Qianlong Emperor (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Qianlong Emperor" in English language version.

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29books.google.com

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13web.archive.org

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10doi.org

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9jstor.org

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8archive.org

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7semanticscholar.org

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4dpm.org.cn

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2manchustudiesgroup.org

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2wmf.org

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2worldcat.org

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2hku.hk

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2harvard.edu

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1wiktionary.org

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1nytimes.com

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1gu.edu.au

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1kobe-u.ac.jp

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1si.edu

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1threeemperors.org.uk

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1china.org.cn

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1manifoldapp.org

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1ox.ac.uk

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1wellesley.edu

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51cto.com

blog.51cto.com

"满族姓氏寻根大全·满族老姓全录" [A complete collection of Manchu surnames]. 51cto.com (in Chinese).

academia.edu

Greenwood, Kevin (2013). Yonghegong: Imperial Universalism and the Art And Architecture of Beijing's "Lama Temple" (DPhil). University of Kansas.

archive.org

Perdue 2005, p. 287. Perdue, Peter C. (2005). China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia. Cambridge, Mass.; London, England: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01684-2.
Petech 1972, p. 207. Petech, Luciano (1972). China and Tibet in the Early Xviiith Century: History of the Establishment of Chinese Protectorate in Tibet. Vol. 1 of T'oung pao, archives concernant l'histoire, les langues, la géographie, l'ethnographie et les arts de l'Asie orientale. Monographie (illustrated ed.). Leiden: Brill. ISBN 90-04-03442-0.
Petech 1972, p. 256. Petech, Luciano (1972). China and Tibet in the Early Xviiith Century: History of the Establishment of Chinese Protectorate in Tibet. Vol. 1 of T'oung pao, archives concernant l'histoire, les langues, la géographie, l'ethnographie et les arts de l'Asie orientale. Monographie (illustrated ed.). Leiden: Brill. ISBN 90-04-03442-0.
Elverskog 2010, pp. 244–245. Elverskog, Johan (2010). Buddhism And Islam on the Silk Road. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-4237-9.
Elverskog 2010, pp. 246–247. Elverskog, Johan (2010). Buddhism And Islam on the Silk Road. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-4237-9.
Elverskog 2010, pp. 250–251. Elverskog, Johan (2010). Buddhism And Islam on the Silk Road. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-4237-9.
Rawski 1998, pp. 23–24. Rawski, Evelyn S. (1998). The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-92679-0. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
Gernet, Jacques (31 May 1996). A History of Chinese Civilization. Cambridge University Press. pp. 522. ISBN 978-0-521-49781-7. Retrieved 28 May 2013.

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"我姓阎,满族正黄旗,请问我的满姓可能是什么". Baidu (in Chinese). 1 February 2009.

