Racial segregation in the United States Armed Forces (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Racial segregation in the United States Armed Forces" in English language version.

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67web.archive.org

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aaregistry.org

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archive.org

McNaughton, James C. (2006). Nisei Linguists: Japanese Americans in the Military Intelligence Service During World War II. Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army. p. 87. ISBN 0-16-072957-2. Retrieved May 26, 2011. The War Department already had several long-serving segregated units for African Americans, Puerto Ricans, and Filipinos and established several more during 1942. The Office of War information saw propaganda value in having combat units of different nationalities. Thus during 1942 the War Department organized the 1st Filipino infantry in California and battalion-size units of Norwegians, Austrians, and Greeks.

archive.today

Nalty, Bernard C. "The Right to Fight: African-American Marines in World War II". Marines in World War II Commemorative Series. National Park Service. Archived from the original on August 5, 2012. Retrieved May 31, 2011.

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MacGregor, Morris J. Jr. (1985). "Introduction". I: Integration of the Armed Forces, 1940–1965. Defense Studies. Washington, DC: US Army, Center of Military History. Archived from the original on December 9, 2012. Retrieved December 4, 2012.
James C. McNaughton (August 3, 2009). "Chinese-Americans in World War II". Center of Military History. United States Army. Archived from the original on April 8, 2010. Retrieved October 2, 2009.
MacGregor, Morris J. Jr. (1985). INTEGRATION OF THE ARMED FORCES 1940-1965. Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, United States Army. Archived from the original on July 16, 2013. Retrieved December 4, 2012.

army.mil

Braafladt, Kevin (January 28, 2021). "The story of the only regiment commanded entirely by black officers during World War I". Military Times. Archived from the original on February 7, 2021. Retrieved April 23, 2021.

books.google.com

Nelson, Peter (2009). A More Unbending Battle: The Harlem Hellfighter's Struggle for Freedom in WWI and Equality at Home. Basic Books. pp. 204–205. ISBN 978-0-7867-4467-1.
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Morris, Steven (December 1969). "How Blacks Upset The Marine Corps: 'New Breed' leathernecks are tackling racist vestiges". Magazine. Vol. 25, no. 2. pp. 55–58. ISSN 0012-9011.
MacGregor, Morris J. (1981). Center of Military History, U.S. Army (ed.). Integration of the Armed Forces, 1940–1965. Government Printing Office. pp. 100–102. ISBN 0-16-001925-7.
DeClouet, Fred (2000). First Black Marines: Vanguard of a Legacy. AuthorHouse. pp. 5–6. ISBN 1-58820-120-1.
Sutherland, Jonathan (2004). African Americans at War: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 477. ISBN 1-57607-746-2.
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californiaindianeducation.org

Molnar, Alexander Jr. (August 1997). "Navajo Code Talkers: World War II History & Facts". California Indian Education. Archived from the original on April 24, 2011. Retrieved May 31, 2011.

chcp.org

Defense Equal Opportunity Management Institute. "Asian/Pacific American Military Timeline". Chinese Historical and Cultural Project. Archived from the original on January 30, 2009. Retrieved June 1, 2011.

chicagotribune.com

Ted Gregory (May 28, 2001). "Forgotten war nurses keep their story alive". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on September 10, 2019. Retrieved April 16, 2019.

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prhome.defense.gov

Office of the Under Secretary of Defense (OUSD). "Population Representation in the Military Services: Fiscal Year 2008 Report: Summary" (PDF). Center for Naval Analyses (CNA). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 7, 2011. Retrieved June 1, 2011.

defenselink.mil

Williams, Rudi (June 3, 2005). "DoD's Personnel Chief Gives Asian-Pacific American History Lesson". American Forces Press Service. U.S. Department of Defense. Archived from the original on June 15, 2007.

densho.org

encyclopedia.densho.org

"100th Infantry Battalion | Densho Encyclopedia". Archived from the original on May 11, 2013. Retrieved January 7, 2023.
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"Executive Order 9066 | Densho Encyclopedia". Archived from the original on January 7, 2023. Retrieved January 7, 2023.
"Delos Emmons | Densho Encyclopedia". Archived from the original on January 7, 2023. Retrieved January 7, 2023.

