Pygmy peoples (English Wikipedia)

The American Heritage Dictionary says that the term "strikes many as inherently derogatory" because "many people consider it offensive to refer to others by a name that identifies them in terms of a physical trait". "Pygmy". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. HarperCollins Publishers. 2022. Retrieved 3 November 2024.

american.edu

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Sheshadri, Raja James (December 2005). "Pygmies in the Congo Basin and Conflict". ICE Case Studies. American University. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 24 March 2010.
"In Rwanda, an estimated 10,000 of the 30,000-strong pygmy community was slaughtered during the Rwandan genocide, making them the "forgotten victims" of the Rwandan genocide."Raja Seshadri (7 November 2005). "Pygmies in the Congo Basin and Conflict". Case Study 163. The Inventory of Conflict & Environment, American University. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2012.

archive.org

McNiven, Ian J.; Russell, Lynette (2005). Appropriated Pasts: Indigenous Peoples and the Colonial Culture of Archaeology (2nd ed.). Lanham, Md.: AltaMira Press. pp. 90–92. ISBN 0-7591-0906-0.

auckland.ac.nz

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E. W. Gifford. "Anthropological problems in Fiji". Retrieved 3 May 2014.

australianhumanitiesreview.org

Groves, Colin (June 2002). "Australia for the Australians". Australian Humanities Review (26). Archived from the original on 15 January 2009. Retrieved 1 July 2022.

australianmuseum.net.au

"Dismantling the Australian pygmy people myth". The Australian Museum. Retrieved 16 June 2020.

bbc.co.uk

news.bbc.co.uk

"DR Congo Pygmies appeal to UN". BBC News. 23 May 2003. Archived from the original on 13 December 2010.

books.google.com

Quatrefages de Bréau, Armand de (1895). The Pygmies. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza (1986). African pygmies. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-164480-2. Retrieved 11 October 2011.
Dixon, R. M. W. (1980). The Languages of Australia. Cambridge University Press. p. 262. ISBN 9780521294508.
John Gladstone Steele (1983). Aboriginal Pathways: in Southeast Queensland and the Richmond River. Univ. of Queensland Press. ISBN 9780702257421.
Felix Speiser (January 1996). Ethnology of Vanuatu: An Early Twentieth Century Study. University of Hawaii Press. p. 400. ISBN 9780824818746.

britannica.com

"Pygmy". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2007. Archived from the original on 28 March 2007. Retrieved 11 October 2011.

buzzfeednews.com

Warren, Tom; Baker, Katie (4 March 2019). "WWF Funds Guards Who Have Tortured And Killed People". BuzzFeed News.

calacademy.org

researcharchive.calacademy.org

Klieger, P. Christiaan (Fall 2003). "Along the Salt Road". California Wild. Photos by Dong Lin. California Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2022. Klieger, P. Christiaan (2005). "A Journey Through Northern Burma: Along the Salt Road". Woodland Travels. Photos by Dong Lin. Botahtaung Township, Myanmar. Archived from the original on 10 January 2009. Klieger, Christiaan. "Myanmar Anthropology – High Altitude Anthropology". California Academy of Sciences Science NOW: Where in the World. Photos by Dong Lin. Archived from the original on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 11 October 2011. LaPolla, Randy J.; Poa, Dory; GROS, Stéphane; Klieger, Christiaan. "Photos of Rawang People in the Hkakabo Razi Area". Rawang-Dulong-Anong Language and Culture. Photos by P. Christiaan Klieger and Dong Lin. Linguist List. Archived from the original on 12 February 2009. Retrieved 11 October 2011.

