Raqqa (English Wikipedia)

Heidemann, Stefan (2011). "The Agricultural Hinterland of Baghdad, al-Raqqa and Samarra': Settlement Patterns in the Diyar Muḍar". In Borrut, A.; Debié, M.; Papaconstantinou, A.; Pieri, D.; Sodini, J.-P. (eds.). Le Proche-Orient de Justinien aux Abbasides: Peuplement et Dynamiques Spatiales. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers. ISBN 978-2-503-53572-2. Archived from the original on 23 September 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
Heidemann, Stefan (2005). "Numayrid ar-Raqqa: Archaeological and Historical Evidence for a 'Dimorphic State' in the Bedouin Dominated Fringes of the Fatimid Empire". Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta: 85–110. Archived from the original on 15 August 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2022.

al-akhbar.com (Global: 5,527^th place; English: 5,869^th place)

english.al-akhbar.com

"The Mysterious Fall of Raqqa, Syria's Kandahar". Al-Akhbar. 8 November 2013. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 14 November 2013.

aljazeera.com (Global: 165^th place; English: 119^th place)

"Syria rebels capture northern Raqqa city". Al Jazeera. 5 March 2013. Archived from the original on 6 September 2019. Retrieved 15 September 2019.

almasdarnews.com (Global: 3,847^th place; English: 2,996^th place)

Fadel, Leith. "Civilians rise up against ISIS rule in Raqqa City: government". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
"Over 60 ISIS operatives captured in Raqqa city". 8 February 2019. Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
"New map of northern Syria after Turkish offensive and SDF-SAA agreement". Al-Masdar News. 18 October 2019. Archived from the original on 18 October 2019. Retrieved 30 October 2019.

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"Weteni Hospital of Raqqa goes into service". ANF News. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 15 September 2019.

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"More than a million people return to Raqqa in the five years since its liberation". ANF News. 20 October 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2025.
"Women establish food cooperative in Raqqa". ANF News. 23 April 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2025.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Siméon Vailhé in Échos d'Orient 1907, p. 94 Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine e p. 145 .

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"Syria, anti-Assad rebel infighting leaves 700 dead, including civilians". AsiaNews. 13 January 2014. Archived from the original on 25 June 2019. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
Asia News. 27 September 2013, As jihadist rebels burn two Catholic churches in al-Raqqah, Assad's enemies openly split Archived 2 November 2019 at the Wayback Machine

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11^th place; English: 10^th place)

"Raqqa: IS 'capital' falls to US-backed Syrian forces". BBC News. 17 October 2017. Archived from the original on 27 July 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
"Syrian activists flee abuse in al-Qaeda-run Raqqa". BBC News. 13 November 2013. Archived from the original on 14 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013.
British Broadcasting Corporation (28 December 2015) - Anti-Islamic State journalist murdered in Turkey Archived 12 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine BBC [Retrieved 30 December 2015]

bbc.com (Global: 26^th place; English: 23^rd place)

Raqqa: US coalition 'wiped city off Earth', Russia says Archived 5 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine BBC, 22 October 2017.

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Heracleensis, Marcianus (15 September 1839). "Périple de Marcien d'Héraclée, Épitome d'Artemidore, Isidore de Charax, etc., ou, Supplément aux dernières éditions des Petits géographes: d'après un manuscrit grec de la Bibliothèque Royale, avec une carte". A L'Imprimerie Royale. Archived from the original on 23 September 2023. Retrieved 23 May 2020 – via Google Books.
Meinecke, Michael (1996). Patterns of Stylistic Changes in Islamic Architecture: Local Traditions versus Migrating Artists. New York and London: New York University Press. pp. 1–22. ISBN 0-8147-5492-9. Archived from the original on 15 March 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
Ababsa, Myriam (2009). "The Shi'i Mausoleums of Raqqa: Iranian prosetylism and local significations". In Lawson, Fred H. (ed.). Demystifying Syria. London: Saqi Books. ISBN 978-0-86356-818-3. Archived from the original on 23 September 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
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referenceworks.brillonline.com

Meinecke 1995, p. 410. Meinecke, Michael (1995). "al-Raḳḳa". Archived copy. The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume VIII: Ned–Sam. Leiden and New York: BRILL. pp. 410–414. ISBN 90-04-09834-8. Archived from the original on 4 December 2014. Retrieved 27 November 2014.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

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Revue de l'Orient chrétien Archived 19 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine, VI (1901), p. 197.

