Pythagoras (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Pythagoras" in English language version.

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"The dates of his life cannot be fixed exactly, but assuming the approximate correctness of the statement of Aristoxenus (Porphyry, Vit. Pyth, §9) that he left Samos to escape the tyranny of Polycrates at the age of forty, we may put his birth round about 570 BC, or a few years earlier. The length of his life was variously estimated in antiquity, but it is agreed that he lived to a fairly ripe old age, and most probably he died at about seventy-five or eighty." Guthrie (1967), p. 173 Porphyry (1987) [c. 270 AD]. "Vita Pythagorae (Life of Pythagoras)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive. Guthrie, William Keith Chambers (1967) [1962]. A History of Greek Philosophy, Volume 1: The Earlier Presocratics and the Pythagoreans. Cambridge University Press. OCLC 973780248 – via Internet Archive.
Cicero, Tusc. Qu, pp. 431–433, §5.3.8–§5.3.9 (citing Heraclides Ponticus fr. 88 Wehrli), Diog I, 1.12, Diog VIII, §8.8, Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth, §58. Burkert attempted to discredit this ancient tradition Burkert (1960) but it has been defended by De Vogel (1966), pp. 97–102 and Riedweg (2005), p. 92 ——— (1923) [c. 45 BC]. Tusculan Disputations (Tusculanae Disputationes). Vol. XVIII. Translated by J.E., King. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99156-9. OCLC 298443420 – via Internet Archive. Diogenes Laërtius (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book I". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. I. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99203-0. OCLC 908430780 – via Wikisource. ——— (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book VIII". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99204-7. OCLC 758307224 – via Wikisource. Iamblichus (1987) [c. 300 AD]. "De Vita Pythagorica (On the Pythagorean Life)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive. Burkert, Walter (May 1960). "Platon oder Pythagoras? Zum Ursprung des Wortes "Philosophie"". Hermes (in German). 88 (2): 159–177. JSTOR 4475110. De Vogel, Cornelia J. (1966). Pythagoras and Early Pythagoreanism: An Interpretation of Neglected Evidence on the Philosopher Pythagoras. Assen: Van Gorcum. OCLC 513833. Riedweg, Christoph (2005) [2002]. Pythagoras: His Life, Teachings, and Influence. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-7452-1.
The phrase "οὐ τῷ ἀσθενεστάτῳ σοφιστῇ" directly translates to "not the weakest sophist,"(Hdt. 4, p. 297, §95.3) and in the context of ancient Greek literature, this phrasing can be used to imply that the subject is quite the opposite: someone of considerable strength or significance. Burnet (1920), p. 97 This rhetorical technique is known as litotes, a form of understatement that uses a negative to emphasize a positive quality. Hence this sentence was translated as "one of the greatest Greek teachers, Pythagoras" by A. D. Godley to avoid confusion. ——— (1920) [c. 430 BC]. "Book IV". The Persian Wars. Vol. II. Translated by Godley, A. D. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99131-6. OCLC 966656315 – via Perseus Digital Library (perseus.tufts.edu). ——— (1920) [c. 525 BC]. "Science and Religion". Early Greek Philosophy. Translated by Burnet, John (3rd ed.). London: A. & C. Black, Ltd. p. 118. OCLC 3610194 – via Internet Archive.. [An English translation of DK 21B7.]
Some writers call him a native Samian, a Tyrrhenian from Lemnos, or a Phliasian from Peloponnesus, and give Marmacus or Demaratus as his name (see Diog VIII, §1.1; Porphyry, Vit. Pyth, §1, §2; Justin, xx. 4; Pausanias, ii. 13; Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth, §2.4). Porphyry also presents a conflicting report by Neanthes, that Mnesarchus was born in Tyre (in Syria), or that he was a Tyrrhenian from Lemnos; however, the confusion was possibly due to the similarity of the names "Tyre" and "Tyrrhenian", while it has also been suggested that Porphyry's own background from Tyre, could explain why his work was the only one, out of the three biographies of Pythagoras that have survived from late antiquity, to have linked Pythagoras's father with it. Ferguson (2008), pp. 11–12, 198 Due to this obscurity, some modern scholars deem it safer to accept "that Pythagoras and his father were pure-blooded Greeks, of undiluted Samian stock". Jacoby & Bollansée (1999), pp. 256–257, n. 73 ——— (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book VIII". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99204-7. OCLC 758307224 – via Wikisource. Porphyry (1987) [c. 270 AD]. "Vita Pythagorae (Life of Pythagoras)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive. Iamblichus (1987) [c. 300 AD]. "De Vita Pythagorica (On the Pythagorean Life)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive. Ferguson, Kitty (2008). The Music of Pythagoras: How an Ancient Brotherhood Cracked the Code of the Universe and Lit the Path from Antiquity to Outer Space. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8027-7963-2. Jacoby, Felix; Bollansée, Jan (1999). Schepens, Guido (ed.). Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker. Vol. 4. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-11303-9.
Kahn (2001), p. 2. Kahn, Charles H. (2001). Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans: A Brief History. Indianapolis, Indiana and Cambridge, England: Hackett Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-87220-575-8. OCLC 46394974 – via Internet Archive.
Burkert (1985), p. 299. Burkert, Walter (1985). Greek Religion. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-36281-9.
Burkert (1972), p. 109. Burkert, Walter (1 June 1972). Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-53918-1 – via Internet Archive.
Kahn (2001), p. 5. Kahn, Charles H. (2001). Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans: A Brief History. Indianapolis, Indiana and Cambridge, England: Hackett Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-87220-575-8. OCLC 46394974 – via Internet Archive.
Burkert (1972), p. 106. Burkert, Walter (1 June 1972). Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-53918-1 – via Internet Archive.
Kahn (2001), p. 6. Kahn, Charles H. (2001). Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans: A Brief History. Indianapolis, Indiana and Cambridge, England: Hackett Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-87220-575-8. OCLC 46394974 – via Internet Archive.
Porphyry, Vit. Pyth, §1, §10. Porphyry (1987) [c. 270 AD]. "Vita Pythagorae (Life of Pythagoras)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive.
Strom, 1.62(2), cit. Afonasin (2012), p. 15 Clement of Alexandria (1991) [c. 200 AD]. "Book I, Chapter XV". Stromateis (Miscellanies). The Fathers of the Church. Vol. 86. Translated by John, Ferguson. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press. ISBN 978-0-8132-1185-5. OCLC 647919762 – via Internet Archive. Afonasin, Eugene V. (2012). Afonasin, Eugene V.; Dillon, John M.; Finamore, John (eds.). Iamblichus and the Foundations of Late Platonism. Leiden and Boston: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-23011-8.
Apollonius of Tyana ap. Porphyry, Vit. Pyth, §2 Porphyry (1987) [c. 270 AD]. "Vita Pythagorae (Life of Pythagoras)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive.
Porphyry, Vit. Pyth, §9. Porphyry (1987) [c. 270 AD]. "Vita Pythagorae (Life of Pythagoras)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive.
Porphyry, Vit. Pyth, §6. Porphyry (1987) [c. 270 AD]. "Vita Pythagorae (Life of Pythagoras)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive.
Plutarch, de Iside et Osiride, p. 25, §354e. Plutarch (1962) [c. 100 AD]. "On Isis and Osiris (De Iside Et Osiride)". Plutarch's Moralia. Vol. V. Translated by Babbitt, Frank Cole. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. OCLC 13897903 – via Internet Archive.
cf. Antiphon. ap. Porphyry, Vit. Pyth, §7; Isocrates, Busiris, 28–9; Cicero, de Finibus, pp. 489–493, §5.29; Strabo, 14.1.16. Porphyry (1987) [c. 270 AD]. "Vita Pythagorae (Life of Pythagoras)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive. ——— (1914) [c. 45 BC]. On the Ends of Good and Evil (De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum). Vol. XVII. Translated by H., Rackham. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99044-9. OCLC 298443420 – via LacusCurtius.
Porphyry, Vit. Pyth, §2; Diog VIII, §1.2 Porphyry (1987) [c. 270 AD]. "Vita Pythagorae (Life of Pythagoras)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive. ——— (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book VIII". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99204-7. OCLC 758307224 – via Wikisource.
Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth, §9. Iamblichus (1987) [c. 300 AD]. "De Vita Pythagorica (On the Pythagorean Life)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive.
Porphyry, Vit. Pyth, §2. Porphyry (1987) [c. 270 AD]. "Vita Pythagorae (Life of Pythagoras)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive.
Diog I, 1.13, 1.15; Diog VIII, §1.2, §1.40; Cicero, de Div. I, p. 345, §49.122 Diogenes Laërtius (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book I". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. I. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99203-0. OCLC 908430780 – via Wikisource. ——— (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book VIII". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99204-7. OCLC 758307224 – via Wikisource. ——— (1927) [c. 44 BC]. "De Divinatione I". On Old Age. On Friendship. On Divination (De Senectute, De Amicitia, De Divinatione). Vol. XX. Translated by W. A., Falconer. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99170-5. OCLC 298443420 – via Internet Archive.
Porphyry, Vit. Pyth, §41. Porphyry (1987) [c. 270 AD]. "Vita Pythagorae (Life of Pythagoras)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive.
Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth, §25; Porphyry, Vit. Pyth, §17; Diog VIII, §1.3 Iamblichus (1987) [c. 300 AD]. "De Vita Pythagorica (On the Pythagorean Life)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive. Porphyry (1987) [c. 270 AD]. "Vita Pythagorae (Life of Pythagoras)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive. ——— (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book VIII". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99204-7. OCLC 758307224 – via Wikisource.
Aristoxenus ap. Diog VIII, §1.8, §1.21; Porphyry, Vit. Pyth, §41 ——— (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book VIII". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99204-7. OCLC 758307224 – via Wikisource. Porphyry (1987) [c. 270 AD]. "Vita Pythagorae (Life of Pythagoras)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive.
Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth, §28; Porphyry, Vit. Pyth, §9 Iamblichus (1987) [c. 300 AD]. "De Vita Pythagorica (On the Pythagorean Life)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive. Porphyry (1987) [c. 270 AD]. "Vita Pythagorae (Life of Pythagoras)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive.
Cfr. Cicero, De Re Publica, pp. 137–139, §2.15.28–§2.15.30 Cicero (1928) [c. 52 BC]. "De Re Publica". On the Republic. On the Laws (De Re Publica. De Legibus). Vol. XVI. Translated by Keyes, Clinton W. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99235-1. OCLC 298443420 – via Internet Archive.
Porphyry, Vit. Pyth, §18; Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth, §37 Porphyry (1987) [c. 270 AD]. "Vita Pythagorae (Life of Pythagoras)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive. Iamblichus (1987) [c. 300 AD]. "De Vita Pythagorica (On the Pythagorean Life)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive.
Kahn (2001), p. 8. Kahn, Charles H. (2001). Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans: A Brief History. Indianapolis, Indiana and Cambridge, England: Hackett Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-87220-575-8. OCLC 46394974 – via Internet Archive.
Kahn (2001), pp. 6–7. Kahn, Charles H. (2001). Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans: A Brief History. Indianapolis, Indiana and Cambridge, England: Hackett Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-87220-575-8. OCLC 46394974 – via Internet Archive.
Kahn (2001), p. 7. Kahn, Charles H. (2001). Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans: A Brief History. Indianapolis, Indiana and Cambridge, England: Hackett Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-87220-575-8. OCLC 46394974 – via Internet Archive.
Plutarch, de Gen. Socr, p. 419, §583a. ——— (1968) [c. 100 AD]. "On the Signs of Socrates (De Genio Socratis)". Plutarch's Moralia. Vol. VII. Translated by De Lacy, Phillip H.; Einarson, Benedict. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. OCLC 938641243 – via Internet Archive.
Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth, §255–§259; Porphyry, Vit. Pyth, §54–§57; Diog VIII, §1.39; comp. Plutarch, de Gen. Socr, p. 419, §583a Iamblichus (1987) [c. 300 AD]. "De Vita Pythagorica (On the Pythagorean Life)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive. Porphyry (1987) [c. 270 AD]. "Vita Pythagorae (Life of Pythagoras)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive. ——— (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book VIII". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99204-7. OCLC 758307224 – via Wikisource. ——— (1968) [c. 100 AD]. "On the Signs of Socrates (De Genio Socratis)". Plutarch's Moralia. Vol. VII. Translated by De Lacy, Phillip H.; Einarson, Benedict. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. OCLC 938641243 – via Internet Archive.