calacademy.org

Klieger, P. Christiaan (Fall 2003). "Along the Salt Road". California Wild. Photos by Dong Lin. California Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2022. Klieger, P. Christiaan (2005). "A Journey Through Northern Burma: Along the Salt Road". Woodland Travels. Photos by Dong Lin. Botahtaung Township, Myanmar. Archived from the original on 10 January 2009. Klieger, Christiaan. "Myanmar Anthropology – High Altitude Anthropology". California Academy of Sciences Science NOW: Where in the World. Photos by Dong Lin. Archived from the original on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 11 October 2011. LaPolla, Randy J.; Poa, Dory; GROS, Stéphane; Klieger, Christiaan. "Photos of Rawang People in the Hkakabo Razi Area". Rawang-Dulong-Anong Language and Culture. Photos by P. Christiaan Klieger and Dong Lin. Linguist List. Archived from the original on 12 February 2009. Retrieved 11 October 2011.

canyonsworldwide.com

Fisher, Richard D. "The search for 'Dawi': the last of the T'rung pygmies of Burma and his return visit to his ancestral homeland in Tibet/Yunnan borderlands". Grand Canyons of the Earth. Archived from the original on 8 September 2013. Retrieved 12 August 2013.

doi.org

Becker, Noémie S.A.; Verdu, Paul; Froment, Alain; Le Bomin, Sylvie; Pagezy, Hélène; Bahuchet, Serge; Heyer, Evelyne (2011). "Indirect evidence for the genetic determination of short stature in African Pygmies" (PDF). American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 145 (3): 390–401. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21512. hdl:2027.42/86961. PMID 21541921.
Bozzola, M; Travaglino, P; Marziliano, N; Meazza, C; Pagani, S; Grasso, M; Tauber, M; Diegoli, M; Pilotto, A; Disabella, E; Tarantino, P; Brega, A; Arbustini, E (November 2009). "The shortness of Pygmies is associated with severe under-expression of the growth hormone receptor". Mol Genet Metab. 98 (3): 310–3. doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2009.05.009. PMID 19541519. Dávila N, Shea BT, Omoto K, Mercado M, Misawa S, Baumann G (March 2002). "Growth hormone binding protein, insulin-like growth factor-I and short stature in two pygmy populations from the Philippines". J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 15 (3): 269–276. doi:10.1515/JPEM.2002.15.3.269. PMID 11924928. S2CID 30556010.
Patin, E.; Laval, G.; Barreiro, L. B.; Salas, A.; Semino, O.; Santachiara-Benerecetti, S.; Kidd, K. K.; Kidd, J. R.; et al. (2009). Di Rienzo, Anna (ed.). "Inferring the Demographic History of African Farmers and Pygmy Hunter–Gatherers Using a Multilocus Resequencing Data Set". PLOS Genetics. 5 (4): e1000448. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000448. PMC 2661362. PMID 19360089.
Tishkoff, SA; et al. (2009). "The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans". Science. 324 (5930): 1035–44. Bibcode:2009Sci...324.1035T. doi:10.1126/science.1172257. PMC 2947357. PMID 19407144.Also see
Rozzi, Fernando V. Ramirez; Koudou, Yves; Froment, Alain; Le Bouc, Yves; Botton, Jérémie (28 July 2015). "Growth pattern from birth to adulthood in African pygmies of known age". Nature Communications. 6: 7672. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.7672R. doi:10.1038/ncomms8672. PMC 4525207. PMID 26218408.
Nyang'ori Ohenjo; Ruth Willis; Dorothy Jackson; Clive Nettleton; Kenneth Good; Benon Mugarura (2006). "Health of Indigenous people in Africa". The Lancet. 367 (9526): 1937–1946. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68849-1. PMID 16765763. S2CID 7976349.
Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; et al. (21 January 2003). "Genetic Affinities of the Andaman Islanders, a Vanishing Human Population". Current Biology. 13 (2): 86–93(8). Bibcode:2003CBio...13...86T. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(02)01336-2. PMID 12546781. S2CID 12155496.
Yew, Chee-Wei; Lu, Dongsheng; Deng, Lian; Wong, Lai-Ping; Ong, Rick Twee-Hee; Lu, Yan; Wang, Xiaoji; Yunus, Yushimah; Aghakhanian, Farhang; Mokhtar, Siti Shuhada; Hoque, Mohammad Zahirul (2018). "Genomic structure of the native inhabitants of Peninsular Malaysia and North Borneo suggests complex human population history in Southeast Asia". Human Genetics. 137 (2): 161–173. doi:10.1007/s00439-018-1869-0. ISSN 1432-1203. PMID 29383489. S2CID 253969988. The analysis of time of divergence suggested that ancestors of Negrito were the earliest settlers in the Malay Peninsula, whom first separated from the Papuans ~ 50-33 thousand years ago (kya), followed by East Asian (~ 40-15 kya)...
Kashyap, VK; Sitalaximi, T; Sarkar, BN; Trivedi, R (2003). "Molecular relatedness of the aboriginal groups of Andaman and Nicobar Islands with similar ethnic populations" (PDF). The International Journal of Human Genetics. 3: 5–11. doi:10.1080/09723757.2003.11885820. S2CID 31992842. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 March 2009.
McAllister, Peter; Nagle, Nano; Mitchell, Robert John; et al. (1 June 2013). "The Australian Barrineans and Their Relationship to Southeast Asian Negritos: An Investigation using Mitochondrial Genomics". Human Biology. 85 (1): 485–94. doi:10.3378/027.085.0322. hdl:10072/57320. PMID 24297238. S2CID 33171899.
Gilligan, Ian; Bulbeck, David (2007). "Environment and morphology in Australian Aborigines: A re-analysis of the Birdsell database". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 134 (1): 75–91. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20640. PMID 17568440.
Ross, Anne (June 2010). "Constant Resurrection: The Trihybrid Model and the Politicisation of Australian Archaeology". Australian Archaeology. 70 (1): 55–67. doi:10.1080/03122417.2010.11681911. JSTOR 27821565. S2CID 141126928.
McIntyre-Tamwoy, Susan (2000). Red devils and white men (Thesis). PhD thesis, James Cook University. doi:10.25903/db9w-9r36.
McIntyre-Tamwoy, Susan (2000). Red devils and white men (Thesis). PhD thesis, James Cook University. p. 187. doi:10.25903/db9w-9r36.
McIntyre-Tamwoy, Susan (2000). Red devils and white men (Thesis). PhD thesis, James Cook University. p. 87. doi:10.25903/db9w-9r36.
McIntyre-Tamwoy, Susan (2000). Red devils and white men (Thesis). PhD thesis, James Cook University. pp. 9–10. doi:10.25903/db9w-9r36.
McIntyre-Tamwoy, Susan (2000). Red devils and white men (Thesis). PhD thesis, James Cook University. p. 183. doi:10.25903/db9w-9r36.
Lee R. Berger; Steven E. Churchill; Bonita De Klerk; Rhonda L. Quinn (March 2008). "Small-Bodied Humans from Palau, Micronesia". PLoS ONE. 3 (3): e1780. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.1780B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001780. PMC 2268239. PMID 18347737.
Baeckens, Simon; Van Damme, Raoul (20 April 2020). "The island syndrome". Current Biology. 30 (8): R329 – R339. Bibcode:2020CBio...30.R338B. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.03.029. PMID 32315628.

etymonline.com

"pygmy", Online Etymology Dictionary, archived from the original on 29 October 2013

fao.org

Dembner, S. A. (ed.). "Forest peoples in the central African rain forest: focus on the pygmies". FAO Corporate Document Repository. Food and Agriculture Organization Forestry Department. Archived from the original on 25 October 2016.

