Red Terror (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Red Terror" in English language version.

Last modified: 05:52:04, 17 August 2026 (UTC)

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Llewellyn, Jennifer; McConnell, Michael; Thompson, Steve (11 August 2019). "The Red Terror". Russian Revolution. Alpha History. Retrieved 4 August 2021.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

An online English translation of the second edition of Melgunov's work is accessible at Internet Archive, whence the following translated text is drawn (p. 85, note n. 128): "Professor [Charles] Sarolea, who published a series of articles about Russia in Edinburgh newspaper "The Scotsman" touched upon the death statistics in an essay on terror (No. 7, November 1923.). He summarized the outcome of the Bolshevik massacre as follows: 28 bishops, 1219 clergy, 6000 professors and teachers, 9000 doctors, 54,000 officers, 260,000 soldiers, 70,000 policemen, 12,950 landowners, 355,250 professionals, 193,290 workers, 815,000 peasants. The author did not provide the sources of that data. Needless to say that the precise counts seem [too] fictional, but the author's [characterisation] of terror in Russia in general matches reality." The note is somewhat abbreviated in the 1925 English edition cited in the bibliography: in particular, it omits the mention of the imaginative nature of the data.^[88]
Liebman, Marcel (1975). Leninism under Lenin. London: Jonathan Cape. pp. 313–314. ISBN 0224010727.
Melgunov (1925). Melgunov, Sergei Petrovich (1925). The Red Terror in Russia. London & Toronto: Dent (reprinted in 1975 by Hyperion, Westport, CT. ISBN 0-88355-187-X).
Radzinsky, Edvard (1997). Stalin: The First In-depth Biography Based on Explosive New Documents from Russia's Secret Archives. Anchor. pp. 152–155. ISBN 0-385-47954-9.
Suvorov, Viktor (1984). Inside Soviet Military Intelligence. New York: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-02-615510-6.
Leggett (1981), pp. 312–313. Leggett, George (1981). The Cheka: Lenin's political police. The All–Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter–Revolution and Sabotage, December 1917 to February 1922. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-822552-0.
Melgunov (1925), pp. 186–195. Melgunov, Sergei Petrovich (1925). The Red Terror in Russia. London & Toronto: Dent (reprinted in 1975 by Hyperion, Westport, CT. ISBN 0-88355-187-X).
Leggett (1981), pp. 197–198. Leggett, George (1981). The Cheka: Lenin's political police. The All–Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter–Revolution and Sabotage, December 1917 to February 1922. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-822552-0.
Leggett (1981), p. 199. Leggett, George (1981). The Cheka: Lenin's political police. The All–Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter–Revolution and Sabotage, December 1917 to February 1922. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-822552-0.
Melgunov (1925), p. 111, note no 1. Melgunov, Sergei Petrovich (1925). The Red Terror in Russia. London & Toronto: Dent (reprinted in 1975 by Hyperion, Westport, CT. ISBN 0-88355-187-X).
Leggett (1981), p. 114. Leggett, George (1981). The Cheka: Lenin's political police. The All–Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter–Revolution and Sabotage, December 1917 to February 1922. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-822552-0.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