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seabeemagazine.navylive.dodlive.mil

This week in Seabee History, Sept 17–23, Seabee online Magazine, Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Washington Navy Yard, DC [4] Archived April 20, 2019, at the Wayback Machine
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usnhistory.navylive.dodlive.mil

The Sextant, Building for a Nation and for Equality: African American Seabees in World War II – March 4, 2014, Dr. Frank A. Blazich Jr., U.S. Navy Seabee Museum, Naval History and Heritage Command webpage [7] Archived May 6, 2018, at the Wayback Machine
"Celebrating Asian American and Pacific Islanders in Naval History". The Sextant. Archived from the original on April 16, 2019. Retrieved April 16, 2019.

doi.org

Hartgrove, W. B. (April 1, 1916). "The Negro Soldier in the American Revolution". The Journal of Negro History. 1 (2): 110–131. doi:10.2307/3035634. ISSN 0022-2992. JSTOR 3035634. S2CID 149621545. Archived from the original on November 5, 2021. Retrieved November 4, 2021.
Mennell, James (1999). ""African-Americans and the Selective Service Act of 1917."". The Journal of Negro History. 84 (1999) (3): 275–87. doi:10.2307/2649006. JSTOR 2649006. S2CID 150150712.
Kersten, Andrew E. (2002). "African Americans and World War II". OAH Magazine of History. 16 (3): 13–17. doi:10.1093/maghis/16.3.13. ISSN 0882-228X. JSTOR 25163520.
Burk, James; Espinoza, Evelyn (2012). "Race Relations Within the US Military". Annual Review of Sociology. 38: 401–422. doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-071811-145501. ISSN 0360-0572. JSTOR 23254602.

dtic.mil

apps.dtic.mil

Osur, Alan M (January 16, 1977). "Blacks in the Army Air Forces during World War II: The Problem of Race Relations" (PDF). Defense Technical Information Center. US Department of Defense. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 22, 2022. Retrieved June 4, 2022.

historyofwar.org

Antill, Peter (2003), Peleliu, battle for (Operation Stalemate II) – The Pacific War's Forgotten Battle, September–November 1944, "HITTING THE BEACH 3rd paragraph" [1] Archived March 15, 2018, at the Wayback Machine
Peleliu, battle for (Operation Stalemate II) – The Pacific War's Forgotten Battle, September–November 1944, (section: Hitting the Beach, 3rd paragraph), Military History Encyclopedia on the Web, by: Peter D Antill, Tristan Dugdale-Pointon, and Dr John Rickard, [6] Archived March 3, 2012, at the Wayback Machine

jstor.org

Hartgrove, W. B. (April 1, 1916). "The Negro Soldier in the American Revolution". The Journal of Negro History. 1 (2): 110–131. doi:10.2307/3035634. ISSN 0022-2992. JSTOR 3035634. S2CID 149621545. Archived from the original on November 5, 2021. Retrieved November 4, 2021.
Greene, Lorenzo J. (1951). "The Negro in the War of 1812 and the Civil War". Negro History Bulletin. 14 (6): 133–138. ISSN 0028-2529. JSTOR 44212449.
"The Philippine Scouts". On Point. 6 (1): 6. 2000. ISSN 2577-1337. JSTOR 44608183.
Bryan, Jami L. (2002). "Fighting for Respect: African Americans in World War I". On Point. 8 (4): 11–14. ISSN 2577-1337. JSTOR 44610299.
Mennell, James (1999). ""African-Americans and the Selective Service Act of 1917."". The Journal of Negro History. 84 (1999) (3): 275–87. doi:10.2307/2649006. JSTOR 2649006. S2CID 150150712.
Kersten, Andrew E. (2002). "African Americans and World War II". OAH Magazine of History. 16 (3): 13–17. doi:10.1093/maghis/16.3.13. ISSN 0882-228X. JSTOR 25163520.
Burk, James; Espinoza, Evelyn (2012). "Race Relations Within the US Military". Annual Review of Sociology. 38: 401–422. doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-071811-145501. ISSN 0360-0572. JSTOR 23254602.
WOODMAN, BRIAN J. (2001). "Represented in the Margins: Images of African American Soldiers in Vietnam War Combat Films". Journal of Film and Video. 53 (2/3): 38–60. ISSN 0742-4671. JSTOR 20688356.

