Petrie, Cameron, 2013. "Charsadda", in D.K. Chakrabarti and M. Lal (eds.), History of Ancient India III: The Texts, Political History and Administration til c. 200 BC, Vivekananda International Foundation, Aryan Books International, Delhi, p. 515: "The recent absolute dating of early deposits [of 'Soapy red'/red burnished ware] at the Bala Hisar (GrA-8358: 1420-1160 BC; Peshawar-Bradford Period II-Coningham and Batt 2007: 93-98; also Young 2003: 39) has, however, provided clear confirmation of previous suppositions that this ware and the corresponding early levels at the Bala Hisar date from around 1400 BC onwards into the early 1st millennium BC, c. 800 BC."
Petrie, Cameron, 2013. "Charsadda", in D.K. Chakrabarti and M. Lal (eds.), History of Ancient India III: The Texts, Political History and Administration til c. 200 BC, Vivekananda International Foundation, Aryan Books International, Delhi, p. 515.
Petrie, Cameron, 2013. "Charsadda", in D.K. Chakrabarti and M. Lal (eds.), History of Ancient India III: The Texts, Political History and Administration til c. 200 BC, Vivekananda International Foundation, Aryan Books International, Delhi, p. 516: "Vogelsang [...] has argued that there was a period of what he refers to as 'Indic' influence in Ch. I Layers 38-33, which is marked by the appearance of upright-sided open bowls in grey ware [...] These vessels are akin to various forms seen in the Ganges Valley, particularly Painted Grey Ware bowls [...] Vogelsang (1988: 112) proposed that the 'Indic' influence at the Bala Hisar took place in the second quarter of the 1st millennium BC (750-500 BC) [...]"
Petrie, Cameron, 2013. "Charsadda", in D.K. Chakrabarti and M. Lal (eds.), History of Ancient India III: The Texts, Political History and Administration til c. 200 BC, Vivekananda International Foundation, Aryan Books International, Delhi, p. 517: "There are no radiocarbon dates from sites in South Asia that can be used to clarify the chronology, but a date during the mid-late Achaemenid period, i.e. c. 400-325 BC, would match other elements of the Bala Hisar sequence that have been confirmed by absolute dates."
Petrie, Cameron, 2013. "Charsadda", in D.K. Chakrabarti and M. Lal (eds.), History of Ancient India III: The Texts, Political History and Administration til c. 200 BC, Vivekananda International Foundation, Aryan Books International, Delhi, p. 518: "Dittman suggested that his Phase IIC, which is marked by the earliest appearance of the lotus bowl, dates to the time around Alexander the Great up to the beginning of the Mauryan domination, or roughly the late 4th and early 3rd centuries BC (Dittman 1984: 191). However, as with the tulip bowls, there is no available absolute dating evidence to clarify the proposed dating, and a post-Achaemenid date spanning from the late 4th to the 2nd centuries BC is likely to be appropriate."
Petrie, Cameron, 2013. "Charsadda", in D.K. Chakrabarti and M. Lal (eds.), History of Ancient India III: The Texts, Political History and Administration til c. 200 BC, Vivekananda International Foundation, Aryan Books International, Delhi, p. 514: "In many ways the sequence at Shaikhan Dheri as exposed by Dani (1965-66) is far less problematic as it was of shorter duration and is at least partly controlled by coin finds and a small number of radiocarbon dates. This evidence shows that the site was established during the Indo-Greek period and presumably occupied continuously up to the Kushan period (Dani 1965-66: 24)."
Dani, Ahmad Hasan, 1963. Pushkalavati: The Lotus City, Archaeological Guide Series No. 1, Peshawar University, Peshawar, pp. 4-5: "First […] is the Bala-Hisar mound, actually there are two mounds, approachable by a pathway from the main Peshawar road just where it makes a sharp bend towards the river Jinde (a branch of Swat river) immediately before the bridge that acts as a gateway to the modern town of Charsadda […] Sir Mortimer traces the material of the western mound to the iron age and dates its beginning to about the 6th century B.C. […] According to him this was the city invested by Alexander’s generals. In the 3rd-2nd century B.C. the eastern mound, which was separated from the western at this time by a river (now dried up), assumed importance, but not for long."