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Becker, Noémie S.A.; Verdu, Paul; Froment, Alain; Le Bomin, Sylvie; Pagezy, Hélène; Bahuchet, Serge; Heyer, Evelyne (2011). "Indirect evidence for the genetic determination of short stature in African Pygmies" (PDF). American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 145 (3): 390–401. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21512. hdl:2027.42/86961. PMID 21541921.
Norman B. Tindale (1974). "Tjapukai (QLD)". Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names. Canberra: ANU Press. ISBN 0-7081-0741-9. LCCN 75516991. OCLC 3052288. OL 4795942M. Wikidata Q128257949.
McAllister, Peter; Nagle, Nano; Mitchell, Robert John; et al. (1 June 2013). "The Australian Barrineans and Their Relationship to Southeast Asian Negritos: An Investigation using Mitochondrial Genomics". Human Biology. 85 (1): 485–94. doi:10.3378/027.085.0322. hdl:10072/57320. PMID 24297238. S2CID 33171899.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Tishkoff, SA; et al. (2009). "The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans". Science. 324 (5930): 1035–44. Bibcode:2009Sci...324.1035T. doi:10.1126/science.1172257. PMC 2947357. PMID 19407144.Also see
Rozzi, Fernando V. Ramirez; Koudou, Yves; Froment, Alain; Le Bouc, Yves; Botton, Jérémie (28 July 2015). "Growth pattern from birth to adulthood in African pygmies of known age". Nature Communications. 6: 7672. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.7672R. doi:10.1038/ncomms8672. PMC 4525207. PMID 26218408.
Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; et al. (21 January 2003). "Genetic Affinities of the Andaman Islanders, a Vanishing Human Population". Current Biology. 13 (2): 86–93(8). Bibcode:2003CBio...13...86T. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(02)01336-2. PMID 12546781. S2CID 12155496.
Lee R. Berger; Steven E. Churchill; Bonita De Klerk; Rhonda L. Quinn (March 2008). "Small-Bodied Humans from Palau, Micronesia". PLoS ONE. 3 (3): e1780. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.1780B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001780. PMC 2268239. PMID 18347737.
Baeckens, Simon; Van Damme, Raoul (20 April 2020). "The island syndrome". Current Biology. 30 (8): R329 – R339. Bibcode:2020CBio...30.R338B. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.03.029. PMID 32315628.

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"Stricken by communal violence and malnutrition in Tanganyika, Democratic Republic of the Congo". International Committee of the Red Cross. 29 December 2017. Retrieved 19 March 2018.

independent.co.uk

Basildon Peta (9 January 2003). "Rebels 'eating Pygmies' as mass slaughter continues in Congo despite peace agreement". The Independent. Archived from the original on 26 December 2010.

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McIntyre-Tamwoy, Susan (2000). Red devils and white men (Thesis). PhD thesis, James Cook University. doi:10.25903/db9w-9r36.
McIntyre-Tamwoy, Susan (2000). Red devils and white men (Thesis). PhD thesis, James Cook University. p. 187. doi:10.25903/db9w-9r36.
McIntyre-Tamwoy, Susan (2000). Red devils and white men (Thesis). PhD thesis, James Cook University. p. 87. doi:10.25903/db9w-9r36.
McIntyre-Tamwoy, Susan (2000). Red devils and white men (Thesis). PhD thesis, James Cook University. pp. 9–10. doi:10.25903/db9w-9r36.
McIntyre-Tamwoy, Susan (2000). Red devils and white men (Thesis). PhD thesis, James Cook University. p. 183. doi:10.25903/db9w-9r36.

jstor.org

Hiscock, Peter (2005). "The extinction of rigour: a comment on 'The extinction of the Australian Pygmies' by Keith Windschuttle and Tim Gillin". Aboriginal History. 29: 142–148. JSTOR 24046693.
Ross, Anne (June 2010). "Constant Resurrection: The Trihybrid Model and the Politicisation of Australian Archaeology". Australian Archaeology. 70 (1): 55–67. doi:10.1080/03122417.2010.11681911. JSTOR 27821565. S2CID 141126928.