loc.gov

memory.loc.gov

Chap. CCXCIX. 14 Stat. 332 Archived October 18, 2015, at the Wayback Machine from "A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U. S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774 - 1875" Archived June 27, 2020, at the Wayback Machine. Library of Congress, Law Library of Congress. Retrieved March 26, 2012.

loc.gov

"Augustus Prince Collection". Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Archived from the original on November 3, 2023. Retrieved November 5, 2023.

marines.mil

Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Donnelly, Ralph W. (2002). "Blacks in the Marine Corps". Washington, DC: History and Museums Division, Headquarters USMC. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 6, 2012. Retrieved June 1, 2011.

navy.mil

history.navy.mil

"Negro in the Navy by Miller". NHHC. Retrieved April 16, 2019.
Register of Patients at Naval Hospital Washington DC 1814 With the Names of American Wounded from the Battle of Bladensburg Transcribed with Introduction and Notes by John G. Sharp https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/r/register-patients-naval-hospital-washington-dc-1814.html Archived March 27, 2019, at the Wayback Machine Accessed 22 May 2018
The Diary of Michael Shiner Relating to the History of the Washington Navy Yard 1813-1869 editor John G. Sharp (2007 and 2015) accessed 23 August 2018 https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/d/diary-of-michael-shiner.html Archived October 23, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
John G. Sharp The Recruitment of African Americans in the U.S. Navy 1839 Naval History and Heritage Command 2019 accessed 30 September 2019 https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/r/the-recruitment-of-african-americans-in-the-us-navy-1839.html Archived January 29, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
"17th Special NCB cruisebook" (PDF). Naval History and Heritage Command. p. 29. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 22, 2018. Retrieved October 18, 2017.
"17 Special Naval Construction Battalion" (PDF). Naval History and Heritage Command. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 22, 2018. Retrieved October 18, 2017.
"Navajo Code Talkers: World War II Fact Sheet". U.S. Naval Historical Center. Archived from the original on May 15, 2011. Retrieved May 31, 2011.
1st Marine Pioneers, PRESIDENTIAL UNIT CITATION, First Marine Division, Reinforced, Assault and seizure of Peleliu and Ngesebus, Palau Islands, Part II. UNIT AWARDS, Section 1, Navy-Marine Corps Awards Manual(Rev 1953) p.15 Naval History and Heritage Command, [9] Archived June 15, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
"17th Special NCB cruisebook" (PDF). Naval History and Heritage Command. p. 29. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 22, 2018. Retrieved October 18, 2017.

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"blackinblue". www.navyandmarine.org. Archived from the original on December 24, 2019. Retrieved April 16, 2019.

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"Buffalo Soldiers" (PDF). National Park Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 4, 2007. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
Nalty, Bernard C. "The Right to Fight: African-American Marines in World War II". Marines in World War II Commemorative Series. National Park Service. Archived from the original on August 5, 2012. Retrieved May 31, 2011.
The Right to Fight:African American Marines in WWII, Peleliu and Iwo Jima, Bernard C. Naulty, Marine Corps Historical Center, Washington D.C., 1974, PCN 190-003132-00 [10] Archived March 25, 2021, at the Wayback Machine

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Roussel, Meg. "Phyllis Mae Dailey: First Black Navy Nurse - The National WWII Museum Blog." The National WWII Museum Blog. 2012. Accessed August 02, 2016. http://www.nww2m.com/2012/03/phyllis-mae-dailey-first-black-navy-nurse/ Archived October 8, 2016, at the Wayback Machine.