Dani, Ahmad Hasan, 1963. Pushkalavati: The Lotus City, Archaeological Guide Series No. 1, Peshawar University, Peshawar, p. 5: "[I]t is suggested that the main centre of activity had shifted by or before the 1st century B.C. to another site at Shaikhan Dheri, north of the river Sambor, now a marshy channel, which separates Bala-Hisar from Shaikhan Dheri […] this mound is caught up between two rivers, Sambor on the south and Jinde on the east. The consequent changes in these rivers did not allow the city to flourish long."
Dani, Ahmad Hasan, (1963). Pushkalavati: The Lotus City, Archaeological Guide Series No. 1, Peshawar University, Peshawar, p. 5: "Then going north-eastwards through the market town on the road that leads to Tangi, the visitor turns on to a kacha road towards the village of Rajar, recrosses the river Jinde and finally comes to the low mound of Shaikhan Dheri [...]"
Dani, A. H., (1965-66). "Shaikhan Dheri Excavation 1963 & 1964 Seasons (In Search of the Second City of Pushkalavati), in: Ancient Pakistan II, pp. 23-24: "On the topmost layers a number of coins of Vasudeva I (copper coin of Siva and bull type) were recovered [...] Thus the end of the city came towards the close of the second century A. D. or in the middle of the 3rd century A. D."
Dani, Ahmad Hasan, 1963. "Pushkalavati: The Lotus City", Archaeological Guide Series No. 1, Peshawar University, Peshawar, p. 1: "Pushkalavati is a name long forgotten in history, the last reference being recorded in the account of the Chinese pilgrim, Hiuen Tsang, in 7th century A.D."
Beal, Samuel, (1911). The Life Of Hiuen-Tsiang: Shaman Hwui Li, New Edition, Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Ltd., London, p. 64: "A hundred li or so to the north-east of the Sangharama of Kanishka, we cross a great river and come to the town of Po-sih-kie-lo-fa-ti (Pushkaldvati). To the east of the town there is a Stupa built by Asoka-raja. Here the four past Buddhas have preached the Law."
Cunnigham, Alexander, (1871). The Ancient Geography of India, p. 60: "[W]hich is situated on a dheri, or 'mound of ruins,' the remains of some early town."
Beal, Samuel, (ed. & trans.), 1884. Si-yu-ki: Buddhist Records of the Western World, Volume 1, Author: Hiuen Tsang, London, p. 109: "To the north-east of the sangharama of Kanishka-raja about 50 li, we cross a great river and arrive at the town of Pushkalavati (Po-shi-kie-lo-fa-ti). It is about 14 or 15 li in circuit; the population is large; the inner gates are connected by a hollow (tunnel ?)."
Cunningham, Alexander (1871). Four Reports Made During The Years 1862-63-64-65, Vol. II, Archaeological Survey of India. Government Central Press. p. 102.: "From Bazaria Alexander marched against Peukelaotis, seated not far from the Indus, which being surrendered to him, he placed a garrison in it, and 'proceeded,' according to Arrian, 'to take many other small towns situated on that river.'"
Goldman, Robert P., and Sally J. Sutherland Goldman, (2017). The Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki: An Epic of Ancient India, Volume VII: Uttarakāṇḍa, Princeton University Press, p. 54: "As we, along with many earlier students of the Rāmāyaṇa, have noted, the Uttarakāṇḍa shows considerable evidence in many of its sections of a somewhat later composition than the bulk of the central five books of the poem, books 2 through 6. Moreover, the characterization of some of the epic's central figures, particularly Rāma, appears to be rather different in some ways from that in the other books."
oup.com
academic.oup.com
Petrie, Cameron A., (2013). "South Asia", in: The Oxford Handbook of Cities in World History, Oxford University Press, p. 99: "[T]he regions at the western-most edge of South Asia were incorporated into the Achaemenid empire (c. 520 BCE) [...] The limited excavations have revealed no evidence for the establishment of Persian administrative buildings or palaces in cities like Charsadda [...] but there appears to be some evidence of the emulation of Achaemenid drinking vessels, which may indicate that local elites adopted some symbols of authority and certain culinary practices."