Grant (1989), p. 278. Grant, Michael (1989). The Classical Greeks. History of Civilization. New York City, New York: Charles Schribner's Sons. ISBN 978-0-684-19126-3.
Burkert (1972), pp. 106–109. Burkert, Walter (1 June 1972). Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-53918-1 – via Internet Archive.
Kahn (2001), pp. 5–6. Kahn, Charles H. (2001). Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans: A Brief History. Indianapolis, Indiana and Cambridge, England: Hackett Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-87220-575-8. OCLC 46394974 – via Internet Archive.
Kahn (2001), pp. 9–11. Kahn, Charles H. (2001). Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans: A Brief History. Indianapolis, Indiana and Cambridge, England: Hackett Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-87220-575-8. OCLC 46394974 – via Internet Archive.
Burkert (1972), pp. 29–30. Burkert, Walter (1 June 1972). Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-53918-1 – via Internet Archive.
Kahn (2001), p. 11. Kahn, Charles H. (2001). Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans: A Brief History. Indianapolis, Indiana and Cambridge, England: Hackett Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-87220-575-8. OCLC 46394974 – via Internet Archive.
Burkert (1985), pp. 300–301. Burkert, Walter (1985). Greek Religion. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-36281-9.
Kahn (2001), p. 12. Kahn, Charles H. (2001). Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans: A Brief History. Indianapolis, Indiana and Cambridge, England: Hackett Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-87220-575-8. OCLC 46394974 – via Internet Archive.
Porphyry, Vit. Pyth, §26; Pausanias, ii. 17; Horace, Od. i. 28,1. 10 Porphyry (1987) [c. 270 AD]. "Vita Pythagorae (Life of Pythagoras)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive.
Cicero, de Div. I, pp. 229, 345, §3.5, §49.122; Porphyry, Vit. Pyth, §29 ——— (1927) [c. 44 BC]. "De Divinatione I". On Old Age. On Friendship. On Divination (De Senectute, De Amicitia, De Divinatione). Vol. XX. Translated by W. A., Falconer. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99170-5. OCLC 298443420 – via Internet Archive. Porphyry (1987) [c. 270 AD]. "Vita Pythagorae (Life of Pythagoras)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive.
Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth, §25; Porphyry, Vit. Pyth, §17; Diog VIII, §1.3, §1.13; Cicero, Tusc. Qu, pp. 431–433, §5.3.8–§5.3.9 Iamblichus (1987) [c. 300 AD]. "De Vita Pythagorica (On the Pythagorean Life)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive. Porphyry (1987) [c. 270 AD]. "Vita Pythagorae (Life of Pythagoras)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive. ——— (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book VIII". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99204-7. OCLC 758307224 – via Wikisource. ——— (1923) [c. 45 BC]. Tusculan Disputations (Tusculanae Disputationes). Vol. XVIII. Translated by J.E., King. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99156-9. OCLC 298443420 – via Internet Archive.
Kahn (2001), pp. 1–2. Kahn, Charles H. (2001). Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans: A Brief History. Indianapolis, Indiana and Cambridge, England: Hackett Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-87220-575-8. OCLC 46394974 – via Internet Archive.
Burkert (1972), pp. 467–468. Burkert, Walter (1 June 1972). Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-53918-1 – via Internet Archive.
Burkert (1972), p. 265. Burkert, Walter (1 June 1972). Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-53918-1 – via Internet Archive.
Kahn (2001), p. 27. Kahn, Charles H. (2001). Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans: A Brief History. Indianapolis, Indiana and Cambridge, England: Hackett Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-87220-575-8. OCLC 46394974 – via Internet Archive.
Burkert (1972), p. 433. Burkert, Walter (1 June 1972). Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-53918-1 – via Internet Archive.
Burkert (1972), p. 467. Burkert, Walter (1 June 1972). Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-53918-1 – via Internet Archive.
Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth, §29. Iamblichus (1987) [c. 300 AD]. "De Vita Pythagorica (On the Pythagorean Life)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive.
Kahn (2001), pp. 2–3. Kahn, Charles H. (2001). Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans: A Brief History. Indianapolis, Indiana and Cambridge, England: Hackett Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-87220-575-8. OCLC 46394974 – via Internet Archive.
Kahn (2001), p. 3. Kahn, Charles H. (2001). Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans: A Brief History. Indianapolis, Indiana and Cambridge, England: Hackett Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-87220-575-8. OCLC 46394974 – via Internet Archive.
Burkert (1972), pp. 428–433. Burkert, Walter (1 June 1972). Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-53918-1 – via Internet Archive.
Burkert (1972), p. 465. Burkert, Walter (1 June 1972). Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-53918-1 – via Internet Archive.
Grant (1989), p. 277. Grant, Michael (1989). The Classical Greeks. History of Civilization. New York City, New York: Charles Schribner's Sons. ISBN 978-0-684-19126-3.
Porphyry, Vit. Pyth, §19. Porphyry (1987) [c. 270 AD]. "Vita Pythagorae (Life of Pythagoras)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive.
comp. Cicero, de Leg, p. 335, §1.12.34; Cicero, de Off, p. 59, §1.17.56; Diog VIII, §1.10 ——— (1928) [c. 52 BC]. "De Legibus". On the Republic. On the Laws (De Re Publica. De Legibus). Vol. XVI. Translated by Keyes, Clinton W. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99235-1. OCLC 298443420 – via Internet Archive. ——— (1913) [c. 44 BC]. On Duties (De officiis). Vol. XXI. Translated by Miller, Walter. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99033-3. OCLC 298443420 – via Internet Archive. ——— (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book VIII". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99204-7. OCLC 758307224 – via Wikisource.
Aristonexus ap. Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth, §94, §101, 229, etc.; comp. the story of Damon and Phintias; Porphyry, Vit. Pyth, §60; Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth, §233 Iamblichus (1987) [c. 300 AD]. "De Vita Pythagorica (On the Pythagorean Life)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive. Porphyry (1987) [c. 270 AD]. "Vita Pythagorae (Life of Pythagoras)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive. Iamblichus (1987) [c. 300 AD]. "De Vita Pythagorica (On the Pythagorean Life)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive.
Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth, §98; Strabo, vi. Iamblichus (1987) [c. 300 AD]. "De Vita Pythagorica (On the Pythagorean Life)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive.
Dillon & Hershbell (1991), p. 14; O'Meara (1989), pp. 35–40 Dillon, John; Hershbell, Jackson (1991). Betz, Hans Dieter; O'Neill, Edward N. (eds.). Iamblichus, On the Pythagorean way of life: Text, Translation and Notes. Text and Translations 29: Graeco Romain Religion Series. Vol. 11. Atlanta, Georgia: Scholars Press. ISBN 1-55540-522-3 – via Internet Archive. O'Meara, Dominic J. (1989). Pythagoras Revived. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-823913-0.
Kahn (2001), p. 52. Kahn, Charles H. (2001). Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans: A Brief History. Indianapolis, Indiana and Cambridge, England: Hackett Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-87220-575-8. OCLC 46394974 – via Internet Archive.
Aelian, Varia Historia, ii. 26; Diog VIII, §1.13; Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth, §8, §91, §141 ——— (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book VIII". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99204-7. OCLC 758307224 – via Wikisource. Iamblichus (1987) [c. 300 AD]. "De Vita Pythagorica (On the Pythagorean Life)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive.
Scholion ad Aristophanes, Nub. 611; Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth, §237–§238 Iamblichus (1987) [c. 300 AD]. "De Vita Pythagorica (On the Pythagorean Life)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive.
comp. Porphyry, Vit. Pyth, §32; Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth, §96 Porphyry (1987) [c. 270 AD]. "Vita Pythagorae (Life of Pythagoras)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive. Iamblichus (1987) [c. 300 AD]. "De Vita Pythagorica (On the Pythagorean Life)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive.
Diog VIII, §1.19, §1.34; Aulus Gellius, iv. 11; Porphyry, Vit. Pyth, §34, de Abst. i. 26, Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth, §98 ——— (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book VIII". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99204-7. OCLC 758307224 – via Wikisource. Porphyry (1987) [c. 270 AD]. "Vita Pythagorae (Life of Pythagoras)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive. Iamblichus (1987) [c. 300 AD]. "De Vita Pythagorica (On the Pythagorean Life)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive.
Plutarch, de Esu Carn, pp. 540–545, 557–571, §993, §996, §997. ——— (1957) [c. 100 AD]. "On the Eating of Flesh (Du Esu Carnium)". Plutarch's Moralia. Vol. XII. Translated by Helmbold, William C.; Cherniss, Harold. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd – via Internet Archive.
Kahn (2001), p. 9. Kahn, Charles H. (2001). Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans: A Brief History. Indianapolis, Indiana and Cambridge, England: Hackett Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-87220-575-8. OCLC 46394974 – via Internet Archive.
Aristoxenus ap. Diog VIII, §1.20; comp. Porphyry, Vit. Pyth, §7; Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth, §85, §108 ——— (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book VIII". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99204-7. OCLC 758307224 – via Wikisource. Porphyry (1987) [c. 270 AD]. "Vita Pythagorae (Life of Pythagoras)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive. Iamblichus (1987) [c. 300 AD]. "De Vita Pythagorica (On the Pythagorean Life)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive.
comp. Porphyry, Vit. Pyth, §7; Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth, §85, §108 Porphyry (1987) [c. 270 AD]. "Vita Pythagorae (Life of Pythagoras)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive. Iamblichus (1987) [c. 300 AD]. "De Vita Pythagorica (On the Pythagorean Life)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive.
Porphyry, Vit. Pyth, §20; Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth, §31, §140; Aelian, Varia Historia, ii. 26; Diog VIII, §1.36 Porphyry (1987) [c. 270 AD]. "Vita Pythagorae (Life of Pythagoras)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive. Iamblichus (1987) [c. 300 AD]. "De Vita Pythagorica (On the Pythagorean Life)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive. ——— (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book VIII". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99204-7. OCLC 758307224 – via Wikisource.
Burkert (1972), p. 144. Burkert, Walter (1 June 1972). Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-53918-1 – via Internet Archive.
Faivre (1995), pp. 19–20. Faivre, Antoine (1995). The Eternal Hermes. Grand Rapids, Mich: Phanes Press. ISBN 0-933999-53-4 – via Internet Archive.
Diog VIII, §1.12; Plutarch, Non posse suav. vivi sec. Ep., pp. 67–71, §1094 ——— (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book VIII". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99204-7. OCLC 758307224 – via Wikisource. ——— (1967) [c. 100 AD]. "That Epicurus Actually Makes a Pleasant Life Impossible (Non posse suaviter vivi secundum Epicurum)". Plutarch's Moralia. Vol. XIV. Translated by Einarson, Benedict; de Lacy, Phillip H. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd – via Internet Archive.
Kahn (2001), pp. 32–33. Kahn, Charles H. (2001). Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans: A Brief History. Indianapolis, Indiana and Cambridge, England: Hackett Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-87220-575-8. OCLC 46394974 – via Internet Archive.
Burkert (1972), p. 428. Burkert, Walter (1 June 1972). Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-53918-1 – via Internet Archive.
Burkert (1972), pp. 429, 462. Burkert, Walter (1 June 1972). Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-53918-1 – via Internet Archive.
Kahn (2001), p. 32. Kahn, Charles H. (2001). Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans: A Brief History. Indianapolis, Indiana and Cambridge, England: Hackett Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-87220-575-8. OCLC 46394974 – via Internet Archive.
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Kahn (2001), pp. 40, 44–45. Kahn, Charles H. (2001). Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans: A Brief History. Indianapolis, Indiana and Cambridge, England: Hackett Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-87220-575-8. OCLC 46394974 – via Internet Archive.
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books.google.com

