Quantum dot solar cell (English Wikipedia)

Shishodia, Shubham; Chouchene, Bilel; Gries, Thomas; Schneider, Raphaël (2023-10-31). "Selected I-III-VI2 Semiconductors: Synthesis, Properties and Applications in Photovoltaic Cells". Nanomaterials. 13 (21): 2889. doi:10.3390/nano13212889. ISSN 2079-4991. PMC 10648425. PMID 37947733.
Shishodia, Shubham; Rinnert, Herve (2025). "Microwave-assisted synthesis of highly photoluminescent core/shell CuInZnSe/ZnS quantum dots as photovoltaic absorbers". RSC Nanoscale Advances. 7 (5): 1326–1334. doi:10.1039/D4NA00893F. PMC 11731178. PMID 39817046.
Nozik, A. J (2002-04-01). "Quantum dot solar cells". Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures. 14 (1): 115–120. Bibcode:2002PhyE...14..115N. doi:10.1016/S1386-9477(02)00374-0. ISSN 1386-9477.
Jabbour, Ghassan E.; Doderer, David (September 2010). "The best of both worlds". Nature Photonics. 4 (9): 604–605. Bibcode:2010NaPho...4..604J. doi:10.1038/nphoton.2010.209. ISSN 1749-4893.
Shockley, William; Queisser, Hans J. (1961). "Detailed Balance Limit of Efficiency of p-n Junction Solar Cells". Journal of Applied Physics. 32 (3): 510. Bibcode:1961JAP....32..510S. doi:10.1063/1.1736034.
Brown, A; Green, M (2002). "Detailed balance limit for the series constrained two terminal tandem solar cell". Physica E. 14 (1–2): 96–100. Bibcode:2002PhyE...14...96B. doi:10.1016/S1386-9477(02)00364-8.
Wu, Jiang; Yu, Peng; Susha, Andrei S.; Sablon, Kimberly A.; Chen, Haiyuan; Zhou, Zhihua; Li, Handong; Ji, Haining; Niu, Xiaobin (2015-04-01). "Broadband efficiency enhancement in quantum dot solar cells coupled with multispiked plasmonic nanostars". Nano Energy. 13: 827–835. Bibcode:2015NEne...13..827W. doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2015.02.012. S2CID 98282021.
Baskoutas, Sotirios; Terzis, Andreas F. (2006). "Size-dependent band gap of colloidal quantum dots". Journal of Applied Physics. 99 (1): 013708–013708–4. Bibcode:2006JAP....99a3708B. doi:10.1063/1.2158502.
H. Sargent, E. (2005). "Infrared Quantum Dots" (PDF). Advanced Materials. 17 (5): 515–522. Bibcode:2005AdM....17..515H. doi:10.1002/adma.200401552. S2CID 247707535.
Zheng, Zerui; Ji, Haining; Yu, Peng; Wang, Zhiming (2016-05-23). "Recent Progress Towards Quantum Dot Solar Cells with Enhanced Optical Absorption". Nanoscale Research Letters. 11 (1): 266. Bibcode:2016NRL....11..266Z. doi:10.1186/s11671-016-1457-y. ISSN 1931-7573. PMC 4877335. PMID 27216604.
Yu, Peng; Wu, Jiang; Gao, Lei; Liu, Huiyun; Wang, Zhiming (2017-03-01). "InGaAs and GaAs quantum dot solar cells grown by droplet epitaxy" (PDF). Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. 161: 377–381. Bibcode:2017SEMSC.161..377Y. doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2016.12.024.