McDaniel, James Frank (1976). Political Assassination and Mass Execution: Terrorism in Revolutionary Russia, 1878–1938. University of Michigan. p. 348.
Hingley, Ronald (2021). "7. The Cheka: 1917–1922". The Russian Secret Police: Muscovite, Imperial Russian and Soviet Political Security Operations 1565–1970. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-37135-2. By contrast, the figure of victims quoted by White Russian General Denikin for the years 1918–19 is 1,700,000, which appears to be a considerable exaggeration. W.H.Chamberlain's rough estimate of fifty thousand executed by Cheka during the Civil War must be nearer the truth.
Goodwin, James (2010). Confronting Dostoevsky's Demons: Anarchism and the Specter of Bakunin in Twentieth-century Russia. Peter Lang. p. 48. ISBN 978-1-4331-0883-9.
Ryan (2012), pp. 105–106. Ryan, James (2012). Lenin's Terror: The Ideological Origins of Early Soviet State Violence. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-81568-1.
Slezkine, Yuri (2019), The House of Government: a saga of the Russian Revolution, Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, pp. 158–159, ISBN 9780691192727, OCLC 1003859221
Rayfield, Donald (2004). Stalin and His Hangmen: The Tyrant and Those Who Killed for Him. Random House. p. 83. ISBN 0-375-50632-2. See also Stalin and His Hangmen.
Gellately (2008), 72. Gellately, Robert (2008). Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe. Knopf. ISBN 978-1-4000-3213-6.
Pries, Ludger; Yankelevich, Pablo (2018). European and Latin American Social Scientists as Refugees, Émigrés and Return-Migrants. Springer. p. 60. ISBN 978-3-319-99265-5.
Reconstructing Lenin: An Intellectual Biography. NYU Press. 27 February 2015. ISBN 978-1-58367-450-5.
Ryan (2012), p. 114. Ryan, James (2012). Lenin's Terror: The Ideological Origins of Early Soviet State Violence. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-81568-1.
Mayer (2002), p. 395; Werth (1999), p. 117. Mayer, Arno J. (2002). The Furies: Violence and Terror in the French and Russian Revolutions. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-09015-3. Werth, Nicolas (1999). "A State against Its People: Violence, Repression, and Terror in the Soviet Union". The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression. Harvard University Press. pp. 33–268. ISBN 978-0-674-07608-2.
Figes (1998), p. 768; Pipes (2011), pp. 387–401. Figes, Orlando (1998). A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891–1924. Penguin Books. ISBN 0670-859168. Pipes, Richard (2011). Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-307-78861-0.
Gellately (2008), 58. Gellately, Robert (2008). Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe. Knopf. ISBN 978-1-4000-3213-6.
Brovkin (1994), pp. 68–69. Brovkin, Vladimir N. (1994). Behind the Front Lines of the Civil War: Political Parties and Social Movements in Russia, 1918–1922. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-03278-5.
Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev. A Century of Violence in Soviet Russia. Yale University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-300-08760-8 p. 156
Ryan (2012), p. 2. Ryan, James (2012). Lenin's Terror: The Ideological Origins of Early Soviet State Violence. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-81568-1.
Smele (2015), p. 934. Smele, Jonathan D. (2015). "Red terror". Historical dictionary of the Russian civil wars, 1916–1926. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 932–934. ISBN 978-1-4422-5281-3.
Melgunov (2008), p. 171, 570. Melgunov, Sergei Petrovich (2008) [1924]. Der rote Terror in Russland 1918–1923 (reprint of the 1924 Olga Diakow edition) (in German). Berlin: OEZ. ISBN 978-3-940452-47-4.
Fleming, D. F. (2021). The Cold War and its Origins, 1917–1960: Volume One 1917–1950. Routledge. pp. 1–626. ISBN 978-1-000-26196-7.
Lenin, Vladimir (1965) [1918–1919]. "A Little Picture in Illustration of Big Problems". Collected works (edited and translated by Jim Riordan). Vol. 28. Moskow: Progress Publisher. p. 389.
Werth (1999), p. 76. Werth, Nicolas (1999). "A State against Its People: Violence, Repression, and Terror in the Soviet Union". The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression. Harvard University Press. pp. 33–268. ISBN 978-0-674-07608-2.
Greene, Douglas (20 March 2023). Stalinism and the Dialectics of Saturn: Anticommunism, Marxism, and the Fate of the Soviet Union. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-6669-3090-0.
Ryan (2012), p. 116. Ryan, James (2012). Lenin's Terror: The Ideological Origins of Early Soviet State Violence. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-81568-1.
Ryan (2012), p. 74. Ryan, James (2012). Lenin's Terror: The Ideological Origins of Early Soviet State Violence. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-81568-1.
Revolution and Political Violence in Central Europe: The Deluge of 1919. Cambridge University Press. July 2021. ISBN 978-0-521-76830-6.
Mazower, Mark, "After the War Was Over: Reconstructing the Family, Nation, and State in Greece, 1943–1960". Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2016
Denis Twitchett, John K. Fairbank The Cambridge history of China,ISBN 0-521-24338-6 p. 177

cyberleninka.ru (Global: 527^th place; English: 2,876^th place)

Kapchinsky, Oleg Ivanovich; Ratkovsky, Ilya Sergeevich (2021). "P.D. Malkov - Commandant of Smolny and the Kremlin". Петербургский исторический журнал [Saint-Petersburg Historical Journal] (1). doi:10.51255/2311-603X_2021_1_282. Retrieved 14 May 2024.

