Rashidun Caliphate (English Wikipedia)

Madelung, Wilferd (2003). "Ḥasan B. ʿAli B. Abi Ṭāleb". Encyclopædia Iranica. Encyclopedia Iranica Foundation. Archived from the original on 17 November 2013.
As the Arabs of the Ḥejāz had used the drahms of the Sasanian-style, the only silver coinage in the world at that time, it was natural for them to leave many of the Sasanian mints in operation, striking coins like those of the emperors in every detail except for the addition of brief Arabic inscriptions like besmellāh in the margins.https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/coins-and-coinage-

jstor.org

Rein Taagepera (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia". International Studies Quarterly. 41 (3): 495. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00053. JSTOR 2600793.
Hinds 1972, p. 457. Hinds, Martin (October 1972). "The Murder of the Caliph Uthman". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 13 (4): 450–469. doi:10.1017/S0020743800025216. JSTOR 162492. S2CID 159763369.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
Bosworth 1996, pp. 157–158. Bosworth, C. Edmund (July 1996). "Arab Attacks on Rhodes in the Pre-Ottoman Period". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 6 (2): 157–164. doi:10.1017/S1356186300007161. JSTOR 25183178. S2CID 163550092.

militaryhistoryonline.com

Fratini, Dan (1 April 2006). "The Battle Of Yarmuk, 636". Military History Online. Archived from the original on 16 May 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2014.

newadvent.org

"Catholic Encyclopedia: Cyrus of Alexandria". New Advent. Archived from the original on 24 March 2011.

nytimes.com

Noah Feldman (16 March 2008). "Why Shariah?". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 October 2008.

oxfordislamicstudies.com

Fromherz, Allen. "Islam and the Sea". Oxford Islamic studies. Oxford. Archived from the original on 27 January 2014. Retrieved 31 October 2021.

questia.com

Hugh Kennedy (2001). "Chapter Seven: Weapons and equipment in early Muslim armies". The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State. London: Routledge. p. 168. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
Kennedy, Hugh (2001). "Chapter Eight: Fortification and siege warfare". The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State. London: Routledge. p. 183. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 10 September 2017.

renaissance.com.pk

Shadi Hamid (August 2003), "An Islamic Alternative? Equality, Redistributive Justice, and the Welfare State in the Caliphate of Umar", Renaissance: Monthly Islamic Journal, 13 (8) (see online) Archived August 25, 2011, at the Wayback Machine

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Hinds 1972, p. 457. Hinds, Martin (October 1972). "The Murder of the Caliph Uthman". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 13 (4): 450–469. doi:10.1017/S0020743800025216. JSTOR 162492. S2CID 159763369.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
Bosworth 1996, pp. 157–158. Bosworth, C. Edmund (July 1996). "Arab Attacks on Rhodes in the Pre-Ottoman Period". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 6 (2): 157–164. doi:10.1017/S1356186300007161. JSTOR 25183178. S2CID 163550092.
Frastuti 2020, p. 122. Frastuti, Melia (2020). "Reformasi Sistem Administrasi Pemerintahan, Penakhlukkan di Darat Dan Dilautan Pada Era Bani Umayyah". Jurnal Kajian Ekonomi Hukum Syariah (in Malay). 6 (2): 119–127. doi:10.37567/shar-e.v6i2.227. S2CID 234578454.

swordofallah.com

A. I. Alkram. "Chapter 19: The Battle of Chains – Chapter 26: The Last Opposition". Khalid bin Al-Waleed: His Life and Campaigns. The Sword of Allah. p. 1.
- "Chapter 19: The Battle of Chains". p. 1. Archived from the original on 26 January 2002.
- A.I. Akram. "Chapter 31: The Unkind Cut". The Sword of Allah: Khalid bin Al-Waleed: His Life and Campaigns. p. 1. Archived from the original on 5 January 2003. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
- "Chapter 32: The Battle of Fahl". Khalid bin Al-Waleed: His Life and Campaigns. The Sword of Allah. p. 1. Archived from the original on 10 January 2003. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
- "The Eve of Yarmuk". Khalid bin Al-Waleed. Archived from the original on 2 April 2007.
- "The Conquest of Emessa". Khalid bin Al-Waleed. Archived from the original on 6 March 2007.

tertullian.org

"John, Bishop of Nikiu: Chronicle. London (1916). English Translation". www.tertullian.org. Archived from the original on 9 January 2011.

web.archive.org

Madelung, Wilferd (2003). "Ḥasan B. ʿAli B. Abi Ṭāleb". Encyclopædia Iranica. Encyclopedia Iranica Foundation. Archived from the original on 17 November 2013.
A. I. Alkram. "Chapter 19: The Battle of Chains – Chapter 26: The Last Opposition". Khalid bin Al-Waleed: His Life and Campaigns. The Sword of Allah. p. 1.
- "Chapter 19: The Battle of Chains". p. 1. Archived from the original on 26 January 2002.
- A.I. Akram. "Chapter 31: The Unkind Cut". The Sword of Allah: Khalid bin Al-Waleed: His Life and Campaigns. p. 1. Archived from the original on 5 January 2003. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
- "Chapter 32: The Battle of Fahl". Khalid bin Al-Waleed: His Life and Campaigns. The Sword of Allah. p. 1. Archived from the original on 10 January 2003. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
- "The Eve of Yarmuk". Khalid bin Al-Waleed. Archived from the original on 2 April 2007.
- "The Conquest of Emessa". Khalid bin Al-Waleed. Archived from the original on 6 March 2007.
- "Catholic Encyclopedia: Cyrus of Alexandria". New Advent. Archived from the original on 24 March 2011.
- "John, Bishop of Nikiu: Chronicle. London (1916). English Translation". www.tertullian.org. Archived from the original on 9 January 2011.
- "The Muslims Internet Directory: e Process of Choosing the Leader (Caliph) of the Muslims: The Muslim Khilafa". www.2muslims.com. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011.
- Shadi Hamid (August 2003), "An Islamic Alternative? Equality, Redistributive Justice, and the Welfare State in the Caliphate of Umar", Renaissance: Monthly Islamic Journal, 13 (8) (see online) Archived August 25, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
- Fratini, Dan (1 April 2006). "The Battle Of Yarmuk, 636". Military History Online. Archived from the original on 16 May 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2014.
- Hugh Kennedy (2001). "Chapter Seven: Weapons and equipment in early Muslim armies". The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State. London: Routledge. p. 168. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
- Kennedy, Hugh (2001). "Chapter Eight: Fortification and siege warfare". The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State. London: Routledge. p. 183. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
- Fromherz, Allen. "Islam and the Sea". Oxford Islamic studies. Oxford. Archived from the original on 27 January 2014. Retrieved 31 October 2021.

worldcat.org

Vasiliev 1935, p. 131-207. Vasiliev, Alexander A. (1935). Byzance et les Arabes, Tome I: La dynastie d'Amorium (820–867). Corpus Bruxellense Historiae Byzantinae (in French). French ed.: Henri Grégoire, Marius Canard. Brussels: Éditions de l'Institut de philologie et d'histoire orientales. p. 90. OCLC 181731396.