Petrie, Cameron A., (2013). "South Asia", in: The Oxford Handbook of Cities in World History, Oxford University Press, p. 99: "[T]he regions at the western-most edge of South Asia were incorporated into the Achaemenid empire (c. 520 BCE) [...] The limited excavations have revealed no evidence for the establishment of Persian administrative buildings or palaces in cities like Charsadda [...] but there appears to be some evidence of the emulation of Achaemenid drinking vessels, which may indicate that local elites adopted some symbols of authority and certain culinary practices."
princeton.edu
press.princeton.edu
Goldman, Robert P., and Sally J. Sutherland Goldman, (eds.), 2022. The Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki: The Complete English Translation, Priceton University Press, p. 3: "The oldest surviving version of the great tale of Rāma, and the one that is doubtless the direct or indirect source of all of the hundreds and perhaps thousands of other versions of the story, is the monumental, mid-first millennium BCE epic poem in some twenty-five thousand Sanskrit couplets attributed to Vālmīki."
sacred-texts.com
Dutt, Romesh C., (1899). "Ramayana-Conclusion", in: The Ramayana and Mahabharata: "Bharat had two sons, Taksha and Pushkala. The former founded [or received] Taksha-sila, to the east of the Indus, and known to Alexander and the Greeks as Taxila. The latter founded [or received] Pushkala-vati, to the west of the Indus, and known to Alexander and the Greeks as Peukelaotis. Thus the sons of Bharat are said to have founded kingdoms which flourished on either side of the Indus river in the fourth century before Christ."
stefanbaums.com
Baums, Stefan, (2019). "A survey of place names in Gandhari inscriptions and a new oil lamp from Malakand", in (eds.) Wannaporn Rienjang and Peter Stewart, The Geography of Gandharan Art: Proceedings of the Second International Workshop of the Gandhara Connections Project, University of Oxford, 22nd - 23rd March 2018, Archaeopress, Archaeopress, Oxford, p. 169: "Avadānas in the British Library collection of Gāndhārī manuscripts also mention a number of cities by name. Some of these occur in stories set in India proper [...] but we have also (in addition to Taxila, discussed above) mentions of Pokhaladi (Sanskrit Puṣkalāvatī) in CKM 2 and 14."
uop.edu.pk
ojs.uop.edu.pk
Khan, M. Nasim, 2005. "Terracotta Seal-Impressions from Bala Hisar, Charsadda", in Ancient Pakistan, Vol XVI, p. 13: "Bålå Hisår and Shaikhan Dheri. The former site (or Charsadda-I, Wheeler 1962:13), locally known as Hisår Dheri, lies on the south-western while the latter on the opposite bank of the Sambor River."
washington.edu
asian.washington.edu
University of Washington. "The Early Buddhist Manuscripts Project": "...twenty‐seven unique birch‐bark scrolls, written in the Kharoṣṭhī script and the Gāndhārī language, that had been acquired by the British Library in 1994..."
Shastri, Hari Prasad, (1952). "Uttara-kanda, Chapter 101: The slaying of the Gandharvas and the conquest of their Country", in: The Ramayana of Valmiki: "Bharata, the son of Kaikeyi entered those two opulent and magnificent cities, and there, Bharata established Taksha in Takshashila and Pushkala in Pushkalavata, in the country of the Gandharvas, in the ravishing region of Gandhara. Overflowing with treasure and precious gems, adorned with groves, they seemed to vie with each other in magnificence."
worktribe.com
durham-repository.worktribe.com
Coningham, R.A.E. and C. Batt, 2007. "Dating the Sequence", in R.A.E. Coningham and I. Ali (eds.), Charsadda: The British-Pakistani Excavations at the Bala Hisar, Society for South Asian Studies Monograph No. 5, BAR International Series 1709, Archaeopress, Oxford, pp. 93-98