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"Black Crew of World War II Navy Ship Recognized for Heroism" Archived May 1, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, New York Times, Published: February 19, 1995, Retrieved October 5, 2016

pbs.org

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Gates, Henry Louis; Root, Jr | Originally posted on The (January 14, 2013). "Segregation in the Armed Forces During World War II - African American History Blog". PBS. Archived from the original on June 21, 2020. Retrieved April 16, 2019.
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Philpott, Tom (October 25, 2007). "Marines Begin to Reverse Sharp Drop in Black Recruits". The Philadelphia Veterans Multi Service and Educational Center. Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved May 31, 2011.

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api.semanticscholar.org

Hartgrove, W. B. (April 1, 1916). "The Negro Soldier in the American Revolution". The Journal of Negro History. 1 (2): 110–131. doi:10.2307/3035634. ISSN 0022-2992. JSTOR 3035634. S2CID 149621545. Archived from the original on November 5, 2021. Retrieved November 4, 2021.
Mennell, James (1999). ""African-Americans and the Selective Service Act of 1917."". The Journal of Negro History. 84 (1999) (3): 275–87. doi:10.2307/2649006. JSTOR 2649006. S2CID 150150712.

sfgate.com

Guthrie, Julian (October 2, 2009). "WWII all-Chinese American unit reminisces". SFGate. Archived from the original on April 16, 2019. Retrieved April 16, 2019.

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journals.uchicago.edu

Hartgrove, W. B. (April 1, 1916). "The Negro Soldier in the American Revolution". The Journal of Negro History. 1 (2): 110–131. doi:10.2307/3035634. ISSN 0022-2992. JSTOR 3035634. S2CID 149621545. Archived from the original on November 5, 2021. Retrieved November 4, 2021.

ucpress.edu

Adams, Alton Augustus (2008). THE MEMOIRS OF ALTON AUGUSTUS ADAMS, FIRST BLACK BANDMASTER OF THE UNITED STATES NAVY. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25131-1. Archived from the original on December 29, 2018. Retrieved December 28, 2018.