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Kashyap, VK; Sitalaximi, T; Sarkar, BN; Trivedi, R (2003). "Molecular relatedness of the aboriginal groups of Andaman and Nicobar Islands with similar ethnic populations" (PDF). The International Journal of Human Genetics. 3: 5–11. doi:10.1080/09723757.2003.11885820. S2CID 31992842. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 March 2009.

linguistlist.org

v2.linguistlist.org

Klieger, P. Christiaan (Fall 2003). "Along the Salt Road". California Wild. Photos by Dong Lin. California Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2022. Klieger, P. Christiaan (2005). "A Journey Through Northern Burma: Along the Salt Road". Woodland Travels. Photos by Dong Lin. Botahtaung Township, Myanmar. Archived from the original on 10 January 2009. Klieger, Christiaan. "Myanmar Anthropology – High Altitude Anthropology". California Academy of Sciences Science NOW: Where in the World. Photos by Dong Lin. Archived from the original on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 11 October 2011. LaPolla, Randy J.; Poa, Dory; GROS, Stéphane; Klieger, Christiaan. "Photos of Rawang People in the Hkakabo Razi Area". Rawang-Dulong-Anong Language and Culture. Photos by P. Christiaan Klieger and Dong Lin. Linguist List. Archived from the original on 12 February 2009. Retrieved 11 October 2011.

loc.gov

lccn.loc.gov

Norman B. Tindale (1974). "Tjapukai (QLD)". Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names. Canberra: ANU Press. ISBN 0-7081-0741-9. LCCN 75516991. OCLC 3052288. OL 4795942M. Wikidata Q128257949.

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Becker, Rachel A. (28 July 2015). "We May Have Been Wrong About How African Pygmies Grow". National Geographic News. Archived from the original on 29 July 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2015.