Ip, Alexander H.; Thon, Susanna M.; Hoogland, Sjoerd; Voznyy, Oleksandr; Zhitomirsky, David; Debnath, Ratan; Levina, Larissa; Rollny, Lisa R.; Carey, Graham H.; Fischer, Armin; Kemp, Kyle W.; Kramer, Illan J.; Ning, Zhijun; Labelle, André J.; Chou, Kang Wei; Amassian, Aram; Sargent, Edward H. (2012). "Hybrid passivated colloidal quantum dot solids". Nature Nanotechnology. 7 (9): 577–582. Bibcode:2012NatNa...7..577I. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.259.9381. doi:10.1038/nnano.2012.127. PMID 22842552.
Chuang, Chia-Hao M.; Brown, Patrick R.; Bulović, Vladimir; Bawendi, Moungi G. (2014). "Improved performance and stability in quantum dot solar cells through band alignment engineering". Nature Materials. 13 (8): 796–801. Bibcode:2014NatMa..13..796C. doi:10.1038/nmat3984. PMC 4110173. PMID 24859641.
Barnham, K. W. J.; Duggan, G. (1990). "A new approach to high-efficiency multi-band-gap solar cells". Journal of Applied Physics. 67 (7): 3490. Bibcode:1990JAP....67.3490B. doi:10.1063/1.345339.
B. O’Regan and M. Gratzel (1991). "A low-cost, high efficiency solar cell based on dye-sensitized colloidal TiO₂ films". Nature. 353 (6346): 737–740. Bibcode:1991Natur.353..737O. doi:10.1038/353737a0. S2CID 4340159.
Schaller, R.; Klimov, V. (2004). "High Efficiency Carrier Multiplication in PbSe Nanocrystals: Implications for Solar Energy Conversion". Physical Review Letters. 92 (18): 186601. arXiv:cond-mat/0404368. Bibcode:2004PhRvL..92r6601S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.186601. PMID 15169518. S2CID 4186651.
Ellingson, Randy J.; Beard, Matthew C.; Johnson, Justin C.; Yu, Pingrong; Micic, Olga I.; Nozik, Arthur J.; Shabaev, Andrew; Efros, Alexander L. (2005). "Highly Efficient Multiple Exciton Generation in Colloidal PbSe and PbS Quantum Dots" (PDF). Nano Letters. 5 (5): 865–71. Bibcode:2005NanoL...5..865E. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.453.4612. doi:10.1021/nl0502672. PMID 15884885.
"Quantum Dot Materials Can Reduce Heat, Boost Electrical Output", NREL Press Release, 23 May 2005
Ning, Z.; Voznyy, O.; Pan, J.; Hoogland, S.; Adinolfi, V.; Xu, J.; Li, M.; Kirmani, A. R.; Sun, J. P.; Minor, J.; Kemp, K. W.; Dong, H.; Rollny, L.; Labelle, A.; Carey, G.; Sutherland, B.; Hill, I.; Amassian, A.; Liu, H.; Tang, J.; Bakr, O. M.; Sargent, E. H. (2014). "Air-stable n-type colloidal quantum dot solids". Nature Materials. 13 (8): 822–828. Bibcode:2014NatMa..13..822N. doi:10.1038/nmat4007. PMID 24907929.
Kovalenko, Maksym V. (December 2015). "Opportunities and challenges for quantum dot photovoltaics". Nature Nanotechnology. 10 (12): 994–997. Bibcode:2015NatNa..10..994K. doi:10.1038/nnano.2015.284. ISSN 1748-3395. PMID 26632278.
Wang, Y., Kavanagh, S.R., Burgués-Ceballos, I. et al. Cation disorder engineering yields AgBiS2 nanocrystals with enhanced optical absorption for efficient ultrathin solar cells. Nat. Photon. 16, 235–241 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-021-00950-4.