books.google.com

Theobald, Ulrich (2013). War Finance and Logistics in Late Imperial China: A Study of the Second Jinchuan Campaign (1771–1776). Leiden: Brill. p. 21. ISBN 978-9-00425-567-8. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
Man-Cheong, Iona (2004). Class of 1761. Stanford University Press. p. 180. ISBN 978-0-80476-713-2. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
Schmidt, J. D. (2013). Harmony Garden: The Life, Literary Criticism, and Poetry of Yuan Mei (1716-1798). Routledge. p. 444. ISBN 978-1-13686-225-0. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
Schmidt, Jerry D. (2013). The Poet Zheng Zhen (1806-1864) and the Rise of Chinese Modernity. Leiden: Brill. p. 394. ISBN 978-9-00425-229-5. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
Theobald, Ulrich (2013). War Finance and Logistics in Late Imperial China: A Study of the Second Jinchuan Campaign (1771–1776). Leiden: Brill. p. 32. ISBN 978-9-00425-567-8. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
Chang, Michael G. (2007). A Court on Horseback: Imperial Touring & the Construction of Qing Rule, 1680–1785. Harvard East Asian monographs. Vol. 287 (Illustrated ed.). Harvard University Asia Center. p. 435. ISBN 978-0-67402-454-0. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
Newby, L. J. (2005). The Empire And the Khanate: A Political History of Qing Relations With Khoqand C1760-1860. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-9-00414-550-4.
Millward 2007. Millward, James A. (2007). Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang (illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-13924-3. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
Millward 1998, p. 124. Millward, James A. (1998). Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864 (illustrated ed.). Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-2933-8. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
Newby, L. J. (2005). The Empire And the Khanate: A Political History of Qing Relations With Khoqand C1760-1860 (illustrated ed.). Leiden: Brill. p. 39. ISBN 90-04-14550-8.
Millward 2007, p. 108. Millward, James A. (2007). Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang (illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-13924-3. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
Millward 2007, p. 109. Millward, James A. (2007). Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang (illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-13924-3. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
Millward 1998, pp. 206–207. Millward, James A. (1998). Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864 (illustrated ed.). Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-2933-8. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
Woodside (2002), p. 290. Woodside, Alexander (December 2002). "The Ch'ien-Lung Reign". In Peterson, Willard J. (ed.). The Cambridge History of China. Vol. 9. Cambridge University Press. pp. 230–309. ISBN 978-0-521-24334-6.
Benard, Elisabeth (2004). "The Qianlong Emperor and Tibetan Buddhism". In Millward, James A.; Dunnell, Ruth W.; Elliot, Mark C.; Forêt, Philippe (eds.). New Qing Imperial History: The Making of Inner Asian Empire at Qing Chengde. London: Routledge. pp. 123–124. ISBN 978-1-13436-222-6. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
Berger 2003, p. 34.
Lopez 1999, p. 20.
Berger 2003, p. 35.
Crossley 2000, pp. 55–56. Crossley, Pamela Kyle (2000). A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-92884-8. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
Elliott (2001), pp. 184–186. —— (2001). The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-4684-7. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
Crossley 2000, p. 291. Crossley, Pamela Kyle (2000). A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-92884-8. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
Crossley 2000, p. 293. Crossley, Pamela Kyle (2000). A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-92884-8. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
Elliott 2001, p. ^{[page needed]}. —— (2001). The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-4684-7. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
Elliott 2001, p. 84. —— (2001). The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-4684-7. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
Crossley 2000, p. 128. Crossley, Pamela Kyle (2000). A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-92884-8. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
Crossley 2000, pp. 103–105. Crossley, Pamela Kyle (2000). A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-92884-8. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
Millward 1998, p. 25. Millward, James A. (1998). Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864 (illustrated ed.). Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-2933-8. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
Anderson, Æneas (1795). A Narrative of the British Embassy to China, in the Years 1792, 1793, and 1794; Containing the Various Circumstances of the Embassy, with Accounts of Customs and Manners of the Chinese. London: J. Debrett. p. 262.
Shi Zhihong (2006), "China's Overseas Trade Policy and Its Historical Results: 1522–1840", Intra-Asian Trade and the World Market, Studies in the Modern History of Asia, Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 9–10, ISBN 978-1-134-19408-7

china.org.cn

"Top 10 calligraphy masterpieces of ancient China". China.org.cn. Retrieved 16 May 2021.

cnki.com.cn

"清代延恩侯明朝皇族后裔辩伪考" [A Study on the Debate of the Descendants of the Imperial Family of the Ming Dynasty in the Qing Dynasty]. 理论界 (in Chinese). 2012 (1). 2012.

doi.org

Yang, Hong; Xie, Jiawei; Ji, Lifang (2018). "The Historical Information of the Decorative Polychrome Painting in the Hall of Mental Cultivation Complex, Forbidden City". Built Heritage. 2 (1): 19–38. Bibcode:2018BuHer...2...19Y. doi:10.1186/BF03545700. ISSN 2662-6802.
Elliott (2000), p. 615-617. Elliott, Mark C. (2000). "The Limits of Tartary: Manchuria in Imperial and National Geographies" (PDF). Journal of Asian Studies. 59 (3): 603–646. doi:10.2307/2658945. JSTOR 2658945. S2CID 162684575.
Reardon-Anderson 2000, p. 504. Reardon-Anderson, James (October 2000). "Land Use and Society in Manchuria and Inner Mongolia during the Qing Dynasty". Environmental History. 5 (4): 503–530. doi:10.2307/3985584. JSTOR 3985584. S2CID 143541438.
Reardon-Anderson 2000, p. 505. Reardon-Anderson, James (October 2000). "Land Use and Society in Manchuria and Inner Mongolia during the Qing Dynasty". Environmental History. 5 (4): 503–530. doi:10.2307/3985584. JSTOR 3985584. S2CID 143541438.
Reardon-Anderson 2000, p. 506. Reardon-Anderson, James (October 2000). "Land Use and Society in Manchuria and Inner Mongolia during the Qing Dynasty". Environmental History. 5 (4): 503–530. doi:10.2307/3985584. JSTOR 3985584. S2CID 143541438.
Reardon-Anderson 2000, p. 507. Reardon-Anderson, James (October 2000). "Land Use and Society in Manchuria and Inner Mongolia during the Qing Dynasty". Environmental History. 5 (4): 503–530. doi:10.2307/3985584. JSTOR 3985584. S2CID 143541438.
Reardon-Anderson 2000, p. 508. Reardon-Anderson, James (October 2000). "Land Use and Society in Manchuria and Inner Mongolia during the Qing Dynasty". Environmental History. 5 (4): 503–530. doi:10.2307/3985584. JSTOR 3985584. S2CID 143541438.
Reardon-Anderson 2000, p. 509. Reardon-Anderson, James (October 2000). "Land Use and Society in Manchuria and Inner Mongolia during the Qing Dynasty". Environmental History. 5 (4): 503–530. doi:10.2307/3985584. JSTOR 3985584. S2CID 143541438.
Harrison, Henrietta (2017). "The Qianlong Emperor's Letter to George III and the Early Twentieth Century Origins of Ideas About Traditional China's Foreign Relations". The American Historical Review. 122 (3): 680–701. doi:10.1093/ahr/122.3.680.
Duyvendak, J.J.L. (January 1938). "The Last Dutch Embassy to the Chinese Court (1794–1795)". T'oung Pao. 34 (1): 1–137. doi:10.1163/156853238X00027.