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"2004 Census Data for ar-Raqqah nahiyah" (in Arabic). Syrian Central Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on 18 November 2015. Retrieved 15 October 2015.

ccel.org (Global: 2,249^th place; English: 1,566^th place)

Schaff, Philip. "Letter XL". NPNF2-10. Ambrose: Selected Works and Letters. Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Archived from the original on 26 August 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2014.

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doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Heidemann, Stefan (2006). "The History of the Industrial and Commercial Area of 'Abbāsid Al-Raqqa, Called Al-Raqqa Al-Muḥtariqa". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 69 (1): 33–52. doi:10.1017/S0041977X06000024. JSTOR 20181988. S2CID 162831514. Archived from the original on 15 March 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
Winter, Stefan (2006). "The Other Nahdah: The Bedirxans, the Millîs, and the Tribal Roots of Kurdish Nationalism in Syria". Oriente Moderno. 86 (3): 470–471. doi:10.1163/22138617-08603003.
Ngan-Tillard, Dominique (5 June 2018), Scanning for Syria - digital book of cuneiform tablet T98-34, Delft, Netherlands: TU Delft, doi:10.4121/uuid:0bd4470b-a055-4ebd-b419-a900d3163c8a, retrieved 14 May 2020^{[permanent dead link]}, KBytes: 48600

europa.eu (Global: 62^nd place; English: 100^th place)

euaa.europa.eu

"5.8.8. Raqqa governorate". European Union Agency for Asylum. 29 July 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2026.
"Raqqa". European Union Agency for Asylum. April 2024. Retrieved 10 March 2025.

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"Website of the Europa Nostra Award for the Scanning for Syria project". Archived from the original on 11 May 2020. Retrieved 14 May 2020.

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"Inside ISIS: 2 women go undercover in Raqqa". The Foreign Desk. 14 March 2016. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 30 May 2017.

franceinter.fr (Global: 2,431^st place; English: low place)

Saavedra, Laetitia; Duquesne, Margaux (8 January 2016). "Les femmes djihadistes étrangères se comportent comme des colons en Syrie". FranceInter (in French). Archived from the original on 12 January 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2016.

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go.com (Global: 97^th place; English: 79^th place)

abcnews.go.com

"Syrian government seizes strategic town in Raqqa from Kurdish forces". ABC News. 18 January 2026.

hawarnews.com (Global: 9,534^th place; English: 6,645^th place)

Anas Muhammad, Muhammad Khalil (19 October 2024). "Raqqa.. Historical resistance and future aspirations after 7 years of liberation". ANHA. Retrieved 10 March 2025.

independent.co.uk (Global: 46^th place; English: 29^th place)

Raqqa: Isis 'capital' liberated by US-backed forces - but civilians face months of hardship with city left devastated Archived 9 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine The Independent, 17 October 2017.

jinhaagency.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

El Hisen, Xufran (23 April 2021). "Raqqa Municipality's factory run by only women". JINHAGENCY News. Retrieved 10 March 2025.

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

Heidemann, Stefan (2006). "The History of the Industrial and Commercial Area of 'Abbāsid Al-Raqqa, Called Al-Raqqa Al-Muḥtariqa". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 69 (1): 33–52. doi:10.1017/S0041977X06000024. JSTOR 20181988. S2CID 162831514. Archived from the original on 15 March 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2022.

macrotrends.net (Global: 6,458^th place; English: 5,480^th place)

"Al-Raqqa, Syria Metro Area Population (1950-2026)". MacroTrends. Retrieved 17 July 2026.

mesopotamia.coop (Global: low place; English: low place)

"The Raqqa Women's Committee Provides Women with Employment Opportunities". Co-operation in Mesopotamia. 1 October 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2025.
"Women Find Solution for Scaling Up Bread Production in NE Syria". Co-operation in Mesopotamia. 9 May 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2025.

metmuseum.org (Global: 854^th place; English: 646^th place)

"Ewer, late 12th–first half 13th century". Metropolitan Museum of Art website.

nbcnews.com (Global: 156^th place; English: 101^st place)

NICHOLS, HANS; BRUTON, F. BRINLEY (26 October 2016). "Raqqa Offensive Against ISIS to Begin Within Weeks: Ash Carter". NBC News. Archived from the original on 26 October 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2016.

newyorker.com (Global: 191^st place; English: 122^nd place)

D. Remnick (22 November 2015) (22 November 2015). "Telling the Truth About ISIS and Raqqa". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 19 December 2015. Retrieved 30 December 2015.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

nwo.nl (Global: low place; English: low place)

"NWO Website for the grant of the Scanning for Syria. Reconstruction and enhanced reality of Assyrian clay tablets (1200 BC) recently stolen from Raqqa Museum, Syria. project". Archived from the original on 23 September 2023. Retrieved 14 May 2020.