fool.com

Chatsko, M. (2018, July 19). 3 Wild Solar Power Technologies That Could Secure the Industry's Future. Retrieved from https://www.fool.com/investing/2018/07/19/3-wild-solar-power-technologies-that-could-secure.aspx

futurepundit.com

"Quantum Dots May Boost Photovoltaic Efficiency To 65%". Archived from the original on 2022-01-23. Retrieved 2007-12-14.

gizmag.com

Borghino, Dario (2014-06-10). "Quantum dot breakthrough could lead to cheap spray-on solar cells". Gizmag.com. Retrieved 2014-06-22.
Jeffrey, Colin (May 27, 2014). "New record efficiency for quantum-dot photovoltaics". Gizmag.com. Retrieved 2014-06-22.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Nozik, A. J (2002-04-01). "Quantum dot solar cells". Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures. 14 (1): 115–120. Bibcode:2002PhyE...14..115N. doi:10.1016/S1386-9477(02)00374-0. ISSN 1386-9477.
Jabbour, Ghassan E.; Doderer, David (September 2010). "The best of both worlds". Nature Photonics. 4 (9): 604–605. Bibcode:2010NaPho...4..604J. doi:10.1038/nphoton.2010.209. ISSN 1749-4893.
Shockley, William; Queisser, Hans J. (1961). "Detailed Balance Limit of Efficiency of p-n Junction Solar Cells". Journal of Applied Physics. 32 (3): 510. Bibcode:1961JAP....32..510S. doi:10.1063/1.1736034.
Brown, A; Green, M (2002). "Detailed balance limit for the series constrained two terminal tandem solar cell". Physica E. 14 (1–2): 96–100. Bibcode:2002PhyE...14...96B. doi:10.1016/S1386-9477(02)00364-8.
Wu, Jiang; Yu, Peng; Susha, Andrei S.; Sablon, Kimberly A.; Chen, Haiyuan; Zhou, Zhihua; Li, Handong; Ji, Haining; Niu, Xiaobin (2015-04-01). "Broadband efficiency enhancement in quantum dot solar cells coupled with multispiked plasmonic nanostars". Nano Energy. 13: 827–835. Bibcode:2015NEne...13..827W. doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2015.02.012. S2CID 98282021.
Baskoutas, Sotirios; Terzis, Andreas F. (2006). "Size-dependent band gap of colloidal quantum dots". Journal of Applied Physics. 99 (1): 013708–013708–4. Bibcode:2006JAP....99a3708B. doi:10.1063/1.2158502.
H. Sargent, E. (2005). "Infrared Quantum Dots" (PDF). Advanced Materials. 17 (5): 515–522. Bibcode:2005AdM....17..515H. doi:10.1002/adma.200401552. S2CID 247707535.
Zheng, Zerui; Ji, Haining; Yu, Peng; Wang, Zhiming (2016-05-23). "Recent Progress Towards Quantum Dot Solar Cells with Enhanced Optical Absorption". Nanoscale Research Letters. 11 (1): 266. Bibcode:2016NRL....11..266Z. doi:10.1186/s11671-016-1457-y. ISSN 1931-7573. PMC 4877335. PMID 27216604.
Yu, Peng; Wu, Jiang; Gao, Lei; Liu, Huiyun; Wang, Zhiming (2017-03-01). "InGaAs and GaAs quantum dot solar cells grown by droplet epitaxy" (PDF). Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. 161: 377–381. Bibcode:2017SEMSC.161..377Y. doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2016.12.024.
Ip, Alexander H.; Thon, Susanna M.; Hoogland, Sjoerd; Voznyy, Oleksandr; Zhitomirsky, David; Debnath, Ratan; Levina, Larissa; Rollny, Lisa R.; Carey, Graham H.; Fischer, Armin; Kemp, Kyle W.; Kramer, Illan J.; Ning, Zhijun; Labelle, André J.; Chou, Kang Wei; Amassian, Aram; Sargent, Edward H. (2012). "Hybrid passivated colloidal quantum dot solids". Nature Nanotechnology. 7 (9): 577–582. Bibcode:2012NatNa...7..577I. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.259.9381. doi:10.1038/nnano.2012.127. PMID 22842552.
Chuang, Chia-Hao M.; Brown, Patrick R.; Bulović, Vladimir; Bawendi, Moungi G. (2014). "Improved performance and stability in quantum dot solar cells through band alignment engineering". Nature Materials. 13 (8): 796–801. Bibcode:2014NatMa..13..796C. doi:10.1038/nmat3984. PMC 4110173. PMID 24859641.
Barnham, K. W. J.; Duggan, G. (1990). "A new approach to high-efficiency multi-band-gap solar cells". Journal of Applied Physics. 67 (7): 3490. Bibcode:1990JAP....67.3490B. doi:10.1063/1.345339.
B. O’Regan and M. Gratzel (1991). "A low-cost, high efficiency solar cell based on dye-sensitized colloidal TiO₂ films". Nature. 353 (6346): 737–740. Bibcode:1991Natur.353..737O. doi:10.1038/353737a0. S2CID 4340159.
Schaller, R.; Klimov, V. (2004). "High Efficiency Carrier Multiplication in PbSe Nanocrystals: Implications for Solar Energy Conversion". Physical Review Letters. 92 (18): 186601. arXiv:cond-mat/0404368. Bibcode:2004PhRvL..92r6601S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.186601. PMID 15169518. S2CID 4186651.
Ellingson, Randy J.; Beard, Matthew C.; Johnson, Justin C.; Yu, Pingrong; Micic, Olga I.; Nozik, Arthur J.; Shabaev, Andrew; Efros, Alexander L. (2005). "Highly Efficient Multiple Exciton Generation in Colloidal PbSe and PbS Quantum Dots" (PDF). Nano Letters. 5 (5): 865–71. Bibcode:2005NanoL...5..865E. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.453.4612. doi:10.1021/nl0502672. PMID 15884885.
"Quantum Dot Materials Can Reduce Heat, Boost Electrical Output", NREL Press Release, 23 May 2005
Ning, Z.; Voznyy, O.; Pan, J.; Hoogland, S.; Adinolfi, V.; Xu, J.; Li, M.; Kirmani, A. R.; Sun, J. P.; Minor, J.; Kemp, K. W.; Dong, H.; Rollny, L.; Labelle, A.; Carey, G.; Sutherland, B.; Hill, I.; Amassian, A.; Liu, H.; Tang, J.; Bakr, O. M.; Sargent, E. H. (2014). "Air-stable n-type colloidal quantum dot solids". Nature Materials. 13 (8): 822–828. Bibcode:2014NatMa..13..822N. doi:10.1038/nmat4007. PMID 24907929.
Kovalenko, Maksym V. (December 2015). "Opportunities and challenges for quantum dot photovoltaics". Nature Nanotechnology. 10 (12): 994–997. Bibcode:2015NatNa..10..994K. doi:10.1038/nnano.2015.284. ISSN 1748-3395. PMID 26632278.