ditext.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Avrich, Paul (1967). "7. The Anarchists and the Bolshevik Regime". The Russian Anarchists.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Melgunov (1927), p. 202. Melgunov, Sergei Petrovich (November 1927). "The Record of the Red Terror". Current History. 27 (2): 198–205. doi:10.1525/curh.1927.27.2.198. JSTOR 45332605. S2CID 207926889.
Melgunov (1927). Melgunov, Sergei Petrovich (November 1927). "The Record of the Red Terror". Current History. 27 (2): 198–205. doi:10.1525/curh.1927.27.2.198. JSTOR 45332605. S2CID 207926889.
Semukhina, Olga B.; Galliher, John F. (December 2009). "Death penalty politics and symbolic law in Russia". International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice. 37 (4): 131–153. doi:10.1016/j.ijlcj.2009.07.001. S2CID 263150656 (quoted from the authors' final, peer-reviewed manuscript, accessible online at: "Death Penalty Politics and Symbolic Law in Russia". e-Publications@Marquette. Milwaukee, WI: Marquette University. p. 6. Retrieved 28 October 2023).
Avrich, Paul (1967). "The Anarchists in the Russian Revolution" (PDF). The Russian Review. 26 (4): 346–349. doi:10.2307/126893. JSTOR 126893.
Kapchinsky, Oleg Ivanovich; Ratkovsky, Ilya Sergeevich (2021). "P.D. Malkov - Commandant of Smolny and the Kremlin". Петербургский исторический журнал [Saint-Petersburg Historical Journal] (1). doi:10.51255/2311-603X_2021_1_282. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
Lyandres, Semion (Autumn 1989). "The 1918 Attempt on the Life of Lenin: A New Look at the Evidence". Slavic Review. 48 (3). Cambridge University Press: 432–448. doi:10.2307/2498997. JSTOR 2498997. S2CID 155228899.

google.it (Global: 1,703^rd place; English: low place)

Geifman, Anna (2008). "Red Terror in Soviet Russia, 1917–21". In Bowden, Brett; Davis, Michael T. (eds.). Terror: From Tyrannicide to Terrorism. St. Lucia, Queensland: University of Queensland Press. pp. 161 ff. ISBN 9780702235993.

historyrussia.org (Global: 8,288^th place; English: low place)

docs.historyrussia.org

Danilov, Viktor (1998). Soviet village through the eyes of the Cheka–OGPU–NKVD. 1918–1939. In 4 volumes. V. 1. 1918–1922.(Советская деревня глазами ВЧК–ОГПУ–НКВД. 1918–1939. В 4-х т. Т. 1. 1918–1922 гг.) p.104. Moscow: Russian Political Encyclopedia. ISBN 5-86004-184-5.With the reference to Russian State Military Historical Archive, 33987/3/32.

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

Melgunov (1927), p. 202. Melgunov, Sergei Petrovich (November 1927). "The Record of the Red Terror". Current History. 27 (2): 198–205. doi:10.1525/curh.1927.27.2.198. JSTOR 45332605. S2CID 207926889.
Melgunov (1927). Melgunov, Sergei Petrovich (November 1927). "The Record of the Red Terror". Current History. 27 (2): 198–205. doi:10.1525/curh.1927.27.2.198. JSTOR 45332605. S2CID 207926889.
Avrich, Paul (1967). "The Anarchists in the Russian Revolution" (PDF). The Russian Review. 26 (4): 346–349. doi:10.2307/126893. JSTOR 126893.
Lyandres, Semion (Autumn 1989). "The 1918 Attempt on the Life of Lenin: A New Look at the Evidence". Slavic Review. 48 (3). Cambridge University Press: 432–448. doi:10.2307/2498997. JSTOR 2498997. S2CID 155228899.

lib.ru (Global: 1,734^th place; English: 2,661^st place)

С.П.Мельгунов. "Красный террор" в Россiи 1918–1923 (Melgunov, S.P. Red Terror in Russia 1918–1923) (in Russian)

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Avrich, Paul (1967). "The Anarchists in the Russian Revolution" (PDF). The Russian Review. 26 (4): 346–349. doi:10.2307/126893. JSTOR 126893.

marquette.edu (Global: 8,736^th place; English: 4,761^st place)

epublications.marquette.edu

Semukhina, Olga B.; Galliher, John F. (December 2009). "Death penalty politics and symbolic law in Russia". International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice. 37 (4): 131–153. doi:10.1016/j.ijlcj.2009.07.001. S2CID 263150656 (quoted from the authors' final, peer-reviewed manuscript, accessible online at: "Death Penalty Politics and Symbolic Law in Russia". e-Publications@Marquette. Milwaukee, WI: Marquette University. p. 6. Retrieved 28 October 2023).

marxists.org (Global: 952^nd place; English: 914^th place)

Robert Daglish, ed. (2002). "The Socialist Fatherland is in Danger!". Marxists Internet Archive. Translated by Clemens Dutt. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
Goldman, Emma (1925). "XXVIII. Persecution of Anarchists". My Disillusionment in Russia.
Karl Kautsky, Terrorism and Communism Chapter VIII, The Communists at Work, The Terror
Karl Marx, The Class Struggles in France (1850).
Julius Martov, Down with the Death Penalty!, June/July 1918.

nationalgeographic.com (Global: 489^th place; English: 425^th place)