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

"Life in a Jihadist Capital: Order With a Darker Side". The New York Times. 23 July 2014. Archived from the original on 4 July 2017. Retrieved 30 May 2017. After capturing the largest, the Armenian Catholic Martyrs Church, ISIS removed its crosses, hung black flags from its façade and converted it into an Islamic center that screens videos of battles and suicide operations to recruit new fighters.

openedition.org (Global: 366^th place; English: 883^rd place)

books.openedition.org

Ababsa, Myriam (20 September 2010). "Chapitre 1. " Politique des chefs " en Jazîra et " politique des notables " à Raqqa : La naissance d'une ville de front pionnier (1865-1946)". Raqqa, territoires et pratiques sociales d'une ville syrienne. Contemporain publications. Beyrouth: Presses de l'Ifpo. pp. 25–66. ISBN 9782351592625. Archived from the original on 3 June 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018.

reliefweb.int (Global: 1,334^th place; English: 874^th place)

"Ar-Raqqa Governorate Panoramic Report - December 2019" (PDF). Assistance Coordination Unit. 24 December 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
"Syria Crisis: Northeast Syria Situation Report No. 30 (1 November - 14 December 2018)". UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. 14 December 2018. Archived from the original on 19 December 2018. Retrieved 15 March 2019 – via ReliefWeb.
"Labour Market Profile: Ar-Raqqa City, March 2022". reliefweb.int. 17 March 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2025.

reuters.com (Global: 38^th place; English: 30^th place)

Al-Khalidi, Suleiman (24 June 2018). Chopra, Toby (ed.). "U.S.-backed forces announce three-day curfew in Raqqa city". Reuters. Archived from the original on 10 April 2019. Retrieved 15 September 2019 – via reuters.com.
"Islamists bomb Shi'ite shrine in eastern Syria: activists". Reuters. 26 March 2014. Archived from the original on 15 March 2022. Retrieved 19 September 2016.

rudaw.net (Global: 3,235^th place; English: 2,991^st place)

"One year after ISIS 'defeat', Syria's Raqqa still in fear". Rudaw. 18 October 2018. Archived from the original on 20 October 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
"Damascus begins merging Kurdish-founded university into state system". rudaw.net. Retrieved 10 March 2026.

sana.sy (Global: 4,332^nd place; English: 3,506^th place)

Foreign Ministry: Raqqa still occupied, can only be considered liberated when Syrian Army enters it Archived 29 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine SANA, 29 October 2017.
"President al-Sharaa establishes new faculties at Aleppo and al-Furat universities". 23 February 2026. Retrieved 10 March 2026.

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"Rehabilitation of amusement park in Raqqa". SDF Press. 26 May 2018. Archived from the original on 21 October 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2018.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Heidemann, Stefan (2006). "The History of the Industrial and Commercial Area of 'Abbāsid Al-Raqqa, Called Al-Raqqa Al-Muḥtariqa". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 69 (1): 33–52. doi:10.1017/S0041977X06000024. JSTOR 20181988. S2CID 162831514. Archived from the original on 15 March 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2022.

sky.com (Global: 566^th place; English: 355^th place)

news.sky.com

"France Drops 20 Bombs on IS Stronghold Raqqa". Sky News. 15 November 2015. Archived from the original on 16 November 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2015.

straitstimes.com (Global: 461^st place; English: 263^rd place)

"Largest ISIS mass grave yet found outside Syria's Raqqa. 22 February 2019. Retrieved 26 February 2019". The Straits Times. 22 February 2019. Archived from the original on 26 February 2019. Retrieved 26 February 2019.

syrianewsdesk.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Islamic State torches churches in Al-Raqqa". Syria Newsdesk. 26 September 2013. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2013.

telegraph.co.uk (Global: 40^th place; English: 27^th place)

Spencer, Richard (12 May 2013). "Under the black flag of al-Qaeda, the Syrian city ruled by gangs of extremists". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 7 June 2013. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
Spencer, Richard (2 June 2013). "Al-Qaeda sets up complaints department". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 3 June 2013. Retrieved 3 June 2013.