ictp.it

energynet.ictp.it

Prashant Kamat, "Quantum Dot Solar Cells: Semiconductor Nanocrystals As Light Harvesters", Workshop on Nanoscience for Solar Energy Conversion, 27–29 October 2008, p. 8

instras.com

nathan.instras.com

H. Sargent, E. (2005). "Infrared Quantum Dots" (PDF). Advanced Materials. 17 (5): 515–522. Bibcode:2005AdM....17..515H. doi:10.1002/adma.200401552. S2CID 247707535.

mlsystem.pl

ir.mlsystem.pl

"Kolejny krok milowy ML System w ramach projektu Quantum Glass" (in Polish). 2019-11-05. Retrieved 2020-02-06.

nature.com

Jabbour, Ghassan E.; Doderer, David (September 2010). "The best of both worlds". Nature Photonics. 4 (9): 604–605. Bibcode:2010NaPho...4..604J. doi:10.1038/nphoton.2010.209. ISSN 1749-4893.
Kovalenko, Maksym V. (December 2015). "Opportunities and challenges for quantum dot photovoltaics". Nature Nanotechnology. 10 (12): 994–997. Bibcode:2015NatNa..10..994K. doi:10.1038/nnano.2015.284. ISSN 1748-3395. PMID 26632278.

newscientist.com

Jeff Hecht, "Work light twice as hard to make cheap solar cells", Newscientist, 1 October 2010

