Redshift (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Redshift" in English language version.

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Pannekoek, A. (1961). A History of Astronomy. Interscience. p. 451.
Peebles 1993, pp. 78–79. Peebles, P. J. E. (1993). Principles of Physical Cosmology. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-01933-8.
Peebles 1993, p. 34. Peebles, P. J. E. (1993). Principles of Physical Cosmology. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-01933-8.

arxiv.org

Ding, Qianhang (August 2021). "Detectability of primordial black hole binaries at high redshift". Physical Review D. 104 (4). id. 043527. arXiv:2011.13643. Bibcode:2021PhRvD.104d3527D. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.104.043527.
Lewis, Geraint F. (2016). "On The Relativity of Redshifts: Does Space Really "Expand"?". Australian Physics. 53: 95. arXiv:1605.08634.
Bunn, E. F.; Hogg, D. W. (2009). "The kinematic origin of the cosmological redshift". American Journal of Physics. 77 (8): 688–694. arXiv:0808.1081. Bibcode:2009AmJPh..77..688B. doi:10.1119/1.3129103. S2CID 1365918.
This is only true in a universe where there are no peculiar velocities. Otherwise, redshifts combine as
$1+z=(1+z_{\mathrm {Doppler} })(1+z_{\mathrm {expansion} })$
which yields solutions where certain objects that "recede" are blueshifted and other objects that "approach" are redshifted. For more on this bizarre result see: Davis, T. M.; Lineweaver, C. H.; Webb, J. K. (April 2003). "Solutions to the tethered galaxy problem in an expanding universe and the observation of receding blueshifted objects". American Journal of Physics. 71 (4): 358–364. arXiv:astro-ph/0104349. Bibcode:2003AmJPh..71..358D. doi:10.1119/1.1528916. S2CID 3219383.
Pilipenko, Sergey V. (2013). "Paper-and-pencil cosmological calculator". arXiv:1303.5961 [astro-ph.CO]. Including Fortran-90 code upon which the citing charts and formulae are based.
When cosmological redshifts were first discovered, Fritz Zwicky proposed an effect known as tired light. While usually considered for historical interests, it is sometimes, along with intrinsic redshift suggestions, utilized by nonstandard cosmologies. In 1981, H. J. Reboul summarised many alternative redshift mechanisms that had been discussed in the literature since the 1930s. In 2001, Geoffrey Burbidge remarked in a review that the wider astronomical community has marginalized such discussions since the 1960s. Burbidge and Halton Arp, while investigating the mystery of the nature of quasars, tried to develop alternative redshift mechanisms, and very few of their fellow scientists acknowledged let alone accepted their work. Moreover, Goldhaber, G.; et al. (2001). "Timescale Stretch Parameterization of Type Ia Supernova B-Band Lightcurves". Astrophysical Journal. 558 (1): 359–386. arXiv:astro-ph/0104382. Bibcode:2001ApJ...558..359G. doi:10.1086/322460. S2CID 17237531. pointed out that alternative theories are unable to account for timescale stretch observed in type Ia supernovae
Bolzonella, M.; Miralles, J.-M.; Pelló, R. (2000). "Photometric redshifts based on standard SED fitting procedures". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 363: 476–492. arXiv:astro-ph/0003380. Bibcode:2000A&A...363..476B.
A pedagogical overview of the K-correction by David Hogg and other members of the SDSS collaboration can be found at: Hogg, David W.; et al. (October 2002). "The K correction". arXiv:astro-ph/0210394.
Ge, Jian; Van Eyken, Julian; Mahadevan, Suvrath; Dewitt, Curtis; et al. (2006). "The First Extrasolar Planet Discovered with a New-Generation High-Throughput Doppler Instrument". The Astrophysical Journal. 648 (1): 683–695. arXiv:astro-ph/0605247. Bibcode:2006ApJ...648..683G. doi:10.1086/505699. S2CID 13879217.
Kellermann, K.I. (2014). "The Discovery of Quasars and its Aftermath". Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage. 17 (3): 267–282. arXiv:1304.3627. doi:10.3724/SP.J.1440-2807.2014.03.03.
Percival, Will J.; White, Martin (11 February 2009). "Testing cosmological structure formation using redshift-space distortions". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 393 (1): 297–308. arXiv:0808.0003. Bibcode:2009MNRAS.393..297P. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.14211.x.