theguardian.com (Global: 16^th place; English: 11^th place)

K. Shaheen (2 December 2015) - Airstrikes have become routine for people in Raqqa, says activist Archived 25 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine The Guardian [Retrieved 30 December 2015]
Willsher, Kim (8 January 2016). "I went to join Isis in Syria, taking my four-year-old. It was a journey into hell". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 9 January 2016. Retrieved 9 January 2016.

time.com (Global: 84^th place; English: 63^rd place)

The Islamic State Is Gone. But Raqqa Lies in Pieces Time, October 2017.

uni-hamburg.de (Global: 3,375^th place; English: 4,648^th place)

aai.uni-hamburg.de

Heidemann, Stefan (2009). "Settlement Patterns, Economic Development and Archaeological Coin Finds in Bilad al-Sham: the Case of the Diyar Mudar - The Process of Transformation from the 6th to the 10th Century A.D." (PDF). Orient-Archäologie. 24: 493–516. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2022.

universiteitleiden.nl (Global: 5,842^nd place; English: 5,472^nd place)

"Website of the Scanning for Syria project at the Leiden University". Archived from the original on 22 April 2020. Retrieved 14 May 2020.

wbc.poznan.pl (Global: 2,699^th place; English: low place)

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wbg-wissenverbindet.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

Nieuwenhuyse, Olivier; Hiatlih, Khaled; al-Fakhri, Ayham; Haqi, Rasha; Ngan-Tillard, Dominique; Mara, Hubert; Burch Joosten, Katrina (2019), "Focus Raqqa: Schutz für das archäologische Erbe des Museums von ar-Raqqa", Antike Welt (in German), wbg Philipp von Zabern, pp. 76–83, retrieved 14 May 2020^{[permanent dead link]}

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"Averages for Ar-Raqqah". Weather Base. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 16 September 2014.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