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Shishodia, Shubham; Chouchene, Bilel; Gries, Thomas; Schneider, Raphaël (2023-10-31). "Selected I-III-VI2 Semiconductors: Synthesis, Properties and Applications in Photovoltaic Cells". Nanomaterials. 13 (21): 2889. doi:10.3390/nano13212889. ISSN 2079-4991. PMC 10648425. PMID 37947733.
Shishodia, Shubham; Rinnert, Herve (2025). "Microwave-assisted synthesis of highly photoluminescent core/shell CuInZnSe/ZnS quantum dots as photovoltaic absorbers". RSC Nanoscale Advances. 7 (5): 1326–1334. doi:10.1039/D4NA00893F. PMC 11731178. PMID 39817046.
Zheng, Zerui; Ji, Haining; Yu, Peng; Wang, Zhiming (2016-05-23). "Recent Progress Towards Quantum Dot Solar Cells with Enhanced Optical Absorption". Nanoscale Research Letters. 11 (1): 266. Bibcode:2016NRL....11..266Z. doi:10.1186/s11671-016-1457-y. ISSN 1931-7573. PMC 4877335. PMID 27216604.
Ip, Alexander H.; Thon, Susanna M.; Hoogland, Sjoerd; Voznyy, Oleksandr; Zhitomirsky, David; Debnath, Ratan; Levina, Larissa; Rollny, Lisa R.; Carey, Graham H.; Fischer, Armin; Kemp, Kyle W.; Kramer, Illan J.; Ning, Zhijun; Labelle, André J.; Chou, Kang Wei; Amassian, Aram; Sargent, Edward H. (2012). "Hybrid passivated colloidal quantum dot solids". Nature Nanotechnology. 7 (9): 577–582. Bibcode:2012NatNa...7..577I. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.259.9381. doi:10.1038/nnano.2012.127. PMID 22842552.
Chuang, Chia-Hao M.; Brown, Patrick R.; Bulović, Vladimir; Bawendi, Moungi G. (2014). "Improved performance and stability in quantum dot solar cells through band alignment engineering". Nature Materials. 13 (8): 796–801. Bibcode:2014NatMa..13..796C. doi:10.1038/nmat3984. PMC 4110173. PMID 24859641.
Schaller, R.; Klimov, V. (2004). "High Efficiency Carrier Multiplication in PbSe Nanocrystals: Implications for Solar Energy Conversion". Physical Review Letters. 92 (18): 186601. arXiv:cond-mat/0404368. Bibcode:2004PhRvL..92r6601S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.186601. PMID 15169518. S2CID 4186651.
Ellingson, Randy J.; Beard, Matthew C.; Johnson, Justin C.; Yu, Pingrong; Micic, Olga I.; Nozik, Arthur J.; Shabaev, Andrew; Efros, Alexander L. (2005). "Highly Efficient Multiple Exciton Generation in Colloidal PbSe and PbS Quantum Dots" (PDF). Nano Letters. 5 (5): 865–71. Bibcode:2005NanoL...5..865E. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.453.4612. doi:10.1021/nl0502672. PMID 15884885.
"Quantum Dot Materials Can Reduce Heat, Boost Electrical Output", NREL Press Release, 23 May 2005
Ning, Z.; Voznyy, O.; Pan, J.; Hoogland, S.; Adinolfi, V.; Xu, J.; Li, M.; Kirmani, A. R.; Sun, J. P.; Minor, J.; Kemp, K. W.; Dong, H.; Rollny, L.; Labelle, A.; Carey, G.; Sutherland, B.; Hill, I.; Amassian, A.; Liu, H.; Tang, J.; Bakr, O. M.; Sargent, E. H. (2014). "Air-stable n-type colloidal quantum dot solids". Nature Materials. 13 (8): 822–828. Bibcode:2014NatMa..13..822N. doi:10.1038/nmat4007. PMID 24907929.
Kovalenko, Maksym V. (December 2015). "Opportunities and challenges for quantum dot photovoltaics". Nature Nanotechnology. 10 (12): 994–997. Bibcode:2015NatNa..10..994K. doi:10.1038/nnano.2015.284. ISSN 1748-3395. PMID 26632278.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Shishodia, Shubham; Chouchene, Bilel; Gries, Thomas; Schneider, Raphaël (2023-10-31). "Selected I-III-VI2 Semiconductors: Synthesis, Properties and Applications in Photovoltaic Cells". Nanomaterials. 13 (21): 2889. doi:10.3390/nano13212889. ISSN 2079-4991. PMC 10648425. PMID 37947733.
Shishodia, Shubham; Rinnert, Herve (2025). "Microwave-assisted synthesis of highly photoluminescent core/shell CuInZnSe/ZnS quantum dots as photovoltaic absorbers". RSC Nanoscale Advances. 7 (5): 1326–1334. doi:10.1039/D4NA00893F. PMC 11731178. PMID 39817046.
Zheng, Zerui; Ji, Haining; Yu, Peng; Wang, Zhiming (2016-05-23). "Recent Progress Towards Quantum Dot Solar Cells with Enhanced Optical Absorption". Nanoscale Research Letters. 11 (1): 266. Bibcode:2016NRL....11..266Z. doi:10.1186/s11671-016-1457-y. ISSN 1931-7573. PMC 4877335. PMID 27216604.
Chuang, Chia-Hao M.; Brown, Patrick R.; Bulović, Vladimir; Bawendi, Moungi G. (2014). "Improved performance and stability in quantum dot solar cells through band alignment engineering". Nature Materials. 13 (8): 796–801. Bibcode:2014NatMa..13..796C. doi:10.1038/nmat3984. PMC 4110173. PMID 24859641.