dpm.org.cn

"王致诚乾隆射箭图屏" [Wang Zhicheng and Qianlong archery screen]. Palace Museum, Beijing (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 25 February 2014.
"Qianlong Emperor (乾隆皇帝)". Palace Museum, Beijing (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 24 April 2008.
"Jiaqing Emperor (嘉庆皇帝)". Palace Museum, Beijing (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 22 October 2008.

en.dpm.org.cn

"Qianlong Reign|The Palace Museum". en.dpm.org.cn. Retrieved 13 February 2021.

gu.edu.au

www4.gu.edu.au

Clarke 2004, p. 37. Clarke, Michael Edmund (2004). In the Eye of Power: China and Xinjiang from the Qing Conquest to the 'New Great Game' for Central Asia 1759–2004 (PDF) (Doctoral thesis). Brisbane, QLD, Australia: Dept. of International Business & Asian Studies, Griffith University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 July 2011.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Yang, Hong; Xie, Jiawei; Ji, Lifang (2018). "The Historical Information of the Decorative Polychrome Painting in the Hall of Mental Cultivation Complex, Forbidden City". Built Heritage. 2 (1): 19–38. Bibcode:2018BuHer...2...19Y. doi:10.1186/BF03545700. ISSN 2662-6802.

scholar.harvard.edu

Elliott (2000), p. 615-617. Elliott, Mark C. (2000). "The Limits of Tartary: Manchuria in Imperial and National Geographies" (PDF). Journal of Asian Studies. 59 (3): 603–646. doi:10.2307/2658945. JSTOR 2658945. S2CID 162684575.

hku.hk

ebook.lib.hku.hk

Robbins, Helen H. (1908). Our First Ambassador to China: An Account of the Life of George, Earl of Macartney, with Extracts from His Letters, and the Narrative of His Experiences in China, as Told by Himself, 1737–1806. London: John Murray. p. 386. Archived from the original on 6 October 2018. Retrieved 25 October 2008.
van Braam Houckgeest, Andreas Everardus (1798). Voyage de l'ambassade de la Compagnie des Indes Orientales hollandaises vers l'empereur de la Chine, dans les années 1794 et 1795 [An authentic account of the embassy of the Dutch East-India company, to the court of the emperor of China, in the years 1974 and 1795]. London: J. Debrett. Archived from the original on 15 February 2009.

