-world.de. 30 January 2009. Retrieved 16 October 2017.

economist.com

"A historian on the myths of American trade". The Economist. Retrieved 26 November 2017.

europa.eu

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"The economic implications of rising protectionism: a euro area and global perspective". European Central Bank. 24 April 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2024.

fcs.edu.uy

Arnaut, Javier. "Understanding the Latin American Gap during the era of Import Substitution: Institutions, Productivity, and Distance to the Technology Frontier in Brazil, Argentina and Mexico's Manufacturing Industries, 1935–1975" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 April 2012.

fdiintelligence.com

Intelligence, fDi (21 June 2023). "Protectionism: trade restrictions reach an all-time high". www.fdiintelligence.com. Retrieved 11 January 2024.

forbes.com

Calomiris W., Charles. "Trump Gets His Facts Wrong On China". Forbes. Retrieved 12 April 2025.

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"Independent monitoring of policies that affect world trade". Global Trade Alert. Retrieved 16 December 2016.
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"Why American allies are angry". Gulfnews.com. 4 June 2018.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Crafts, Nicholas; Mills, Terence C (1 November 2020). "Sooner than you think: the Pre-1914 UK Productivity Slowdown was Victorian not Edwardian". European Review of Economic History. 24 (4): 736–748. doi:10.1093/ereh/hez022. hdl:10.1093/ereh/hez022. ISSN 1361-4916.
Pinilla, Vicente; Rayes, Agustina (27 September 2018). "How Argentina became a super-exporter of agricultural and food products during the First Globalisation (1880–1929)". Cliometrica. 13 (3): 443–469. doi:10.1007/s11698-018-0178-0. hdl:11336/177360. ISSN 1863-2505. S2CID 158598822.
Luzio, Eduardo; Greenstein, Shane (1995). "Measuring the Performance of a Protected Infant Industry: The Case of Brazilian Microcomputers" (PDF). The Review of Economics and Statistics. 77 (4): 622–633. doi:10.2307/2109811. hdl:2142/29917. JSTOR 2109811.

igmchicago.org

"Free Trade". IGM Forum. 13 March 2012. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
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illinois.edu

ideals.illinois.edu

Luzio, Eduardo; Greenstein, Shane (1995). "Measuring the Performance of a Protected Infant Industry: The Case of Brazilian Microcomputers" (PDF). The Review of Economics and Statistics. 77 (4): 622–633. doi:10.2307/2109811. hdl:2142/29917. JSTOR 2109811.

imf.org

"2015 External Sector Report—Individual Economy Assessments" (PDF). International Monetary Fund: 13. 26 June 2015. Retrieved 11 April 2025.
"Trade and the Crisis: Protect or Recover" (PDF). Imf.org. Retrieved 16 October 2017.

elibrary.imf.org

Choudhri, Ehsan U.; Hakura, Dalia S. (2000). "International Trade and Productivity Growth: Exploring the Sectoral Effects for Developing Countries". IMF Staff Papers. 47 (1): 30–53. doi:10.2307/3867624. JSTOR 3867624.

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Jorge Avila (25 May 2006). "Ingreso per cápita relativo 1875–2006". Jorge Avila Opina. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016.

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Mukherjee, Aditya (2010). "Empire: How Colonial India Made Modern Britain". Economic and Political Weekly. 45 (50): 73–82. JSTOR 25764217.
Krugman, Paul R. (1987). "Is Free Trade Passe?". The Journal of Economic Perspectives. 1 (2): 131–44. doi:10.1257/jep.1.2.131. JSTOR 1942985.
Baldwin, Robert E. (1969). "The Case against Infant-Industry Tariff Protection". Journal of Political Economy. 77 (3): 295–305. doi:10.1086/259517. JSTOR 1828905. S2CID 154784307.
Choudhri, Ehsan U.; Hakura, Dalia S. (2000). "International Trade and Productivity Growth: Exploring the Sectoral Effects for Developing Countries". IMF Staff Papers. 47 (1): 30–53. doi:10.2307/3867624. JSTOR 3867624.
Luzio, Eduardo; Greenstein, Shane (1995). "Measuring the Performance of a Protected Infant Industry: The Case of Brazilian Microcomputers" (PDF). The Review of Economics and Statistics. 77 (4): 622–633. doi:10.2307/2109811. hdl:2142/29917. JSTOR 2109811.

lancaster.ac.uk

Read, Robert (1 August 2005). "The Political Economy of Trade Protection: The Determinants and Welfare Impact of the 2002 US Emergency Steel Safeguard Measures" (PDF). World Economy. 28 (8): 1119–1137. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9701.2005.00722.x. ISSN 1467-9701. S2CID 154520390.

marketwatch.com

Frankel, Jeffrey (15 June 2018). "The Republicans have a long history of protectionism". MarketWatch.

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C, Feenstra, Robert; M, Taylor, Alan (23 December 2013). "Globalization in an Age of Crisis: Multilateral Economic Cooperation in the Twenty-First Century". NBER. doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226030890.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-226-03075-3.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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nih.gov

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Fairbrother, Malcolm (1 March 2014). "Economists, Capitalists, and the Making of Globalization: North American Free Trade in Comparative-Historical Perspective". American Journal of Sociology. 119 (5): 1324–1379. doi:10.1086/675410. ISSN 0002-9602. PMID 25097930. S2CID 38027389.

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Crafts, Nicholas; Mills, Terence C (1 November 2020). "Sooner than you think: the Pre-1914 UK Productivity Slowdown was Victorian not Edwardian". European Review of Economic History. 24 (4): 736–748. doi:10.1093/ereh/hez022. hdl:10.1093/ereh/hez022. ISSN 1361-4916.
Foreman-Peck, J. S. (1979). "Tariff Protection and Economies of Scale: The British Motor Industry Before 1939". Oxford Economic Papers. 31 (2): 237–257. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.oep.a041444. ISSN 1464-3812.

global.oup.com

Panagariya, Arvind (2019). Free Trade and Prosperity: How Openness Helps the Developing Countries Grow Richer and Combat Poverty. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-091449-3.

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Poole, William (September/October 2004). "Free Trade: Why Are Economists and Noneconomists So Far Apart" Archived 7 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review. 86 (5): pp. 1–6. "... most observers agree that '[t]he consensus among mainstream economists on the desirability of free trade remains almost universal.'" Quote at p. 1.
Irwin, Douglas A. (1 January 2001). "Tariffs and Growth in Late Nineteenth-Century America". World Economy. 24 (1): 15–30. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.200.5492. doi:10.1111/1467-9701.00341. ISSN 1467-9701. S2CID 153647738.

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