Cicero, Tusc. Qu, pp. 431–433, §5.3.8–§5.3.9 (citing Heraclides Ponticus fr. 88 Wehrli), Diog I, 1.12, Diog VIII, §8.8, Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth, §58. Burkert attempted to discredit this ancient tradition Burkert (1960) but it has been defended by De Vogel (1966), pp. 97–102 and Riedweg (2005), p. 92 ——— (1923) [c. 45 BC]. Tusculan Disputations (Tusculanae Disputationes). Vol. XVIII. Translated by J.E., King. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99156-9. OCLC 298443420 – via Internet Archive. Diogenes Laërtius (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book I". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. I. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99203-0. OCLC 908430780 – via Wikisource. ——— (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book VIII". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99204-7. OCLC 758307224 – via Wikisource. Iamblichus (1987) [c. 300 AD]. "De Vita Pythagorica (On the Pythagorean Life)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive. Burkert, Walter (May 1960). "Platon oder Pythagoras? Zum Ursprung des Wortes "Philosophie"". Hermes (in German). 88 (2): 159–177. JSTOR 4475110. De Vogel, Cornelia J. (1966). Pythagoras and Early Pythagoreanism: An Interpretation of Neglected Evidence on the Philosopher Pythagoras. Assen: Van Gorcum. OCLC 513833. Riedweg, Christoph (2005) [2002]. Pythagoras: His Life, Teachings, and Influence. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-7452-1.
Some writers call him a native Samian, a Tyrrhenian from Lemnos, or a Phliasian from Peloponnesus, and give Marmacus or Demaratus as his name (see Diog VIII, §1.1; Porphyry, Vit. Pyth, §1, §2; Justin, xx. 4; Pausanias, ii. 13; Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth, §2.4). Porphyry also presents a conflicting report by Neanthes, that Mnesarchus was born in Tyre (in Syria), or that he was a Tyrrhenian from Lemnos; however, the confusion was possibly due to the similarity of the names "Tyre" and "Tyrrhenian", while it has also been suggested that Porphyry's own background from Tyre, could explain why his work was the only one, out of the three biographies of Pythagoras that have survived from late antiquity, to have linked Pythagoras's father with it. Ferguson (2008), pp. 11–12, 198 Due to this obscurity, some modern scholars deem it safer to accept "that Pythagoras and his father were pure-blooded Greeks, of undiluted Samian stock". Jacoby & Bollansée (1999), pp. 256–257, n. 73 ——— (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book VIII". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99204-7. OCLC 758307224 – via Wikisource. Porphyry (1987) [c. 270 AD]. "Vita Pythagorae (Life of Pythagoras)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive. Iamblichus (1987) [c. 300 AD]. "De Vita Pythagorica (On the Pythagorean Life)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive. Ferguson, Kitty (2008). The Music of Pythagoras: How an Ancient Brotherhood Cracked the Code of the Universe and Lit the Path from Antiquity to Outer Space. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8027-7963-2. Jacoby, Felix; Bollansée, Jan (1999). Schepens, Guido (ed.). Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker. Vol. 4. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-11303-9.
"For Thales, the origin was water, and for Anaximander the infinite (apeiron), which must be considered a material form" Homann-Wedeking (1968), p. 63 Homann-Wedeking, Ernst (1968). The Art of Archaic Greece. Art of the World. New York City, New York: Crown Publishers.
Joost-Gaugier (2006), p. 143. Joost-Gaugier, Christiane L. (2006). Measuring Heaven: Pythagoras and his Influence on Thought and Art in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-7409-5.
Joost-Gaugier (2006), p. 11. Joost-Gaugier, Christiane L. (2006). Measuring Heaven: Pythagoras and his Influence on Thought and Art in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-7409-5.
Ferguson (2008), p. 4. Ferguson, Kitty (2008). The Music of Pythagoras: How an Ancient Brotherhood Cracked the Code of the Universe and Lit the Path from Antiquity to Outer Space. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8027-7963-2.
Ferguson (2008), pp. 3–5. Ferguson, Kitty (2008). The Music of Pythagoras: How an Ancient Brotherhood Cracked the Code of the Universe and Lit the Path from Antiquity to Outer Space. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8027-7963-2.
Gregory (2015), pp. 21–23. Gregory, Andrew (2015). "The Pythagoreans: number and numerology". In Lawrence, Snezana; McCartney, Mark (eds.). Mathematicians and their Gods: Interactions between mathematics and religious beliefs. Oxford University Press. pp. 21–50. ISBN 978-0-19-100755-2.
Joost-Gaugier (2006), p. 12. Joost-Gaugier, Christiane L. (2006). Measuring Heaven: Pythagoras and his Influence on Thought and Art in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-7409-5.
Riedweg (2005), p. 62. Riedweg, Christoph (2005) [2002]. Pythagoras: His Life, Teachings, and Influence. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-7452-1.
Joost-Gaugier (2006), pp. 12–13. Joost-Gaugier, Christiane L. (2006). Measuring Heaven: Pythagoras and his Influence on Thought and Art in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-7409-5.
Joost-Gaugier (2006), p. 13. Joost-Gaugier, Christiane L. (2006). Measuring Heaven: Pythagoras and his Influence on Thought and Art in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-7409-5.
Joost-Gaugier (2006), pp. 14–15. Joost-Gaugier, Christiane L. (2006). Measuring Heaven: Pythagoras and his Influence on Thought and Art in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-7409-5.
Joost-Gaugier (2006), p. 16. Joost-Gaugier, Christiane L. (2006). Measuring Heaven: Pythagoras and his Influence on Thought and Art in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-7409-5.
Joost-Gaugier (2006), p. 88. Joost-Gaugier, Christiane L. (2006). Measuring Heaven: Pythagoras and his Influence on Thought and Art in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-7409-5.
Zhmud (2012), p. 9. Zhmud, Leonid (2012) [1994]. Pythagoras and the Early Pythagoreans. Translated by Windle, Kevin; Ireland, Rosh. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-928931-8.
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Homann-Wedeking (1968), p. 62. Homann-Wedeking, Ernst (1968). The Art of Archaic Greece. Art of the World. New York City, New York: Crown Publishers.
Homann-Wedeking (1968), pp. 62–63. Homann-Wedeking, Ernst (1968). The Art of Archaic Greece. Art of the World. New York City, New York: Crown Publishers.
Homann-Wedeking (1968), pp. 62–65. Homann-Wedeking, Ernst (1968). The Art of Archaic Greece. Art of the World. New York City, New York: Crown Publishers.
Joost-Gaugier (2006), p. 154. Joost-Gaugier, Christiane L. (2006). Measuring Heaven: Pythagoras and his Influence on Thought and Art in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-7409-5.
Joost-Gaugier (2006), pp. 154–156. Joost-Gaugier, Christiane L. (2006). Measuring Heaven: Pythagoras and his Influence on Thought and Art in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-7409-5.
Joost-Gaugier (2006), pp. 157–158. Joost-Gaugier, Christiane L. (2006). Measuring Heaven: Pythagoras and his Influence on Thought and Art in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-7409-5.
Joost-Gaugier (2006), p. 158. Joost-Gaugier, Christiane L. (2006). Measuring Heaven: Pythagoras and his Influence on Thought and Art in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-7409-5.
Joost-Gaugier (2006), pp. 158–159. Joost-Gaugier, Christiane L. (2006). Measuring Heaven: Pythagoras and his Influence on Thought and Art in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-7409-5.
Joost-Gaugier (2006), p. 159. Joost-Gaugier, Christiane L. (2006). Measuring Heaven: Pythagoras and his Influence on Thought and Art in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-7409-5.
Joost-Gaugier (2006), pp. 159–161. Joost-Gaugier, Christiane L. (2006). Measuring Heaven: Pythagoras and his Influence on Thought and Art in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-7409-5.
Joost-Gaugier (2006), p. 162. Joost-Gaugier, Christiane L. (2006). Measuring Heaven: Pythagoras and his Influence on Thought and Art in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-7409-5.
Joost-Gaugier (2006), pp. 162–164. Joost-Gaugier, Christiane L. (2006). Measuring Heaven: Pythagoras and his Influence on Thought and Art in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-7409-5.
Joost-Gaugier (2006), pp. 167–168. Joost-Gaugier, Christiane L. (2006). Measuring Heaven: Pythagoras and his Influence on Thought and Art in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-7409-5.
Joost-Gaugier (2006), p. 168. Joost-Gaugier, Christiane L. (2006). Measuring Heaven: Pythagoras and his Influence on Thought and Art in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-7409-5.
Joost-Gaugier (2006), pp. 169–170. Joost-Gaugier, Christiane L. (2006). Measuring Heaven: Pythagoras and his Influence on Thought and Art in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-7409-5.
Joost-Gaugier (2006), pp. 57–65. Joost-Gaugier, Christiane L. (2006). Measuring Heaven: Pythagoras and his Influence on Thought and Art in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-7409-5.
Joost-Gaugier (2006), p. 57. Joost-Gaugier, Christiane L. (2006). Measuring Heaven: Pythagoras and his Influence on Thought and Art in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-7409-5.
Joost-Gaugier (2006), pp. 57–58. Joost-Gaugier, Christiane L. (2006). Measuring Heaven: Pythagoras and his Influence on Thought and Art in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-7409-5.
Joost-Gaugier (2006), pp. 58–59. Joost-Gaugier, Christiane L. (2006). Measuring Heaven: Pythagoras and his Influence on Thought and Art in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-7409-5.
Joost-Gaugier (2006), p. 59. Joost-Gaugier, Christiane L. (2006). Measuring Heaven: Pythagoras and his Influence on Thought and Art in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-7409-5.
Ferguson (2008), p. 265. Ferguson, Kitty (2008). The Music of Pythagoras: How an Ancient Brotherhood Cracked the Code of the Universe and Lit the Path from Antiquity to Outer Space. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8027-7963-2.
Ferguson (2008), pp. 264–274. Ferguson, Kitty (2008). The Music of Pythagoras: How an Ancient Brotherhood Cracked the Code of the Universe and Lit the Path from Antiquity to Outer Space. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8027-7963-2.
Ferguson (2008), p. 274. Ferguson, Kitty (2008). The Music of Pythagoras: How an Ancient Brotherhood Cracked the Code of the Universe and Lit the Path from Antiquity to Outer Space. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8027-7963-2.
Ferguson (2008), p. 279. Ferguson, Kitty (2008). The Music of Pythagoras: How an Ancient Brotherhood Cracked the Code of the Universe and Lit the Path from Antiquity to Outer Space. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8027-7963-2.
Ferguson (2008), pp. 279–280. Ferguson, Kitty (2008). The Music of Pythagoras: How an Ancient Brotherhood Cracked the Code of the Universe and Lit the Path from Antiquity to Outer Space. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8027-7963-2.
Whitehead (1953), pp. 36–37. Whitehead, Afred North (1953) [1926]. Science and the Modern World. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-23778-9.
Whitehead (1953), p. 36. Whitehead, Afred North (1953) [1926]. Science and the Modern World. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-23778-9.
Ferguson (2008), p. 282. Ferguson, Kitty (2008). The Music of Pythagoras: How an Ancient Brotherhood Cracked the Code of the Universe and Lit the Path from Antiquity to Outer Space. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8027-7963-2.
Ferguson (2008), p. 294. Ferguson, Kitty (2008). The Music of Pythagoras: How an Ancient Brotherhood Cracked the Code of the Universe and Lit the Path from Antiquity to Outer Space. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8027-7963-2.
Riedweg (2005), pp. 127–128. Riedweg, Christoph (2005) [2002]. Pythagoras: His Life, Teachings, and Influence. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-7452-1.
Riedweg (2005), p. 128. Riedweg, Christoph (2005) [2002]. Pythagoras: His Life, Teachings, and Influence. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-7452-1.
French (2002), p. 30. French, Peter J. (2002) [1972]. John Dee: The World of the Elizabethan Magus. New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7448-0079-1.
Riedweg (2005), p. 133. Riedweg, Christoph (2005) [2002]. Pythagoras: His Life, Teachings, and Influence. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-7452-1.
Sherman (1995), p. 15. Sherman, William Howard (1995). John Dee: The Politics of Reading and Writing in the English Renaissance. Amherst, Massachusetts: The University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 978-1-55849-070-3.
Ferguson (2008), pp. 284–288. Ferguson, Kitty (2008). The Music of Pythagoras: How an Ancient Brotherhood Cracked the Code of the Universe and Lit the Path from Antiquity to Outer Space. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8027-7963-2.
Ferguson (2008), pp. 287–288. Ferguson, Kitty (2008). The Music of Pythagoras: How an Ancient Brotherhood Cracked the Code of the Universe and Lit the Path from Antiquity to Outer Space. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8027-7963-2.
Ferguson (2008), pp. 286–287. Ferguson, Kitty (2008). The Music of Pythagoras: How an Ancient Brotherhood Cracked the Code of the Universe and Lit the Path from Antiquity to Outer Space. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8027-7963-2.
Ferguson (2008), p. 288. Ferguson, Kitty (2008). The Music of Pythagoras: How an Ancient Brotherhood Cracked the Code of the Universe and Lit the Path from Antiquity to Outer Space. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8027-7963-2.
Haag (2013), p. 89. Haag, Michael (2013). Inferno Decoded: The Essential Companion to the Myths, Mysteries and Locations of Dan Brown's Inferno. London, England: Profile Books, Ltd. ISBN 978-1-78125-180-5.
Haag (2013), p. 90. Haag, Michael (2013). Inferno Decoded: The Essential Companion to the Myths, Mysteries and Locations of Dan Brown's Inferno. London, England: Profile Books, Ltd. ISBN 978-1-78125-180-5.
Haag (2013), pp. 90–91. Haag, Michael (2013). Inferno Decoded: The Essential Companion to the Myths, Mysteries and Locations of Dan Brown's Inferno. London, England: Profile Books, Ltd. ISBN 978-1-78125-180-5.
Haag (2013), p. 91. Haag, Michael (2013). Inferno Decoded: The Essential Companion to the Myths, Mysteries and Locations of Dan Brown's Inferno. London, England: Profile Books, Ltd. ISBN 978-1-78125-180-5.
Bregman (2002), p. 186. Bregman, Jay (2002). "Neoplatonism and American Aesthetics". In Alexandrakis, Aphrodite; Moulafakis, Nicholas J. (eds.). Neoplatonism and Western Aesthetics. Studies in Neoplatonism: Ancient and Modern. Vol. 12. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-5280-6.