nrel.gov

"Best Research Cell Efficiency Chart". National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Retrieved 22 May 2022.

optics.org

SPIE Europe Ltd. "Spire pushes solar cell record to 42.3%". Optics.org. Retrieved 2014-06-22.

psu.edu

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu

Ip, Alexander H.; Thon, Susanna M.; Hoogland, Sjoerd; Voznyy, Oleksandr; Zhitomirsky, David; Debnath, Ratan; Levina, Larissa; Rollny, Lisa R.; Carey, Graham H.; Fischer, Armin; Kemp, Kyle W.; Kramer, Illan J.; Ning, Zhijun; Labelle, André J.; Chou, Kang Wei; Amassian, Aram; Sargent, Edward H. (2012). "Hybrid passivated colloidal quantum dot solids". Nature Nanotechnology. 7 (9): 577–582. Bibcode:2012NatNa...7..577I. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.259.9381. doi:10.1038/nnano.2012.127. PMID 22842552.
Schaller, R.; Klimov, V. (2004). "High Efficiency Carrier Multiplication in PbSe Nanocrystals: Implications for Solar Energy Conversion". Physical Review Letters. 92 (18): 186601. arXiv:cond-mat/0404368. Bibcode:2004PhRvL..92r6601S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.186601. PMID 15169518. S2CID 4186651.
Ellingson, Randy J.; Beard, Matthew C.; Johnson, Justin C.; Yu, Pingrong; Micic, Olga I.; Nozik, Arthur J.; Shabaev, Andrew; Efros, Alexander L. (2005). "Highly Efficient Multiple Exciton Generation in Colloidal PbSe and PbS Quantum Dots" (PDF). Nano Letters. 5 (5): 865–71. Bibcode:2005NanoL...5..865E. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.453.4612. doi:10.1021/nl0502672. PMID 15884885.
"Quantum Dot Materials Can Reduce Heat, Boost Electrical Output", NREL Press Release, 23 May 2005

rdmag.com

Mitchell, Marit (2014-06-09). "New nanoparticles bring cheaper, lighter solar cells outdoors". Rdmag.com. Retrieved 2014-08-24.