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Thomas, Katie (12 March 2007). "Congo's Pygmies live as slaves". The News & Observer. Archived from the original on 28 February 2009.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Becker, Noémie S.A.; Verdu, Paul; Froment, Alain; Le Bomin, Sylvie; Pagezy, Hélène; Bahuchet, Serge; Heyer, Evelyne (2011). "Indirect evidence for the genetic determination of short stature in African Pygmies" (PDF). American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 145 (3): 390–401. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21512. hdl:2027.42/86961. PMID 21541921.
Bozzola, M; Travaglino, P; Marziliano, N; Meazza, C; Pagani, S; Grasso, M; Tauber, M; Diegoli, M; Pilotto, A; Disabella, E; Tarantino, P; Brega, A; Arbustini, E (November 2009). "The shortness of Pygmies is associated with severe under-expression of the growth hormone receptor". Mol Genet Metab. 98 (3): 310–3. doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2009.05.009. PMID 19541519. Dávila N, Shea BT, Omoto K, Mercado M, Misawa S, Baumann G (March 2002). "Growth hormone binding protein, insulin-like growth factor-I and short stature in two pygmy populations from the Philippines". J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 15 (3): 269–276. doi:10.1515/JPEM.2002.15.3.269. PMID 11924928. S2CID 30556010.
Patin, E.; Laval, G.; Barreiro, L. B.; Salas, A.; Semino, O.; Santachiara-Benerecetti, S.; Kidd, K. K.; Kidd, J. R.; et al. (2009). Di Rienzo, Anna (ed.). "Inferring the Demographic History of African Farmers and Pygmy Hunter–Gatherers Using a Multilocus Resequencing Data Set". PLOS Genetics. 5 (4): e1000448. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000448. PMC 2661362. PMID 19360089.
Tishkoff, SA; et al. (2009). "The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans". Science. 324 (5930): 1035–44. Bibcode:2009Sci...324.1035T. doi:10.1126/science.1172257. PMC 2947357. PMID 19407144.Also see
Rozzi, Fernando V. Ramirez; Koudou, Yves; Froment, Alain; Le Bouc, Yves; Botton, Jérémie (28 July 2015). "Growth pattern from birth to adulthood in African pygmies of known age". Nature Communications. 6: 7672. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.7672R. doi:10.1038/ncomms8672. PMC 4525207. PMID 26218408.
Nyang'ori Ohenjo; Ruth Willis; Dorothy Jackson; Clive Nettleton; Kenneth Good; Benon Mugarura (2006). "Health of Indigenous people in Africa". The Lancet. 367 (9526): 1937–1946. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68849-1. PMID 16765763. S2CID 7976349.
Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; et al. (21 January 2003). "Genetic Affinities of the Andaman Islanders, a Vanishing Human Population". Current Biology. 13 (2): 86–93(8). Bibcode:2003CBio...13...86T. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(02)01336-2. PMID 12546781. S2CID 12155496.
Yew, Chee-Wei; Lu, Dongsheng; Deng, Lian; Wong, Lai-Ping; Ong, Rick Twee-Hee; Lu, Yan; Wang, Xiaoji; Yunus, Yushimah; Aghakhanian, Farhang; Mokhtar, Siti Shuhada; Hoque, Mohammad Zahirul (2018). "Genomic structure of the native inhabitants of Peninsular Malaysia and North Borneo suggests complex human population history in Southeast Asia". Human Genetics. 137 (2): 161–173. doi:10.1007/s00439-018-1869-0. ISSN 1432-1203. PMID 29383489. S2CID 253969988. The analysis of time of divergence suggested that ancestors of Negrito were the earliest settlers in the Malay Peninsula, whom first separated from the Papuans ~ 50-33 thousand years ago (kya), followed by East Asian (~ 40-15 kya)...
McAllister, Peter; Nagle, Nano; Mitchell, Robert John; et al. (1 June 2013). "The Australian Barrineans and Their Relationship to Southeast Asian Negritos: An Investigation using Mitochondrial Genomics". Human Biology. 85 (1): 485–94. doi:10.3378/027.085.0322. hdl:10072/57320. PMID 24297238. S2CID 33171899.
Gilligan, Ian; Bulbeck, David (2007). "Environment and morphology in Australian Aborigines: A re-analysis of the Birdsell database". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 134 (1): 75–91. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20640. PMID 17568440.
Lee R. Berger; Steven E. Churchill; Bonita De Klerk; Rhonda L. Quinn (March 2008). "Small-Bodied Humans from Palau, Micronesia". PLoS ONE. 3 (3): e1780. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.1780B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001780. PMC 2268239. PMID 18347737.
Baeckens, Simon; Van Damme, Raoul (20 April 2020). "The island syndrome". Current Biology. 30 (8): R329 – R339. Bibcode:2020CBio...30.R338B. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.03.029. PMID 32315628.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Patin, E.; Laval, G.; Barreiro, L. B.; Salas, A.; Semino, O.; Santachiara-Benerecetti, S.; Kidd, K. K.; Kidd, J. R.; et al. (2009). Di Rienzo, Anna (ed.). "Inferring the Demographic History of African Farmers and Pygmy Hunter–Gatherers Using a Multilocus Resequencing Data Set". PLOS Genetics. 5 (4): e1000448. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000448. PMC 2661362. PMID 19360089.
Tishkoff, SA; et al. (2009). "The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans". Science. 324 (5930): 1035–44. Bibcode:2009Sci...324.1035T. doi:10.1126/science.1172257. PMC 2947357. PMID 19407144.Also see
Rozzi, Fernando V. Ramirez; Koudou, Yves; Froment, Alain; Le Bouc, Yves; Botton, Jérémie (28 July 2015). "Growth pattern from birth to adulthood in African pygmies of known age". Nature Communications. 6: 7672. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.7672R. doi:10.1038/ncomms8672. PMC 4525207. PMID 26218408.
Lee R. Berger; Steven E. Churchill; Bonita De Klerk; Rhonda L. Quinn (March 2008). "Small-Bodied Humans from Palau, Micronesia". PLoS ONE. 3 (3): e1780. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.1780B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001780. PMC 2268239. PMID 18347737.