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web.archive.org

Shaw, Henry I. Jr.; Donnelly, Ralph W. (2002). "Blacks in the Marine Corps". Washington, DC: History and Museums Division, Headquarters USMC. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 6, 2012. Retrieved June 1, 2011.
Hartgrove, W. B. (April 1, 1916). "The Negro Soldier in the American Revolution". The Journal of Negro History. 1 (2): 110–131. doi:10.2307/3035634. ISSN 0022-2992. JSTOR 3035634. S2CID 149621545. Archived from the original on November 5, 2021. Retrieved November 4, 2021.
"blackinblue". www.navyandmarine.org. Archived from the original on December 24, 2019. Retrieved April 16, 2019.
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"Buffalo Soldiers" (PDF). National Park Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 4, 2007. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
Braafladt, Kevin (January 28, 2021). "The story of the only regiment commanded entirely by black officers during World War I". Military Times. Archived from the original on February 7, 2021. Retrieved April 23, 2021.
African Americans in the Military during World War I. August 6, 2020. Archived from the original on April 23, 2021. Retrieved April 23, 2021.
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Gates, Henry Louis; Root, Jr | Originally posted on The (January 14, 2013). "Segregation in the Armed Forces During World War II - African American History Blog". PBS. Archived from the original on June 21, 2020. Retrieved April 16, 2019.
Osur, Alan M (January 16, 1977). "Blacks in the Army Air Forces during World War II: The Problem of Race Relations" (PDF). Defense Technical Information Center. US Department of Defense. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 22, 2022. Retrieved June 4, 2022.
Ted Gregory (May 28, 2001). "Forgotten war nurses keep their story alive". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on September 10, 2019. Retrieved April 16, 2019.
"100th Infantry Battalion | Densho Encyclopedia". Archived from the original on May 11, 2013. Retrieved January 7, 2023.
"John McCloy | Densho Encyclopedia". Archived from the original on January 7, 2023. Retrieved January 7, 2023.
"442nd Regimental Combat Team | Densho Encyclopedia". Archived from the original on January 7, 2023. Retrieved January 7, 2023.
"Executive Order 9066 | Densho Encyclopedia". Archived from the original on January 7, 2023. Retrieved January 7, 2023.
"Delos Emmons | Densho Encyclopedia". Archived from the original on January 7, 2023. Retrieved January 7, 2023.
Williams, Rudi (June 3, 2005). "DoD's Personnel Chief Gives Asian-Pacific American History Lesson". American Forces Press Service. U.S. Department of Defense. Archived from the original on June 15, 2007.
Guthrie, Julian (October 2, 2009). "WWII all-Chinese American unit reminisces". SFGate. Archived from the original on April 16, 2019. Retrieved April 16, 2019.
See EXECUTIVE ORDER 9981 Archived August 16, 2023, at the Wayback Machine
Chow, Andrew R.; Bates, Josiah (June 12, 2020). "As Da 5 Bloods Hits Netflix, Black Vietnam Veterans Recall the Real Injustices They Faced During and After the War". Time. Archived from the original on November 30, 2021. Retrieved November 28, 2021.
"African-Americans In Combat". PBS. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved November 29, 2021.
MacGregor, Morris J. Jr. (1985). "Introduction". I: Integration of the Armed Forces, 1940–1965. Defense Studies. Washington, DC: US Army, Center of Military History. Archived from the original on December 9, 2012. Retrieved December 4, 2012.
James C. McNaughton (August 3, 2009). "Chinese-Americans in World War II". Center of Military History. United States Army. Archived from the original on April 8, 2010. Retrieved October 2, 2009.
Register of Patients at Naval Hospital Washington DC 1814 With the Names of American Wounded from the Battle of Bladensburg Transcribed with Introduction and Notes by John G. Sharp https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/r/register-patients-naval-hospital-washington-dc-1814.html Archived March 27, 2019, at the Wayback Machine Accessed 22 May 2018
The Diary of Michael Shiner Relating to the History of the Washington Navy Yard 1813-1869 editor John G. Sharp (2007 and 2015) accessed 23 August 2018 https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/d/diary-of-michael-shiner.html Archived October 23, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
John G. Sharp The Recruitment of African Americans in the U.S. Navy 1839 Naval History and Heritage Command 2019 accessed 30 September 2019 https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/r/the-recruitment-of-african-americans-in-the-us-navy-1839.html Archived January 29, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
"The Steel Navy - Steel Navy". www.steelnavy.org. Archived from the original on August 17, 2019. Retrieved April 16, 2019.
"Defense.gov News Article: African Americans in the Navy". archive.defense.gov. Archived from the original on September 30, 2017. Retrieved January 26, 2019.
MacGregor, Morris J. Jr. (1985). INTEGRATION OF THE ARMED FORCES 1940-1965. Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, United States Army. Archived from the original on July 16, 2013. Retrieved December 4, 2012.
Adams, Alton Augustus (2008). THE MEMOIRS OF ALTON AUGUSTUS ADAMS, FIRST BLACK BANDMASTER OF THE UNITED STATES NAVY. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25131-1. Archived from the original on December 29, 2018. Retrieved December 28, 2018.
"Augustus Prince Collection". Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Archived from the original on November 3, 2023. Retrieved November 5, 2023.
"Black Crew of World War II Navy Ship Recognized for Heroism" Archived May 1, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, New York Times, Published: February 19, 1995, Retrieved October 5, 2016
Roussel, Meg. "Phyllis Mae Dailey: First Black Navy Nurse - The National WWII Museum Blog." The National WWII Museum Blog. 2012. Accessed August 02, 2016. http://www.nww2m.com/2012/03/phyllis-mae-dailey-first-black-navy-nurse/ Archived October 8, 2016, at the Wayback Machine.
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