collinsdictionary.com

British: Pythagoras. Collins Dictionary. n.d. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
American: Pythagoras. Collins Dictionary. n.d. Retrieved 25 September 2014.

jstor.org

Cicero, Tusc. Qu, pp. 431–433, §5.3.8–§5.3.9 (citing Heraclides Ponticus fr. 88 Wehrli), Diog I, 1.12, Diog VIII, §8.8, Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth, §58. Burkert attempted to discredit this ancient tradition Burkert (1960) but it has been defended by De Vogel (1966), pp. 97–102 and Riedweg (2005), p. 92 ——— (1923) [c. 45 BC]. Tusculan Disputations (Tusculanae Disputationes). Vol. XVIII. Translated by J.E., King. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99156-9. OCLC 298443420 – via Internet Archive. Diogenes Laërtius (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book I". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. I. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99203-0. OCLC 908430780 – via Wikisource. ——— (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book VIII". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99204-7. OCLC 758307224 – via Wikisource. Iamblichus (1987) [c. 300 AD]. "De Vita Pythagorica (On the Pythagorean Life)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive. Burkert, Walter (May 1960). "Platon oder Pythagoras? Zum Ursprung des Wortes "Philosophie"". Hermes (in German). 88 (2): 159–177. JSTOR 4475110. De Vogel, Cornelia J. (1966). Pythagoras and Early Pythagoreanism: An Interpretation of Neglected Evidence on the Philosopher Pythagoras. Assen: Van Gorcum. OCLC 513833. Riedweg, Christoph (2005) [2002]. Pythagoras: His Life, Teachings, and Influence. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-7452-1.

mit.edu

classics.mit.edu

Diog VIII, §1.36, comp. Aristot. De Anima, I. 2–3; Hdt. 2, p. 425, §123 ——— (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book VIII". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99204-7. OCLC 758307224 – via Wikisource. ——— (1931) [c. 350 BC]. "De Anima". In Ross, W.D. (ed.). The Works of Aristotle Translated into English. Vol. 3. Translated by Smith, J. A. Oxford: Oxford University Press. OCLC 237147799 – via The Internet Classics Archive (classics.mit.edu). Herodotus (1920) [c. 430 BC]. "Book II". The Persian Wars. Vol. I. Translated by Godley, A. D. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99130-9. OCLC 966656476 – via Perseus Digital Library (perseus.tufts.edu).

philpapers.org

"Numbers, Ontologically Speaking: Plato on Numerosity". philpapers.org. Retrieved 2025-01-21.