sciencedirect.com

Nozik, A. J (2002-04-01). "Quantum dot solar cells". Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures. 14 (1): 115–120. Bibcode:2002PhyE...14..115N. doi:10.1016/S1386-9477(02)00374-0. ISSN 1386-9477.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Wu, Jiang; Yu, Peng; Susha, Andrei S.; Sablon, Kimberly A.; Chen, Haiyuan; Zhou, Zhihua; Li, Handong; Ji, Haining; Niu, Xiaobin (2015-04-01). "Broadband efficiency enhancement in quantum dot solar cells coupled with multispiked plasmonic nanostars". Nano Energy. 13: 827–835. Bibcode:2015NEne...13..827W. doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2015.02.012. S2CID 98282021.
H. Sargent, E. (2005). "Infrared Quantum Dots" (PDF). Advanced Materials. 17 (5): 515–522. Bibcode:2005AdM....17..515H. doi:10.1002/adma.200401552. S2CID 247707535.
B. O’Regan and M. Gratzel (1991). "A low-cost, high efficiency solar cell based on dye-sensitized colloidal TiO₂ films". Nature. 353 (6346): 737–740. Bibcode:1991Natur.353..737O. doi:10.1038/353737a0. S2CID 4340159.
Schaller, R.; Klimov, V. (2004). "High Efficiency Carrier Multiplication in PbSe Nanocrystals: Implications for Solar Energy Conversion". Physical Review Letters. 92 (18): 186601. arXiv:cond-mat/0404368. Bibcode:2004PhRvL..92r6601S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.186601. PMID 15169518. S2CID 4186651.
Ellingson, Randy J.; Beard, Matthew C.; Johnson, Justin C.; Yu, Pingrong; Micic, Olga I.; Nozik, Arthur J.; Shabaev, Andrew; Efros, Alexander L. (2005). "Highly Efficient Multiple Exciton Generation in Colloidal PbSe and PbS Quantum Dots" (PDF). Nano Letters. 5 (5): 865–71. Bibcode:2005NanoL...5..865E. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.453.4612. doi:10.1021/nl0502672. PMID 15884885.
"Quantum Dot Materials Can Reduce Heat, Boost Electrical Output", NREL Press Release, 23 May 2005

stockgumshoe.com

Johnson, T. (n.d.). "This Company's 'Tiny Dots' Promise to Turn the ENTIRE Renewable Energy Industry on its Head". Retrieved from https://www.stockgumshoe.com/reviews/cutting-edge-the/this-companys-tiny-dots-promi se-to-turn-the-entire-renewable-energy-industry-on-its-head/

ucl.ac.uk

discovery.ucl.ac.uk

Yu, Peng; Wu, Jiang; Gao, Lei; Liu, Huiyun; Wang, Zhiming (2017-03-01). "InGaAs and GaAs quantum dot solar cells grown by droplet epitaxy" (PDF). Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. 161: 377–381. Bibcode:2017SEMSC.161..377Y. doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2016.12.024.

understandingnano.com

"Unique Quantum Effect Found in Silicon Nanocrystals", NREL Press Release, 24 July 2007

utoledo.edu

astro1.panet.utoledo.edu

Schaller, R.; Klimov, V. (2004). "High Efficiency Carrier Multiplication in PbSe Nanocrystals: Implications for Solar Energy Conversion". Physical Review Letters. 92 (18): 186601. arXiv:cond-mat/0404368. Bibcode:2004PhRvL..92r6601S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.186601. PMID 15169518. S2CID 4186651.
Ellingson, Randy J.; Beard, Matthew C.; Johnson, Justin C.; Yu, Pingrong; Micic, Olga I.; Nozik, Arthur J.; Shabaev, Andrew; Efros, Alexander L. (2005). "Highly Efficient Multiple Exciton Generation in Colloidal PbSe and PbS Quantum Dots" (PDF). Nano Letters. 5 (5): 865–71. Bibcode:2005NanoL...5..865E. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.453.4612. doi:10.1021/nl0502672. PMID 15884885.
"Quantum Dot Materials Can Reduce Heat, Boost Electrical Output", NREL Press Release, 23 May 2005

utoronto.ca

engineering.utoronto.ca

"New Inexpensive Solar Cell Design is Pioneered" Archived January 28, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, University of Toronto, 3 August 2010

web.archive.org

Uni-Solar holds the record using a three-layer a-Si cell, with 14.9% initial production, but falling to 13% over a short time. See Yang et al., "Triple-junction amorphous silicon alloy solar cell with 14.6% initial and 13.0% stable conversion efficiencies", Applied Physics Letters, 1997
"New Inexpensive Solar Cell Design is Pioneered" Archived January 28, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, University of Toronto, 3 August 2010
Schaller, R.; Klimov, V. (2004). "High Efficiency Carrier Multiplication in PbSe Nanocrystals: Implications for Solar Energy Conversion". Physical Review Letters. 92 (18): 186601. arXiv:cond-mat/0404368. Bibcode:2004PhRvL..92r6601S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.186601. PMID 15169518. S2CID 4186651.
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