"2004 Census Data for ar-Raqqah nahiyah" (in Arabic). Syrian Central Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on 18 November 2015. Retrieved 15 October 2015.
D. Remnick (22 November 2015) (22 November 2015). "Telling the Truth About ISIS and Raqqa". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 19 December 2015. Retrieved 30 December 2015.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
"Raqqa: IS 'capital' falls to US-backed Syrian forces". BBC News. 17 October 2017. Archived from the original on 27 July 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
Meinecke 1995, p. 410. Meinecke, Michael (1995). "al-Raḳḳa". Archived copy. The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume VIII: Ned–Sam. Leiden and New York: BRILL. pp. 410–414. ISBN 90-04-09834-8. Archived from the original on 4 December 2014. Retrieved 27 November 2014.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
Heracleensis, Marcianus (15 September 1839). "Périple de Marcien d'Héraclée, Épitome d'Artemidore, Isidore de Charax, etc., ou, Supplément aux dernières éditions des Petits géographes: d'après un manuscrit grec de la Bibliothèque Royale, avec une carte". A L'Imprimerie Royale. Archived from the original on 23 September 2023. Retrieved 23 May 2020 – via Google Books.
Meinecke, Michael (1996). Patterns of Stylistic Changes in Islamic Architecture: Local Traditions versus Migrating Artists. New York and London: New York University Press. pp. 1–22. ISBN 0-8147-5492-9. Archived from the original on 15 March 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
Revue de l'Orient chrétien Archived 19 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine, VI (1901), p. 197.
Heidemann, Stefan (2006). "The History of the Industrial and Commercial Area of 'Abbāsid Al-Raqqa, Called Al-Raqqa Al-Muḥtariqa". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 69 (1): 33–52. doi:10.1017/S0041977X06000024. JSTOR 20181988. S2CID 162831514. Archived from the original on 15 March 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
Heidemann, Stefan (2009). "Settlement Patterns, Economic Development and Archaeological Coin Finds in Bilad al-Sham: the Case of the Diyar Mudar - The Process of Transformation from the 6th to the 10th Century A.D." (PDF). Orient-Archäologie. 24: 493–516. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
Heidemann, Stefan (2011). "The Agricultural Hinterland of Baghdad, al-Raqqa and Samarra': Settlement Patterns in the Diyar Muḍar". In Borrut, A.; Debié, M.; Papaconstantinou, A.; Pieri, D.; Sodini, J.-P. (eds.). Le Proche-Orient de Justinien aux Abbasides: Peuplement et Dynamiques Spatiales. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers. ISBN 978-2-503-53572-2. Archived from the original on 23 September 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
Heidemann, Stefan (2005). "Numayrid ar-Raqqa: Archaeological and Historical Evidence for a 'Dimorphic State' in the Bedouin Dominated Fringes of the Fatimid Empire". Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta: 85–110. Archived from the original on 15 August 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
Ababsa, Myriam (2009). "The Shi'i Mausoleums of Raqqa: Iranian prosetylism and local significations". In Lawson, Fred H. (ed.). Demystifying Syria. London: Saqi Books. ISBN 978-0-86356-818-3. Archived from the original on 23 September 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
Ababsa, Myriam (20 September 2010). "Chapitre 1. " Politique des chefs " en Jazîra et " politique des notables " à Raqqa : La naissance d'une ville de front pionnier (1865-1946)". Raqqa, territoires et pratiques sociales d'une ville syrienne. Contemporain publications. Beyrouth: Presses de l'Ifpo. pp. 25–66. ISBN 9782351592625. Archived from the original on 3 June 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
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Spencer, Richard (2 June 2013). "Al-Qaeda sets up complaints department". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 3 June 2013. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
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Asia News. 27 September 2013, As jihadist rebels burn two Catholic churches in al-Raqqah, Assad's enemies openly split Archived 2 November 2019 at the Wayback Machine
"Inside ISIS: 2 women go undercover in Raqqa". The Foreign Desk. 14 March 2016. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
"Life in a Jihadist Capital: Order With a Darker Side". The New York Times. 23 July 2014. Archived from the original on 4 July 2017. Retrieved 30 May 2017. After capturing the largest, the Armenian Catholic Martyrs Church, ISIS removed its crosses, hung black flags from its façade and converted it into an Islamic center that screens videos of battles and suicide operations to recruit new fighters.
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"Syrian activists flee abuse in al-Qaeda-run Raqqa". BBC News. 13 November 2013. Archived from the original on 14 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013.
"Islamic State torches churches in Al-Raqqa". Syria Newsdesk. 26 September 2013. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2013.
"France Drops 20 Bombs on IS Stronghold Raqqa". Sky News. 15 November 2015. Archived from the original on 16 November 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
Fadel, Leith. "Civilians rise up against ISIS rule in Raqqa City: government". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
NICHOLS, HANS; BRUTON, F. BRINLEY (26 October 2016). "Raqqa Offensive Against ISIS to Begin Within Weeks: Ash Carter". NBC News. Archived from the original on 26 October 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
Raqqa: US coalition 'wiped city off Earth', Russia says Archived 5 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine BBC, 22 October 2017.
Raqqa: Isis 'capital' liberated by US-backed forces - but civilians face months of hardship with city left devastated Archived 9 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine The Independent, 17 October 2017.
Foreign Ministry: Raqqa still occupied, can only be considered liberated when Syrian Army enters it Archived 29 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine SANA, 29 October 2017.
"Ar-Raqqa Governorate Panoramic Report - December 2019" (PDF). Assistance Coordination Unit. 24 December 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
"Hospital In Raqqa Treats Women And Children Free Of Charge". Archived from the original on 21 October 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
"The First Functioning Hospital Opens In Raqqa After ISIS". Archived from the original on 21 October 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
"Raqqa Civil Council Rehabilitates Schools For The New Academic Year". Archived from the original on 21 October 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
"Newly Rebuilt Hospital In Raqqa Is Now Welcoming Patients". Archived from the original on 21 October 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
"Civil Society In Raqqa, Syria, Tackles Extremism Among Youth". Archived from the original on 21 October 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
"Raqqa Municipality Begins Rebuilding Roads In The City". Archived from the original on 21 October 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
"Local Authorities Rebuild Raqqa Bridge After ISIS Destruction". Archived from the original on 21 October 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
"Water crisis blights the lives of residents in Raqqa". Archived from the original on 21 October 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
"Irrigation Canals In Raqqa Provide Water To 10,000 Hectares Of Land". Archived from the original on 21 October 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
"Raqqa Stadium: From ISIS Prison To Centre Of Sports In The City". Archived from the original on 23 July 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
"Rehabilitation of amusement park in Raqqa". SDF Press. 26 May 2018. Archived from the original on 21 October 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
"Progress in The City Of Raqqa, One Year On From ISIS". Al Shahid. Archived from the original on 28 October 2018. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
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worldweatheronline.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

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wsj.com (Global: 94^th place; English: 66^th place)

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Raqqa (English Wikipedia)

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