tufts.edu

perseus.tufts.edu

The phrase "οὐ τῷ ἀσθενεστάτῳ σοφιστῇ" directly translates to "not the weakest sophist,"(Hdt. 4, p. 297, §95.3) and in the context of ancient Greek literature, this phrasing can be used to imply that the subject is quite the opposite: someone of considerable strength or significance. Burnet (1920), p. 97 This rhetorical technique is known as litotes, a form of understatement that uses a negative to emphasize a positive quality. Hence this sentence was translated as "one of the greatest Greek teachers, Pythagoras" by A. D. Godley to avoid confusion. ——— (1920) [c. 430 BC]. "Book IV". The Persian Wars. Vol. II. Translated by Godley, A. D. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99131-6. OCLC 966656315 – via Perseus Digital Library (perseus.tufts.edu). ——— (1920) [c. 525 BC]. "Science and Religion". Early Greek Philosophy. Translated by Burnet, John (3rd ed.). London: A. & C. Black, Ltd. p. 118. OCLC 3610194 – via Internet Archive.. [An English translation of DK 21B7.]
He alludes to it himself in Aristot. Met. 1, 986a ——— (1933) [c. 350 BC]. "Book I". Metaphysics Books I–IX. Vol. XVII. Translated by Tredennick, Hugh. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99299-3. OCLC 958278244 – via Perseus Digital Library (perseus.tufts.edu).
Hdt. 4, p. 297, §95. ——— (1920) [c. 430 BC]. "Book IV". The Persian Wars. Vol. II. Translated by Godley, A. D. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99131-6. OCLC 966656315 – via Perseus Digital Library (perseus.tufts.edu).
Diog VIII, §1.36, comp. Aristot. De Anima, I. 2–3; Hdt. 2, p. 425, §123 ——— (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book VIII". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99204-7. OCLC 758307224 – via Wikisource. ——— (1931) [c. 350 BC]. "De Anima". In Ross, W.D. (ed.). The Works of Aristotle Translated into English. Vol. 3. Translated by Smith, J. A. Oxford: Oxford University Press. OCLC 237147799 – via The Internet Classics Archive (classics.mit.edu). Herodotus (1920) [c. 430 BC]. "Book II". The Persian Wars. Vol. I. Translated by Godley, A. D. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99130-9. OCLC 966656476 – via Perseus Digital Library (perseus.tufts.edu).
Plato, Republic, X 600a–b; Isocrates, Busiris, 28 Plato (1969) [c. 380 BC]. "Republic". Plato in Twelve Volumes, Vols. 5 & 6. Translated by Shorey, Paul. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99304-4. OCLC 6947747 – via Perseus Digital Library (perseus.tufts.edu).
Plato, Republic, VII, 530d. Plato (1969) [c. 380 BC]. "Republic". Plato in Twelve Volumes, Vols. 5 & 6. Translated by Shorey, Paul. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99304-4. OCLC 6947747 – via Perseus Digital Library (perseus.tufts.edu).
Aristot. Met. 1, 987a. ——— (1933) [c. 350 BC]. "Book I". Metaphysics Books I–IX. Vol. XVII. Translated by Tredennick, Hugh. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99299-3. OCLC 958278244 – via Perseus Digital Library (perseus.tufts.edu).

uchicago.edu

penelope.uchicago.edu

cf. Antiphon. ap. Porphyry, Vit. Pyth, §7; Isocrates, Busiris, 28–9; Cicero, de Finibus, pp. 489–493, §5.29; Strabo, 14.1.16. Porphyry (1987) [c. 270 AD]. "Vita Pythagorae (Life of Pythagoras)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive. ——— (1914) [c. 45 BC]. On the Ends of Good and Evil (De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum). Vol. XVII. Translated by H., Rackham. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99044-9. OCLC 298443420 – via LacusCurtius.

uky.edu

cs.uky.edu

Suda Encyclopedia, th.84.

wikisource.org

en.wikisource.org

Cicero, Tusc. Qu, pp. 431–433, §5.3.8–§5.3.9 (citing Heraclides Ponticus fr. 88 Wehrli), Diog I, 1.12, Diog VIII, §8.8, Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth, §58. Burkert attempted to discredit this ancient tradition Burkert (1960) but it has been defended by De Vogel (1966), pp. 97–102 and Riedweg (2005), p. 92 ——— (1923) [c. 45 BC]. Tusculan Disputations (Tusculanae Disputationes). Vol. XVIII. Translated by J.E., King. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99156-9. OCLC 298443420 – via Internet Archive. Diogenes Laërtius (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book I". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. I. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99203-0. OCLC 908430780 – via Wikisource. ——— (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book VIII". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99204-7. OCLC 758307224 – via Wikisource. Iamblichus (1987) [c. 300 AD]. "De Vita Pythagorica (On the Pythagorean Life)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive. Burkert, Walter (May 1960). "Platon oder Pythagoras? Zum Ursprung des Wortes "Philosophie"". Hermes (in German). 88 (2): 159–177. JSTOR 4475110. De Vogel, Cornelia J. (1966). Pythagoras and Early Pythagoreanism: An Interpretation of Neglected Evidence on the Philosopher Pythagoras. Assen: Van Gorcum. OCLC 513833. Riedweg, Christoph (2005) [2002]. Pythagoras: His Life, Teachings, and Influence. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-7452-1.
Xenophanes' Poem (or Elegies) on Pythagorus is provided below, which was preserved in Diog VIII, §1.36:
- Greek: περὶ δὲ τοῦ ἄλλοτε ἄλλον γεγενῆσθαι (Pythagoras) Ζενοφάνης ἐν ἐλεγείαι προσμαρτυρεῖ, ἧς ἀρχή 'νῦν ... κέλενθον'. ὃ δὲ περὶ αὐτοῦ (Pythagoras) φησιν, οὕτως ἔχει καί ... αἰών'. νῦν αὖτ' ἄλλον ἔπειμι λόγον, δείξω δὲ κέλευθον. καί ποτέ μιν στυφελιζομένου σκύλακος παριόντα φασὶν ἐποικτῖραι καὶ τόδε φάσθαι ἔπος "παῦσαι μηδὲ ῥάπιζε, ἐπεὶ ἡ φίλου ἀνέρος ἐστὶν ψυχή, τὴν ἔγνων φθεγξαμένης αὐδῆς." ——— (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book VIII". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99204-7. OCLC 758307224 – via Wikisource.
- Some writers call him a native Samian, a Tyrrhenian from Lemnos, or a Phliasian from Peloponnesus, and give Marmacus or Demaratus as his name (see Diog VIII, §1.1; Porphyry, Vit. Pyth, §1, §2; Justin, xx. 4; Pausanias, ii. 13; Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth, §2.4). Porphyry also presents a conflicting report by Neanthes, that Mnesarchus was born in Tyre (in Syria), or that he was a Tyrrhenian from Lemnos; however, the confusion was possibly due to the similarity of the names "Tyre" and "Tyrrhenian", while it has also been suggested that Porphyry's own background from Tyre, could explain why his work was the only one, out of the three biographies of Pythagoras that have survived from late antiquity, to have linked Pythagoras's father with it. Ferguson (2008), pp. 11–12, 198 Due to this obscurity, some modern scholars deem it safer to accept "that Pythagoras and his father were pure-blooded Greeks, of undiluted Samian stock". Jacoby & Bollansée (1999), pp. 256–257, n. 73 ——— (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book VIII". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99204-7. OCLC 758307224 – via Wikisource. Porphyry (1987) [c. 270 AD]. "Vita Pythagorae (Life of Pythagoras)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive. Iamblichus (1987) [c. 300 AD]. "De Vita Pythagorica (On the Pythagorean Life)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive. Ferguson, Kitty (2008). The Music of Pythagoras: How an Ancient Brotherhood Cracked the Code of the Universe and Lit the Path from Antiquity to Outer Space. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8027-7963-2. Jacoby, Felix; Bollansée, Jan (1999). Schepens, Guido (ed.). Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker. Vol. 4. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-11303-9.
- Diog VIII, §1.1, §1.3. ——— (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book VIII". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99204-7. OCLC 758307224 – via Wikisource.
- Diog VIII, 1.1, 1.3. ——— (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book VIII". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99204-7. OCLC 758307224 – via Wikisource.
- Porphyry, Vit. Pyth, §2; Diog VIII, §1.2 Porphyry (1987) [c. 270 AD]. "Vita Pythagorae (Life of Pythagoras)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive. ——— (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book VIII". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99204-7. OCLC 758307224 – via Wikisource.
- Diog I, 1.13, 1.15; Diog VIII, §1.2, §1.40; Cicero, de Div. I, p. 345, §49.122 Diogenes Laërtius (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book I". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. I. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99203-0. OCLC 908430780 – via Wikisource. ——— (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book VIII". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99204-7. OCLC 758307224 – via Wikisource. ——— (1927) [c. 44 BC]. "De Divinatione I". On Old Age. On Friendship. On Divination (De Senectute, De Amicitia, De Divinatione). Vol. XX. Translated by W. A., Falconer. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99170-5. OCLC 298443420 – via Internet Archive.
- Diog VIII, §1.1, §1.8. ——— (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book VIII". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99204-7. OCLC 758307224 – via Wikisource.
- Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth, §25; Porphyry, Vit. Pyth, §17; Diog VIII, §1.3 Iamblichus (1987) [c. 300 AD]. "De Vita Pythagorica (On the Pythagorean Life)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive. Porphyry (1987) [c. 270 AD]. "Vita Pythagorae (Life of Pythagoras)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive. ——— (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book VIII". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99204-7. OCLC 758307224 – via Wikisource.
- Aristoxenus ap. Diog VIII, §1.8, §1.21; Porphyry, Vit. Pyth, §41 ——— (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book VIII". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99204-7. OCLC 758307224 – via Wikisource. Porphyry (1987) [c. 270 AD]. "Vita Pythagorae (Life of Pythagoras)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive.
- Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth, §255–§259; Porphyry, Vit. Pyth, §54–§57; Diog VIII, §1.39; comp. Plutarch, de Gen. Socr, p. 419, §583a Iamblichus (1987) [c. 300 AD]. "De Vita Pythagorica (On the Pythagorean Life)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive. Porphyry (1987) [c. 270 AD]. "Vita Pythagorae (Life of Pythagoras)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive. ——— (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book VIII". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99204-7. OCLC 758307224 – via Wikisource. ——— (1968) [c. 100 AD]. "On the Signs of Socrates (De Genio Socratis)". Plutarch's Moralia. Vol. VII. Translated by De Lacy, Phillip H.; Einarson, Benedict. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. OCLC 938641243 – via Internet Archive.
- Diog VIII, §1.36, comp. Aristot. De Anima, I. 2–3; Hdt. 2, p. 425, §123 ——— (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book VIII". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99204-7. OCLC 758307224 – via Wikisource. ——— (1931) [c. 350 BC]. "De Anima". In Ross, W.D. (ed.). The Works of Aristotle Translated into English. Vol. 3. Translated by Smith, J. A. Oxford: Oxford University Press. OCLC 237147799 – via The Internet Classics Archive (classics.mit.edu). Herodotus (1920) [c. 430 BC]. "Book II". The Persian Wars. Vol. I. Translated by Godley, A. D. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99130-9. OCLC 966656476 – via Perseus Digital Library (perseus.tufts.edu).
- Diog VIII, §1.3–§1.5. ——— (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book VIII". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99204-7. OCLC 758307224 – via Wikisource.
- Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth, §25; Porphyry, Vit. Pyth, §17; Diog VIII, §1.3, §1.13; Cicero, Tusc. Qu, pp. 431–433, §5.3.8–§5.3.9 Iamblichus (1987) [c. 300 AD]. "De Vita Pythagorica (On the Pythagorean Life)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive. Porphyry (1987) [c. 270 AD]. "Vita Pythagorae (Life of Pythagoras)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive. ——— (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book VIII". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99204-7. OCLC 758307224 – via Wikisource. ——— (1923) [c. 45 BC]. Tusculan Disputations (Tusculanae Disputationes). Vol. XVIII. Translated by J.E., King. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99156-9. OCLC 298443420 – via Internet Archive.
- comp. Cicero, de Leg, p. 335, §1.12.34; Cicero, de Off, p. 59, §1.17.56; Diog VIII, §1.10 ——— (1928) [c. 52 BC]. "De Legibus". On the Republic. On the Laws (De Re Publica. De Legibus). Vol. XVI. Translated by Keyes, Clinton W. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99235-1. OCLC 298443420 – via Internet Archive. ——— (1913) [c. 44 BC]. On Duties (De officiis). Vol. XXI. Translated by Miller, Walter. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99033-3. OCLC 298443420 – via Internet Archive. ——— (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book VIII". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99204-7. OCLC 758307224 – via Wikisource.
- Aelian, Varia Historia, ii. 26; Diog VIII, §1.13; Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth, §8, §91, §141 ——— (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book VIII". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99204-7. OCLC 758307224 – via Wikisource. Iamblichus (1987) [c. 300 AD]. "De Vita Pythagorica (On the Pythagorean Life)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive.
- Diog VIII, §1.19, §1.34; Aulus Gellius, iv. 11; Porphyry, Vit. Pyth, §34, de Abst. i. 26, Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth, §98 ——— (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book VIII". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99204-7. OCLC 758307224 – via Wikisource. Porphyry (1987) [c. 270 AD]. "Vita Pythagorae (Life of Pythagoras)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive. Iamblichus (1987) [c. 300 AD]. "De Vita Pythagorica (On the Pythagorean Life)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive.
- Aristoxenus ap. Diog VIII, §1.20; comp. Porphyry, Vit. Pyth, §7; Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth, §85, §108 ——— (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book VIII". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99204-7. OCLC 758307224 – via Wikisource. Porphyry (1987) [c. 270 AD]. "Vita Pythagorae (Life of Pythagoras)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive. Iamblichus (1987) [c. 300 AD]. "De Vita Pythagorica (On the Pythagorean Life)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive.
- Aristoxenus ap. Diog VIII, §1.20 ——— (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book VIII". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99204-7. OCLC 758307224 – via Wikisource.
- Porphyry, Vit. Pyth, §20; Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth, §31, §140; Aelian, Varia Historia, ii. 26; Diog VIII, §1.36 Porphyry (1987) [c. 270 AD]. "Vita Pythagorae (Life of Pythagoras)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive. Iamblichus (1987) [c. 300 AD]. "De Vita Pythagorica (On the Pythagorean Life)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive. ——— (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book VIII". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99204-7. OCLC 758307224 – via Wikisource.
- Diog VIII, §1.12; Plutarch, Non posse suav. vivi sec. Ep., pp. 67–71, §1094 ——— (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book VIII". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99204-7. OCLC 758307224 – via Wikisource. ——— (1967) [c. 100 AD]. "That Epicurus Actually Makes a Pleasant Life Impossible (Non posse suaviter vivi secundum Epicurum)". Plutarch's Moralia. Vol. XIV. Translated by Einarson, Benedict; de Lacy, Phillip H. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd – via Internet Archive.
- Porphyry, in Ptol. Harm. p. 213; Diog VIII, §1.12 ——— (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book VIII". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99204-7. OCLC 758307224 – via Wikisource.
- Diog VIII, §1.14; Pliny, Hist. Nat. ii. 8. ——— (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book VIII". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99204-7. OCLC 758307224 – via Wikisource.
- Diog VIII, §1.12, 14, 32. ——— (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book VIII". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99204-7. OCLC 758307224 – via Wikisource.