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openlibrary.org

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samuseum.sa.gov.au

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survivalinternational.org

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theguardian.com

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umich.edu

deepblue.lib.umich.edu

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web.archive.org

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"Between October 2002 and January 2003, two the rebel groups, the MLC and RCD-N in the East of the Congo launched a premeditated, systematic genocide against the local tribes and Pygmies nicknamed operation "Effacer le tableau" ("erase the board"). During their offensive against the civilian population of the Ituri region, the rebel groups left more than 60,000 dead and over 100,000 displaced. The rebels even engaged in slavery and cannibalism. Human Rights Reports state that this was due to the fact that rebel groups, often far away from their bases of supply and desperate for food, enslaved the Pygmies on captured farms to grow provisions for their militias or when times get really tough simply slaughter them like animals and devour their flesh which some believe gives them magical powers.11. Fatality Level of Dispute (military and civilian fatalities): 70,000 estimated"see:Raja Seshadri (7 November 2005). "Pygmies in the Congo Basin and Conflict". Case Study 163. The Inventory of Conflict & Environment, American University. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
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wikidata.org

Norman B. Tindale (1974). "Tjapukai (QLD)". Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names. Canberra: ANU Press. ISBN 0-7081-0741-9. LCCN 75516991. OCLC 3052288. OL 4795942M. Wikidata Q128257949.

wikisource.org

en.wikisource.org

Leslie, Robert Murray (1911). "Pygmy" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). pp. 677–679.
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Wochua" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 767.

woodlandtravels.com

Klieger, P. Christiaan (Fall 2003). "Along the Salt Road". California Wild. Photos by Dong Lin. California Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2022. Klieger, P. Christiaan (2005). "A Journey Through Northern Burma: Along the Salt Road". Woodland Travels. Photos by Dong Lin. Botahtaung Township, Myanmar. Archived from the original on 10 January 2009. Klieger, Christiaan. "Myanmar Anthropology – High Altitude Anthropology". California Academy of Sciences Science NOW: Where in the World. Photos by Dong Lin. Archived from the original on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 11 October 2011. LaPolla, Randy J.; Poa, Dory; GROS, Stéphane; Klieger, Christiaan. "Photos of Rawang People in the Hkakabo Razi Area". Rawang-Dulong-Anong Language and Culture. Photos by P. Christiaan Klieger and Dong Lin. Linguist List. Archived from the original on 12 February 2009. Retrieved 11 October 2011.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Yew, Chee-Wei; Lu, Dongsheng; Deng, Lian; Wong, Lai-Ping; Ong, Rick Twee-Hee; Lu, Yan; Wang, Xiaoji; Yunus, Yushimah; Aghakhanian, Farhang; Mokhtar, Siti Shuhada; Hoque, Mohammad Zahirul (2018). "Genomic structure of the native inhabitants of Peninsular Malaysia and North Borneo suggests complex human population history in Southeast Asia". Human Genetics. 137 (2): 161–173. doi:10.1007/s00439-018-1869-0. ISSN 1432-1203. PMID 29383489. S2CID 253969988. The analysis of time of divergence suggested that ancestors of Negrito were the earliest settlers in the Malay Peninsula, whom first separated from the Papuans ~ 50-33 thousand years ago (kya), followed by East Asian (~ 40-15 kya)...
Norman B. Tindale (1974). "Tjapukai (QLD)". Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names. Canberra: ANU Press. ISBN 0-7081-0741-9. LCCN 75516991. OCLC 3052288. OL 4795942M. Wikidata Q128257949.

wsu.edu

vancouver.wsu.edu

Hewlett, Barry S. (1996). "Cultural diversity among African pygmies". In Kent, Susan (ed.). Cultural Diversity Among Twentieth-Century Foragers. Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original on 9 June 2010.

youtube.com

VICE (21 May 2024). The Congolese Tribes Selling Weed to Survive | WEEDIQUETTE. Retrieved 23 May 2024 – via YouTube.
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