jstor.org

Yingcong Dai (2004). "A Disguised Defeat: The Myanmar Campaign of the Qing Dynasty". Modern Asian Studies. 38 (1): 178. JSTOR 3876499.
Huichun, Yu (2009). "Qianlong's Divine Treasures: The Bells in Rhyming-the-Old Hall". Asia Major. 22 (2): 121–144. ISSN 0004-4482. JSTOR 41649979.
Elliott (2000), p. 615-617. Elliott, Mark C. (2000). "The Limits of Tartary: Manchuria in Imperial and National Geographies" (PDF). Journal of Asian Studies. 59 (3): 603–646. doi:10.2307/2658945. JSTOR 2658945. S2CID 162684575.
Reardon-Anderson 2000, p. 504. Reardon-Anderson, James (October 2000). "Land Use and Society in Manchuria and Inner Mongolia during the Qing Dynasty". Environmental History. 5 (4): 503–530. doi:10.2307/3985584. JSTOR 3985584. S2CID 143541438.
Reardon-Anderson 2000, p. 505. Reardon-Anderson, James (October 2000). "Land Use and Society in Manchuria and Inner Mongolia during the Qing Dynasty". Environmental History. 5 (4): 503–530. doi:10.2307/3985584. JSTOR 3985584. S2CID 143541438.
Reardon-Anderson 2000, p. 506. Reardon-Anderson, James (October 2000). "Land Use and Society in Manchuria and Inner Mongolia during the Qing Dynasty". Environmental History. 5 (4): 503–530. doi:10.2307/3985584. JSTOR 3985584. S2CID 143541438.
Reardon-Anderson 2000, p. 507. Reardon-Anderson, James (October 2000). "Land Use and Society in Manchuria and Inner Mongolia during the Qing Dynasty". Environmental History. 5 (4): 503–530. doi:10.2307/3985584. JSTOR 3985584. S2CID 143541438.
Reardon-Anderson 2000, p. 508. Reardon-Anderson, James (October 2000). "Land Use and Society in Manchuria and Inner Mongolia during the Qing Dynasty". Environmental History. 5 (4): 503–530. doi:10.2307/3985584. JSTOR 3985584. S2CID 143541438.
Reardon-Anderson 2000, p. 509. Reardon-Anderson, James (October 2000). "Land Use and Society in Manchuria and Inner Mongolia during the Qing Dynasty". Environmental History. 5 (4): 503–530. doi:10.2307/3985584. JSTOR 3985584. S2CID 143541438.

kobe-u.ac.jp

lib.kobe-u.ac.jp

Wang, Ke (2017). "Between the "Ummah" and "China"：The Qing Dynasty's Rule over Xinjiang Uyghur Society" (PDF). Journal of Intercultural Studies. 48. Kobe University: 204.

manchustudiesgroup.org

"Manchu hymn chanted at the occasion of the victory over the Jinchuan Rebels". Manchu Studies Group. 18 December 2012. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
Porter, David (9 March 2013). "Gun Control, Qing Style". Manchu Studies Group.

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LIPMAN, JONATHAN N. (1997). "4 / Strategies of Resistance Integration by Violence". Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China. University of Washington Press. pp. 112–114. ISBN 0-295-97644-6.

nytimes.com

Jacobs, Andrew (31 December 2008). "Dusting Off a Serene Jewel Box". The New York Times.

ox.ac.uk

ora.ox.ac.uk

Harrison, Henrietta (2017). "The Qianlong Emperor's Letter to George III and the Early Twentieth Century Origins of Ideas About Traditional China's Foreign Relations". The American Historical Review. 122 (3): 680–701. doi:10.1093/ahr/122.3.680.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Elliott (2000), p. 615-617. Elliott, Mark C. (2000). "The Limits of Tartary: Manchuria in Imperial and National Geographies" (PDF). Journal of Asian Studies. 59 (3): 603–646. doi:10.2307/2658945. JSTOR 2658945. S2CID 162684575.
Reardon-Anderson 2000, p. 504. Reardon-Anderson, James (October 2000). "Land Use and Society in Manchuria and Inner Mongolia during the Qing Dynasty". Environmental History. 5 (4): 503–530. doi:10.2307/3985584. JSTOR 3985584. S2CID 143541438.
Reardon-Anderson 2000, p. 505. Reardon-Anderson, James (October 2000). "Land Use and Society in Manchuria and Inner Mongolia during the Qing Dynasty". Environmental History. 5 (4): 503–530. doi:10.2307/3985584. JSTOR 3985584. S2CID 143541438.
Reardon-Anderson 2000, p. 506. Reardon-Anderson, James (October 2000). "Land Use and Society in Manchuria and Inner Mongolia during the Qing Dynasty". Environmental History. 5 (4): 503–530. doi:10.2307/3985584. JSTOR 3985584. S2CID 143541438.
Reardon-Anderson 2000, p. 507. Reardon-Anderson, James (October 2000). "Land Use and Society in Manchuria and Inner Mongolia during the Qing Dynasty". Environmental History. 5 (4): 503–530. doi:10.2307/3985584. JSTOR 3985584. S2CID 143541438.
Reardon-Anderson 2000, p. 508. Reardon-Anderson, James (October 2000). "Land Use and Society in Manchuria and Inner Mongolia during the Qing Dynasty". Environmental History. 5 (4): 503–530. doi:10.2307/3985584. JSTOR 3985584. S2CID 143541438.
Reardon-Anderson 2000, p. 509. Reardon-Anderson, James (October 2000). "Land Use and Society in Manchuria and Inner Mongolia during the Qing Dynasty". Environmental History. 5 (4): 503–530. doi:10.2307/3985584. JSTOR 3985584. S2CID 143541438.

si.edu

asia.si.edu

"The Qianlong Emperor as Manjusri, the Bodhisattva of Wisdom". Freer Sackler. Archived from the original on 16 August 2014.

sina.cn

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""闫"姓一支的来历" [The origin of the family name "Yan"]. Sina.cn (in Chinese). 16 December 2009. Archived from the original on 2 July 2019.