wiktionary.org

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Aristoxenus ap. Diog VIII, §1.8, §1.21; Porphyry, Vit. Pyth, §41 ——— (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book VIII". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99204-7. OCLC 758307224 – via Wikisource. Porphyry (1987) [c. 270 AD]. "Vita Pythagorae (Life of Pythagoras)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive.

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"The dates of his life cannot be fixed exactly, but assuming the approximate correctness of the statement of Aristoxenus (Porphyry, Vit. Pyth, §9) that he left Samos to escape the tyranny of Polycrates at the age of forty, we may put his birth round about 570 BC, or a few years earlier. The length of his life was variously estimated in antiquity, but it is agreed that he lived to a fairly ripe old age, and most probably he died at about seventy-five or eighty." Guthrie (1967), p. 173 Porphyry (1987) [c. 270 AD]. "Vita Pythagorae (Life of Pythagoras)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive. Guthrie, William Keith Chambers (1967) [1962]. A History of Greek Philosophy, Volume 1: The Earlier Presocratics and the Pythagoreans. Cambridge University Press. OCLC 973780248 – via Internet Archive.
Cicero, Tusc. Qu, pp. 431–433, §5.3.8–§5.3.9 (citing Heraclides Ponticus fr. 88 Wehrli), Diog I, 1.12, Diog VIII, §8.8, Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth, §58. Burkert attempted to discredit this ancient tradition Burkert (1960) but it has been defended by De Vogel (1966), pp. 97–102 and Riedweg (2005), p. 92 ——— (1923) [c. 45 BC]. Tusculan Disputations (Tusculanae Disputationes). Vol. XVIII. Translated by J.E., King. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99156-9. OCLC 298443420 – via Internet Archive. Diogenes Laërtius (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book I". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. I. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99203-0. OCLC 908430780 – via Wikisource. ——— (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book VIII". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99204-7. OCLC 758307224 – via Wikisource. Iamblichus (1987) [c. 300 AD]. "De Vita Pythagorica (On the Pythagorean Life)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive. Burkert, Walter (May 1960). "Platon oder Pythagoras? Zum Ursprung des Wortes "Philosophie"". Hermes (in German). 88 (2): 159–177. JSTOR 4475110. De Vogel, Cornelia J. (1966). Pythagoras and Early Pythagoreanism: An Interpretation of Neglected Evidence on the Philosopher Pythagoras. Assen: Van Gorcum. OCLC 513833. Riedweg, Christoph (2005) [2002]. Pythagoras: His Life, Teachings, and Influence. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-7452-1.
Xenophanes' Poem (or Elegies) on Pythagorus is provided below, which was preserved in Diog VIII, §1.36:
- Greek: περὶ δὲ τοῦ ἄλλοτε ἄλλον γεγενῆσθαι (Pythagoras) Ζενοφάνης ἐν ἐλεγείαι προσμαρτυρεῖ, ἧς ἀρχή 'νῦν ... κέλενθον'. ὃ δὲ περὶ αὐτοῦ (Pythagoras) φησιν, οὕτως ἔχει καί ... αἰών'. νῦν αὖτ' ἄλλον ἔπειμι λόγον, δείξω δὲ κέλευθον. καί ποτέ μιν στυφελιζομένου σκύλακος παριόντα φασὶν ἐποικτῖραι καὶ τόδε φάσθαι ἔπος "παῦσαι μηδὲ ῥάπιζε, ἐπεὶ ἡ φίλου ἀνέρος ἐστὶν ψυχή, τὴν ἔγνων φθεγξαμένης αὐδῆς." ——— (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book VIII". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99204-7. OCLC 758307224 – via Wikisource.
- The phrase "οὐ τῷ ἀσθενεστάτῳ σοφιστῇ" directly translates to "not the weakest sophist,"(Hdt. 4, p. 297, §95.3) and in the context of ancient Greek literature, this phrasing can be used to imply that the subject is quite the opposite: someone of considerable strength or significance. Burnet (1920), p. 97 This rhetorical technique is known as litotes, a form of understatement that uses a negative to emphasize a positive quality. Hence this sentence was translated as "one of the greatest Greek teachers, Pythagoras" by A. D. Godley to avoid confusion. ——— (1920) [c. 430 BC]. "Book IV". The Persian Wars. Vol. II. Translated by Godley, A. D. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99131-6. OCLC 966656315 – via Perseus Digital Library (perseus.tufts.edu). ——— (1920) [c. 525 BC]. "Science and Religion". Early Greek Philosophy. Translated by Burnet, John (3rd ed.). London: A. & C. Black, Ltd. p. 118. OCLC 3610194 – via Internet Archive.. [An English translation of DK 21B7.]
- Some writers call him a native Samian, a Tyrrhenian from Lemnos, or a Phliasian from Peloponnesus, and give Marmacus or Demaratus as his name (see Diog VIII, §1.1; Porphyry, Vit. Pyth, §1, §2; Justin, xx. 4; Pausanias, ii. 13; Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth, §2.4). Porphyry also presents a conflicting report by Neanthes, that Mnesarchus was born in Tyre (in Syria), or that he was a Tyrrhenian from Lemnos; however, the confusion was possibly due to the similarity of the names "Tyre" and "Tyrrhenian", while it has also been suggested that Porphyry's own background from Tyre, could explain why his work was the only one, out of the three biographies of Pythagoras that have survived from late antiquity, to have linked Pythagoras's father with it. Ferguson (2008), pp. 11–12, 198 Due to this obscurity, some modern scholars deem it safer to accept "that Pythagoras and his father were pure-blooded Greeks, of undiluted Samian stock". Jacoby & Bollansée (1999), pp. 256–257, n. 73 ——— (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book VIII". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99204-7. OCLC 758307224 – via Wikisource. Porphyry (1987) [c. 270 AD]. "Vita Pythagorae (Life of Pythagoras)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive. Iamblichus (1987) [c. 300 AD]. "De Vita Pythagorica (On the Pythagorean Life)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive. Ferguson, Kitty (2008). The Music of Pythagoras: How an Ancient Brotherhood Cracked the Code of the Universe and Lit the Path from Antiquity to Outer Space. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8027-7963-2. Jacoby, Felix; Bollansée, Jan (1999). Schepens, Guido (ed.). Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker. Vol. 4. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-11303-9.
- Kahn (2001), p. 2. Kahn, Charles H. (2001). Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans: A Brief History. Indianapolis, Indiana and Cambridge, England: Hackett Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-87220-575-8. OCLC 46394974 – via Internet Archive.
- He alludes to it himself in Aristot. Met. 1, 986a ——— (1933) [c. 350 BC]. "Book I". Metaphysics Books I–IX. Vol. XVII. Translated by Tredennick, Hugh. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99299-3. OCLC 958278244 – via Perseus Digital Library (perseus.tufts.edu).
- Kahn (2001), p. 5. Kahn, Charles H. (2001). Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans: A Brief History. Indianapolis, Indiana and Cambridge, England: Hackett Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-87220-575-8. OCLC 46394974 – via Internet Archive.
- Hdt. 4, p. 297, §95. ——— (1920) [c. 430 BC]. "Book IV". The Persian Wars. Vol. II. Translated by Godley, A. D. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99131-6. OCLC 966656315 – via Perseus Digital Library (perseus.tufts.edu).
- Kahn (2001), p. 6. Kahn, Charles H. (2001). Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans: A Brief History. Indianapolis, Indiana and Cambridge, England: Hackett Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-87220-575-8. OCLC 46394974 – via Internet Archive.
- Porphyry, Vit. Pyth, §1, §10. Porphyry (1987) [c. 270 AD]. "Vita Pythagorae (Life of Pythagoras)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive.
- Strom, 1.62(2), cit. Afonasin (2012), p. 15 Clement of Alexandria (1991) [c. 200 AD]. "Book I, Chapter XV". Stromateis (Miscellanies). The Fathers of the Church. Vol. 86. Translated by John, Ferguson. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press. ISBN 978-0-8132-1185-5. OCLC 647919762 – via Internet Archive. Afonasin, Eugene V. (2012). Afonasin, Eugene V.; Dillon, John M.; Finamore, John (eds.). Iamblichus and the Foundations of Late Platonism. Leiden and Boston: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-23011-8.
- Apollonius of Tyana ap. Porphyry, Vit. Pyth, §2 Porphyry (1987) [c. 270 AD]. "Vita Pythagorae (Life of Pythagoras)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive.
- Porphyry, Vit. Pyth, §9. Porphyry (1987) [c. 270 AD]. "Vita Pythagorae (Life of Pythagoras)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive.
- Porphyry, Vit. Pyth, §6. Porphyry (1987) [c. 270 AD]. "Vita Pythagorae (Life of Pythagoras)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive.
- Plutarch, de Iside et Osiride, p. 25, §354e. Plutarch (1962) [c. 100 AD]. "On Isis and Osiris (De Iside Et Osiride)". Plutarch's Moralia. Vol. V. Translated by Babbitt, Frank Cole. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. OCLC 13897903 – via Internet Archive.
- cf. Antiphon. ap. Porphyry, Vit. Pyth, §7; Isocrates, Busiris, 28–9; Cicero, de Finibus, pp. 489–493, §5.29; Strabo, 14.1.16. Porphyry (1987) [c. 270 AD]. "Vita Pythagorae (Life of Pythagoras)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive. ——— (1914) [c. 45 BC]. On the Ends of Good and Evil (De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum). Vol. XVII. Translated by H., Rackham. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99044-9. OCLC 298443420 – via LacusCurtius.
- Diog VIII, §1.1, §1.3. ——— (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book VIII". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99204-7. OCLC 758307224 – via Wikisource.
- Diog VIII, 1.1, 1.3. ——— (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book VIII". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99204-7. OCLC 758307224 – via Wikisource.