Blakemore, Erin (2 September 2020). "How the Red Terror set a macabre course for the Soviet Union". National Geographic. Archived from the original on February 22, 2021. Retrieved 13 July 2021. The poet was just one of many victims of the Red Terror, a state-sponsored wave of violence that was decreed in Russia on September 5, 1918, and lasted until 1922.

scepsis.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

Zayats, Nikolay. "On the scale of the Red Terror during the Civil War". scepsis.net.

sciencespo.fr (Global: 5,641^st place; English: 5,718^th place)

Werth, Nicolas (2008-03-21). "Crimes and Mass Violence of the Russian Civil Wars (1918-1921) | Sciences Po Mass Violence and Resistance - Research Network". Sciences Po Mass Violence and Resistance - Research Network. ISSN 1961-9898. Archived from the original on 2025-06-19. Retrieved 2025-08-20.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Melgunov (1927), p. 202. Melgunov, Sergei Petrovich (November 1927). "The Record of the Red Terror". Current History. 27 (2): 198–205. doi:10.1525/curh.1927.27.2.198. JSTOR 45332605. S2CID 207926889.
Melgunov (1927). Melgunov, Sergei Petrovich (November 1927). "The Record of the Red Terror". Current History. 27 (2): 198–205. doi:10.1525/curh.1927.27.2.198. JSTOR 45332605. S2CID 207926889.
Semukhina, Olga B.; Galliher, John F. (December 2009). "Death penalty politics and symbolic law in Russia". International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice. 37 (4): 131–153. doi:10.1016/j.ijlcj.2009.07.001. S2CID 263150656 (quoted from the authors' final, peer-reviewed manuscript, accessible online at: "Death Penalty Politics and Symbolic Law in Russia". e-Publications@Marquette. Milwaukee, WI: Marquette University. p. 6. Retrieved 28 October 2023).
Lyandres, Semion (Autumn 1989). "The 1918 Attempt on the Life of Lenin: A New Look at the Evidence". Slavic Review. 48 (3). Cambridge University Press: 432–448. doi:10.2307/2498997. JSTOR 2498997. S2CID 155228899.

spartacus-educational.com (Global: 4,241^st place; English: 3,572^nd place)

"Fanya Kaplan". Spartacus Educational.

svoboda.org (Global: 1,308^th place; English: 4,806^th place)

""Krasny Terror": 1918–…?" "Красный террор": 1918–…? ["The Red Terror": 1918– …?]. Radio Svoboda Радио Свобода. 7 September 2018.

theanarchistlibrary.org (Global: 9,014^th place; English: 7,598^th place)

Berkman, Alexander; Goldman, Emma (January 1922). "Bolsheviks Shooting Anarchists". Freedom. 36 (391): 4. Retrieved 9 May 2023.

thoughtco.com (Global: 2,170^th place; English: 1,937^th place)

Wilde, Robert. 2019 February 20. "The Red Terror." ThoughtCo. Retrieved March 24, 2021.

time.com (Global: 84^th place; English: 63^rd place)

Bird, Danny (5 September 2018). "How the 'Red Terror' Exposed the True Turmoil of Soviet Russia 100 Years Ago". TIME.
Bird, Danny (September 5, 2018). "How the 'Red Terror' Exposed the True Turmoil of Soviet Russia 100 Years Ago". Time. Retrieved 2021-03-24.

upenn.edu (Global: 784^th place; English: 498^th place)

history.upenn.edu

Peter Holquist, "Violent Russia, Deadly Marxism?"

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Blakemore, Erin (2 September 2020). "How the Red Terror set a macabre course for the Soviet Union". National Geographic. Archived from the original on February 22, 2021. Retrieved 13 July 2021. The poet was just one of many victims of the Red Terror, a state-sponsored wave of violence that was decreed in Russia on September 5, 1918, and lasted until 1922.
Werth, Nicolas (2008-03-21). "Crimes and Mass Violence of the Russian Civil Wars (1918-1921) | Sciences Po Mass Violence and Resistance - Research Network". Sciences Po Mass Violence and Resistance - Research Network. ISSN 1961-9898. Archived from the original on 2025-06-19. Retrieved 2025-08-20.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Slezkine, Yuri (2019), The House of Government: a saga of the Russian Revolution, Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, pp. 158–159, ISBN 9780691192727, OCLC 1003859221
Werth, Nicolas (2008-03-21). "Crimes and Mass Violence of the Russian Civil Wars (1918-1921) | Sciences Po Mass Violence and Resistance - Research Network". Sciences Po Mass Violence and Resistance - Research Network. ISSN 1961-9898. Archived from the original on 2025-06-19. Retrieved 2025-08-20.

Red Terror (English Wikipedia)

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