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"简明满族姓氏全录（四）" [The Complete List of Concise Manchu Surnames (4)]. Sohu.com (in Chinese). 14 October 2006. Archived from the original on 4 April 2019.

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wdl.org

Le Bas, Jacques-Philippe (1770). "A Victory Banquet Given by the Emperor for the Distinguished Officers and Soldiers". World Digital Library (in French). Xinjiang, China.

web.archive.org

Clarke 2004, p. 37. Clarke, Michael Edmund (2004). In the Eye of Power: China and Xinjiang from the Qing Conquest to the 'New Great Game' for Central Asia 1759–2004 (PDF) (Doctoral thesis). Brisbane, QLD, Australia: Dept. of International Business & Asian Studies, Griffith University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 July 2011.
"The Qianlong Emperor as Manjusri, the Bodhisattva of Wisdom". Freer Sackler. Archived from the original on 16 August 2014.
Holzworth, Gerald (12 November 2005). "China: The Three Emperors 1662–1795". The Royal Academy of Arts. Archived from the original on 12 December 2005.
"王致诚乾隆射箭图屏" [Wang Zhicheng and Qianlong archery screen]. Palace Museum, Beijing (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 25 February 2014.
"简明满族姓氏全录（四）" [The Complete List of Concise Manchu Surnames (4)]. Sohu.com (in Chinese). 14 October 2006. Archived from the original on 4 April 2019.
""闫"姓一支的来历" [The origin of the family name "Yan"]. Sina.cn (in Chinese). 16 December 2009. Archived from the original on 2 July 2019.
Zhao 2006, p. 7.
Zhao 2006, p. 4.
Zhao 2006, pp. 11–12.
"Qianlong Emperor (乾隆皇帝)". Palace Museum, Beijing (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 24 April 2008.
Robbins, Helen H. (1908). Our First Ambassador to China: An Account of the Life of George, Earl of Macartney, with Extracts from His Letters, and the Narrative of His Experiences in China, as Told by Himself, 1737–1806. London: John Murray. p. 386. Archived from the original on 6 October 2018. Retrieved 25 October 2008.
van Braam Houckgeest, Andreas Everardus (1798). Voyage de l'ambassade de la Compagnie des Indes Orientales hollandaises vers l'empereur de la Chine, dans les années 1794 et 1795 [An authentic account of the embassy of the Dutch East-India company, to the court of the emperor of China, in the years 1974 and 1795]. London: J. Debrett. Archived from the original on 15 February 2009.
"Jiaqing Emperor (嘉庆皇帝)". Palace Museum, Beijing (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 22 October 2008.

wellesley.edu

academics.wellesley.edu

"Qianlong's Letter to King George". Annals and Memoirs of the Court of Peking. Translated by Edmund Backhouse; J. O. P. Bland. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 1914. pp. 322–331. Retrieved 28 January 2017 – via Internet Modern History Sourcebook.

wiktionary.org

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Chenhan (宸翰, Chénhàn) seal used for calligraphy and handwritten works.

wmf.org

Spence, Jonathan (Winter 2003–2004). "Portrait of an Emperor, Qianlong: Ruler, Connoisseur, Scholar". Icon. World Monuments Fund. pp. 24–30. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
"Juanqizhai in the Qianlong Garden". World Monuments Fund. Retrieved 16 July 2011.

worldcat.org

Yang, Hong; Xie, Jiawei; Ji, Lifang (2018). "The Historical Information of the Decorative Polychrome Painting in the Hall of Mental Cultivation Complex, Forbidden City". Built Heritage. 2 (1): 19–38. Bibcode:2018BuHer...2...19Y. doi:10.1186/BF03545700. ISSN 2662-6802.
Huichun, Yu (2009). "Qianlong's Divine Treasures: The Bells in Rhyming-the-Old Hall". Asia Major. 22 (2): 121–144. ISSN 0004-4482. JSTOR 41649979.