- Porphyry, Vit. Pyth, §2; Diog VIII, §1.2 Porphyry (1987) [c. 270 AD]. "Vita Pythagorae (Life of Pythagoras)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive. ——— (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book VIII". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99204-7. OCLC 758307224 – via Wikisource.
- Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth, §9. Iamblichus (1987) [c. 300 AD]. "De Vita Pythagorica (On the Pythagorean Life)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive.
- Porphyry, Vit. Pyth, §2. Porphyry (1987) [c. 270 AD]. "Vita Pythagorae (Life of Pythagoras)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive.
- Diog I, 1.13, 1.15; Diog VIII, §1.2, §1.40; Cicero, de Div. I, p. 345, §49.122 Diogenes Laërtius (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book I". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. I. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99203-0. OCLC 908430780 – via Wikisource. ——— (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book VIII". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99204-7. OCLC 758307224 – via Wikisource. ——— (1927) [c. 44 BC]. "De Divinatione I". On Old Age. On Friendship. On Divination (De Senectute, De Amicitia, De Divinatione). Vol. XX. Translated by W. A., Falconer. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99170-5. OCLC 298443420 – via Internet Archive.
- Diog VIII, §1.1, §1.8. ——— (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book VIII". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99204-7. OCLC 758307224 – via Wikisource.
- Porphyry, Vit. Pyth, §41. Porphyry (1987) [c. 270 AD]. "Vita Pythagorae (Life of Pythagoras)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive.
- Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth, §25; Porphyry, Vit. Pyth, §17; Diog VIII, §1.3 Iamblichus (1987) [c. 300 AD]. "De Vita Pythagorica (On the Pythagorean Life)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive. Porphyry (1987) [c. 270 AD]. "Vita Pythagorae (Life of Pythagoras)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive. ——— (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book VIII". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99204-7. OCLC 758307224 – via Wikisource.
- Aristoxenus ap. Diog VIII, §1.8, §1.21; Porphyry, Vit. Pyth, §41 ——— (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book VIII". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99204-7. OCLC 758307224 – via Wikisource. Porphyry (1987) [c. 270 AD]. "Vita Pythagorae (Life of Pythagoras)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive.
- Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth, §28; Porphyry, Vit. Pyth, §9 Iamblichus (1987) [c. 300 AD]. "De Vita Pythagorica (On the Pythagorean Life)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive. Porphyry (1987) [c. 270 AD]. "Vita Pythagorae (Life of Pythagoras)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive.
- De Vogel (1966), pp. 21ff. De Vogel, Cornelia J. (1966). Pythagoras and Early Pythagoreanism: An Interpretation of Neglected Evidence on the Philosopher Pythagoras. Assen: Van Gorcum. OCLC 513833.
- Cfr. Cicero, De Re Publica, pp. 137–139, §2.15.28–§2.15.30 Cicero (1928) [c. 52 BC]. "De Re Publica". On the Republic. On the Laws (De Re Publica. De Legibus). Vol. XVI. Translated by Keyes, Clinton W. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99235-1. OCLC 298443420 – via Internet Archive.
- De Vogel (1966), pp. 148–150. De Vogel, Cornelia J. (1966). Pythagoras and Early Pythagoreanism: An Interpretation of Neglected Evidence on the Philosopher Pythagoras. Assen: Van Gorcum. OCLC 513833.
- Porphyry, Vit. Pyth, §18; Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth, §37 Porphyry (1987) [c. 270 AD]. "Vita Pythagorae (Life of Pythagoras)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive. Iamblichus (1987) [c. 300 AD]. "De Vita Pythagorica (On the Pythagorean Life)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive.
- Kahn (2001), p. 8. Kahn, Charles H. (2001). Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans: A Brief History. Indianapolis, Indiana and Cambridge, England: Hackett Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-87220-575-8. OCLC 46394974 – via Internet Archive.
- Kahn (2001), pp. 6–7. Kahn, Charles H. (2001). Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans: A Brief History. Indianapolis, Indiana and Cambridge, England: Hackett Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-87220-575-8. OCLC 46394974 – via Internet Archive.
- Kahn (2001), p. 7. Kahn, Charles H. (2001). Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans: A Brief History. Indianapolis, Indiana and Cambridge, England: Hackett Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-87220-575-8. OCLC 46394974 – via Internet Archive.
- Plutarch, de Gen. Socr, p. 419, §583a. ——— (1968) [c. 100 AD]. "On the Signs of Socrates (De Genio Socratis)". Plutarch's Moralia. Vol. VII. Translated by De Lacy, Phillip H.; Einarson, Benedict. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. OCLC 938641243 – via Internet Archive.
- Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth, §255–§259; Porphyry, Vit. Pyth, §54–§57; Diog VIII, §1.39; comp. Plutarch, de Gen. Socr, p. 419, §583a Iamblichus (1987) [c. 300 AD]. "De Vita Pythagorica (On the Pythagorean Life)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive. Porphyry (1987) [c. 270 AD]. "Vita Pythagorae (Life of Pythagoras)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive. ——— (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book VIII". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99204-7. OCLC 758307224 – via Wikisource. ——— (1968) [c. 100 AD]. "On the Signs of Socrates (De Genio Socratis)". Plutarch's Moralia. Vol. VII. Translated by De Lacy, Phillip H.; Einarson, Benedict. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. OCLC 938641243 – via Internet Archive.
- Kahn (2001), pp. 5–6. Kahn, Charles H. (2001). Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans: A Brief History. Indianapolis, Indiana and Cambridge, England: Hackett Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-87220-575-8. OCLC 46394974 – via Internet Archive.
- Kahn (2001), pp. 9–11. Kahn, Charles H. (2001). Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans: A Brief History. Indianapolis, Indiana and Cambridge, England: Hackett Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-87220-575-8. OCLC 46394974 – via Internet Archive.
- Kahn (2001), p. 11. Kahn, Charles H. (2001). Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans: A Brief History. Indianapolis, Indiana and Cambridge, England: Hackett Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-87220-575-8. OCLC 46394974 – via Internet Archive.
- Diog VIII, §1.36, comp. Aristot. De Anima, I. 2–3; Hdt. 2, p. 425, §123 ——— (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book VIII". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99204-7. OCLC 758307224 – via Wikisource. ——— (1931) [c. 350 BC]. "De Anima". In Ross, W.D. (ed.). The Works of Aristotle Translated into English. Vol. 3. Translated by Smith, J. A. Oxford: Oxford University Press. OCLC 237147799 – via The Internet Classics Archive (classics.mit.edu). Herodotus (1920) [c. 430 BC]. "Book II". The Persian Wars. Vol. I. Translated by Godley, A. D. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99130-9. OCLC 966656476 – via Perseus Digital Library (perseus.tufts.edu).
- Kahn (2001), p. 12. Kahn, Charles H. (2001). Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans: A Brief History. Indianapolis, Indiana and Cambridge, England: Hackett Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-87220-575-8. OCLC 46394974 – via Internet Archive.
- Diog VIII, §1.3–§1.5. ——— (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book VIII". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99204-7. OCLC 758307224 – via Wikisource.
- Porphyry, Vit. Pyth, §26; Pausanias, ii. 17; Horace, Od. i. 28,1. 10 Porphyry (1987) [c. 270 AD]. "Vita Pythagorae (Life of Pythagoras)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive.
- Cicero, de Div. I, pp. 229, 345, §3.5, §49.122; Porphyry, Vit. Pyth, §29 ——— (1927) [c. 44 BC]. "De Divinatione I". On Old Age. On Friendship. On Divination (De Senectute, De Amicitia, De Divinatione). Vol. XX. Translated by W. A., Falconer. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99170-5. OCLC 298443420 – via Internet Archive. Porphyry (1987) [c. 270 AD]. "Vita Pythagorae (Life of Pythagoras)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive.
- Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth, §25; Porphyry, Vit. Pyth, §17; Diog VIII, §1.3, §1.13; Cicero, Tusc. Qu, pp. 431–433, §5.3.8–§5.3.9 Iamblichus (1987) [c. 300 AD]. "De Vita Pythagorica (On the Pythagorean Life)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive. Porphyry (1987) [c. 270 AD]. "Vita Pythagorae (Life of Pythagoras)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive. ——— (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book VIII". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99204-7. OCLC 758307224 – via Wikisource. ——— (1923) [c. 45 BC]. Tusculan Disputations (Tusculanae Disputationes). Vol. XVIII. Translated by J.E., King. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99156-9. OCLC 298443420 – via Internet Archive.
- Kahn (2001), pp. 1–2. Kahn, Charles H. (2001). Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans: A Brief History. Indianapolis, Indiana and Cambridge, England: Hackett Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-87220-575-8. OCLC 46394974 – via Internet Archive.
- Kahn (2001), p. 27. Kahn, Charles H. (2001). Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans: A Brief History. Indianapolis, Indiana and Cambridge, England: Hackett Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-87220-575-8. OCLC 46394974 – via Internet Archive.
- Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth, §29. Iamblichus (1987) [c. 300 AD]. "De Vita Pythagorica (On the Pythagorean Life)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive.
- Kahn (2001), pp. 2–3. Kahn, Charles H. (2001). Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans: A Brief History. Indianapolis, Indiana and Cambridge, England: Hackett Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-87220-575-8. OCLC 46394974 – via Internet Archive.
- Kahn (2001), p. 3. Kahn, Charles H. (2001). Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans: A Brief History. Indianapolis, Indiana and Cambridge, England: Hackett Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-87220-575-8. OCLC 46394974 – via Internet Archive.
- Plato, Republic, X 600a–b; Isocrates, Busiris, 28 Plato (1969) [c. 380 BC]. "Republic". Plato in Twelve Volumes, Vols. 5 & 6. Translated by Shorey, Paul. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99304-4. OCLC 6947747 – via Perseus Digital Library (perseus.tufts.edu).
- Porphyry, Vit. Pyth, §19. Porphyry (1987) [c. 270 AD]. "Vita Pythagorae (Life of Pythagoras)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive.
- comp. Cicero, de Leg, p. 335, §1.12.34; Cicero, de Off, p. 59, §1.17.56; Diog VIII, §1.10 ——— (1928) [c. 52 BC]. "De Legibus". On the Republic. On the Laws (De Re Publica. De Legibus). Vol. XVI. Translated by Keyes, Clinton W. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99235-1. OCLC 298443420 – via Internet Archive. ——— (1913) [c. 44 BC]. On Duties (De officiis). Vol. XXI. Translated by Miller, Walter. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99033-3. OCLC 298443420 – via Internet Archive. ——— (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book VIII". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99204-7. OCLC 758307224 – via Wikisource.
- Aristonexus ap. Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth, §94, §101, 229, etc.; comp. the story of Damon and Phintias; Porphyry, Vit. Pyth, §60; Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth, §233 Iamblichus (1987) [c. 300 AD]. "De Vita Pythagorica (On the Pythagorean Life)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive. Porphyry (1987) [c. 270 AD]. "Vita Pythagorae (Life of Pythagoras)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive. Iamblichus (1987) [c. 300 AD]. "De Vita Pythagorica (On the Pythagorean Life)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive.
- Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth, §98; Strabo, vi. Iamblichus (1987) [c. 300 AD]. "De Vita Pythagorica (On the Pythagorean Life)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive.
- Kahn (2001), p. 52. Kahn, Charles H. (2001). Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans: A Brief History. Indianapolis, Indiana and Cambridge, England: Hackett Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-87220-575-8. OCLC 46394974 – via Internet Archive.
- Aelian, Varia Historia, ii. 26; Diog VIII, §1.13; Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth, §8, §91, §141 ——— (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book VIII". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99204-7. OCLC 758307224 – via Wikisource. Iamblichus (1987) [c. 300 AD]. "De Vita Pythagorica (On the Pythagorean Life)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive.
- Scholion ad Aristophanes, Nub. 611; Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth, §237–§238 Iamblichus (1987) [c. 300 AD]. "De Vita Pythagorica (On the Pythagorean Life)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive.
- comp. Porphyry, Vit. Pyth, §32; Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth, §96 Porphyry (1987) [c. 270 AD]. "Vita Pythagorae (Life of Pythagoras)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive. Iamblichus (1987) [c. 300 AD]. "De Vita Pythagorica (On the Pythagorean Life)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive.
- Diog VIII, §1.19, §1.34; Aulus Gellius, iv. 11; Porphyry, Vit. Pyth, §34, de Abst. i. 26, Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth, §98 ——— (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book VIII". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99204-7. OCLC 758307224 – via Wikisource. Porphyry (1987) [c. 270 AD]. "Vita Pythagorae (Life of Pythagoras)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive. Iamblichus (1987) [c. 300 AD]. "De Vita Pythagorica (On the Pythagorean Life)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive.
- Kahn (2001), p. 9. Kahn, Charles H. (2001). Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans: A Brief History. Indianapolis, Indiana and Cambridge, England: Hackett Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-87220-575-8. OCLC 46394974 – via Internet Archive.
- Aristoxenus ap. Diog VIII, §1.20; comp. Porphyry, Vit. Pyth, §7; Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth, §85, §108 ——— (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book VIII". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99204-7. OCLC 758307224 – via Wikisource. Porphyry (1987) [c. 270 AD]. "Vita Pythagorae (Life of Pythagoras)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive. Iamblichus (1987) [c. 300 AD]. "De Vita Pythagorica (On the Pythagorean Life)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive.
- Aristoxenus ap. Diog VIII, §1.20 ——— (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book VIII". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99204-7. OCLC 758307224 – via Wikisource.
- comp. Porphyry, Vit. Pyth, §7; Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth, §85, §108 Porphyry (1987) [c. 270 AD]. "Vita Pythagorae (Life of Pythagoras)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive. Iamblichus (1987) [c. 300 AD]. "De Vita Pythagorica (On the Pythagorean Life)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive.
- Porphyry, Vit. Pyth, §20; Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth, §31, §140; Aelian, Varia Historia, ii. 26; Diog VIII, §1.36 Porphyry (1987) [c. 270 AD]. "Vita Pythagorae (Life of Pythagoras)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive. Iamblichus (1987) [c. 300 AD]. "De Vita Pythagorica (On the Pythagorean Life)". In Fideler, David R. (ed.). The Pythagorean Sourcebook And Library. Translated by Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan. Michigan: Phanes Press. ISBN 978-0-933999-50-3. OCLC 16130530 – via Internet Archive. ——— (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book VIII". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99204-7. OCLC 758307224 – via Wikisource.
- Diog VIII, §1.12; Plutarch, Non posse suav. vivi sec. Ep., pp. 67–71, §1094 ——— (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book VIII". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99204-7. OCLC 758307224 – via Wikisource. ——— (1967) [c. 100 AD]. "That Epicurus Actually Makes a Pleasant Life Impossible (Non posse suaviter vivi secundum Epicurum)". Plutarch's Moralia. Vol. XIV. Translated by Einarson, Benedict; de Lacy, Phillip H. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd – via Internet Archive.
- Porphyry, in Ptol. Harm. p. 213; Diog VIII, §1.12 ——— (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book VIII". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99204-7. OCLC 758307224 – via Wikisource.
- Diog VIII, §1.14; Pliny, Hist. Nat. ii. 8. ——— (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book VIII". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99204-7. OCLC 758307224 – via Wikisource.
- Diog VIII, §1.12, 14, 32. ——— (1925) [c. 200 AD]. "Book VIII". Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. II. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99204-7. OCLC 758307224 – via Wikisource.
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- Kahn (2001), pp. 40, 44–45. Kahn, Charles H. (2001). Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans: A Brief History. Indianapolis, Indiana and Cambridge, England: Hackett Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-87220-575-8. OCLC 46394974 – via Internet Archive.
- Plato, Republic, VII, 530d. Plato (1969) [c. 380 BC]. "Republic". Plato in Twelve Volumes, Vols. 5 & 6. Translated by Shorey, Paul. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99304-4. OCLC 6947747 – via Perseus Digital Library (perseus.tufts.edu).
- Aristot. Met. 1, 987a. ——— (1933) [c. 350 BC]. "Book I". Metaphysics Books I–IX. Vol. XVII. Translated by Tredennick, Hugh. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0-674-99299-3. OCLC 958278244 – via Perseus Digital Library (perseus.tufts.edu).
- Kahn (2001), p. 1. Kahn, Charles H. (2001). Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans: A Brief History. Indianapolis, Indiana and Cambridge, England: Hackett Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-87220-575-8. OCLC 46394974 – via Internet Archive.
- Kahn (2001), p. 55. Kahn, Charles H. (2001). Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans: A Brief History. Indianapolis, Indiana and Cambridge, England: Hackett Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-87220-575-8. OCLC 46394974 – via Internet Archive.
- Russo (2004), pp. 5–87, especially 51–53. Russo, Attilio (2004). "Costantino Lascaris tra fama e oblio nel Cinquecento messinese". Archivio Storico Messinese. LXXXIV–LXXXV: 5–87, especially 51–53. ISSN 0392-0240.
- Kahn (2001), p. 160. Kahn, Charles H. (2001). Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans: A Brief History. Indianapolis, Indiana and Cambridge, England: Hackett Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-87220-575-8. OCLC 46394974 – via Internet Archive.
- Kahn (2001), pp. 161–171. Kahn, Charles H. (2001). Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans: A Brief History. Indianapolis, Indiana and Cambridge, England: Hackett Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-87220-575-8. OCLC 46394974 – via Internet Archive.
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- Kahn (2001), p. 172. Kahn, Charles H. (2001). Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans: A Brief History. Indianapolis, Indiana and Cambridge, England: Hackett Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-87220-575-8. OCLC 46394974 – via Internet Archive.