Raccanelli, A.; Bertacca, D.; Pietrobon, D.; Schmidt, F.; Samushia, L.; Bartolo, N.; Dore, O.; Matarrese, S.; Percival, W. J. (25 September 2013). "Testing gravity using large-scale redshift-space distortions". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 436 (1): 89–100. arXiv:1207.0500. Bibcode:2013MNRAS.436...89R. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1517.
Carniani, Stefano; Hainline, Kevin; D'Eugenio, Francesco; Eisenstein, Daniel J.; Jakobsen, Peter; Witstok, Joris; Johnson, Benjamin D.; Chevallard, Jacopo; Maiolino, Roberto; Helton, Jakob M.; Willott, Chris; Robertson, Brant; Alberts, Stacey; Arribas, Santiago; Baker, William M. (2024-07-29). "Spectroscopic confirmation of two luminous galaxies at a redshift of 14". Nature. 633 (8029): 318–322. arXiv:2405.18485. Bibcode:2024Natur.633..318C. doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07860-9. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 11390484. PMID 39074505.
Oesch, P. A.; et al. (March 1, 2016). "A Remarkably Luminous Galaxy at z=11.1 Measured with Hubble Space Telescope Grism Spectroscopy". The Astrophysical Journal. 819 (2): 129. arXiv:1603.00461. Bibcode:2016ApJ...819..129O. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/819/2/129. S2CID 119262750.
Watson, Darach; Christensen, Lise; Knudsen, Kirsten Kraiberg; Richard, Johan; Gallazzi, Anna; Michałowski, Michał Jerzy (2015). "A dusty, normal galaxy in the epoch of reionization". Nature. 519 (7543): 327–330. arXiv:1503.00002. Bibcode:2015Natur.519..327W. doi:10.1038/nature14164. PMID 25731171. S2CID 2514879.
Bradley, L. D.; et al. (2008). "Discovery of a Very Bright Strongly Lensed Galaxy Candidate at z ~ 7.6". The Astrophysical Journal. 678 (2): 647–654. arXiv:0802.2506. Bibcode:2008ApJ...678..647B. doi:10.1086/533519. S2CID 15574239.
Egami, E.; et al. (2005). "Spitzer and Hubble Space Telescope Constraints on the Physical Properties of the z~7 Galaxy Strongly Lensed by A2218". The Astrophysical Journal. 618 (1): L5 – L8. arXiv:astro-ph/0411117. Bibcode:2005ApJ...618L...5E. doi:10.1086/427550. S2CID 15920310.
Salvaterra, R.; Valle, M. Della; Campana, S.; Chincarini, G.; et al. (2009). "GRB 090423 reveals an exploding star at the epoch of re-ionization". Nature. 461 (7268): 1258–60. arXiv:0906.1578. Bibcode:2009Natur.461.1258S. doi:10.1038/nature08445. PMID 19865166. S2CID 205218263.
Bañados, Eduardo; Venemans, Bram P.; Mazzucchelli, Chiara; Farina, Emanuele P.; Walter, Fabian; Wang, Feige; Decarli, Roberto; Stern, Daniel; Fan, Xiaohui; Davies, Frederick B.; Hennawi, Joseph F.; Simcoe, Robert A.; Turner, Monica L.; Rix, Hans-Walter; Yang, Jinyi; Kelson, Daniel D.; Rudie, Gwen C.; Winters, Jan Martin (January 2018). "An 800-million-solar-mass black hole in a significantly neutral Universe at a redshift of 7.5". Nature. 553 (7689): 473–476. arXiv:1712.01860. Bibcode:2018Natur.553..473B. doi:10.1038/nature25180. PMID 29211709. S2CID 205263326.
Saxena, A. (2018). "Discovery of a radio galaxy at z = 5.72". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 480 (2): 2733–2742. arXiv:1806.01191. Bibcode:2018MNRAS.480.2733S. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1996. S2CID 118830412.
Walter, Fabian; Bertoldi, Frank; Carilli, Chris; Cox, Pierre; et al. (2003). "Molecular gas in the host galaxy of a quasar at redshift z = 6.42". Nature. 424 (6947): 406–8. arXiv:astro-ph/0307410. Bibcode:2003Natur.424..406W. doi:10.1038/nature01821. PMID 12879063. S2CID 4419009.
Smail, Ian; Owen, F. N.; Morrison, G. E.; Keel, W. C.; et al. (2002). "The Diversity of Extremely Red Objects". The Astrophysical Journal. 581 (2): 844–864. arXiv:astro-ph/0208434. Bibcode:2002ApJ...581..844S. doi:10.1086/344440. S2CID 51737034.
Totani, Tomonori; Yoshii, Yuzuru; Iwamuro, Fumihide; Maihara, Toshinori; et al. (2001). "Hyper Extremely Red Objects in the Subaru Deep Field: Evidence for Primordial Elliptical Galaxies in the Dusty Starburst Phase". The Astrophysical Journal. 558 (2): L87 – L91. arXiv:astro-ph/0108145. Bibcode:2001ApJ...558L..87T. doi:10.1086/323619. S2CID 119511017.
Gawiser, E.; Silk, J. (2000). "The cosmic microwave background radiation". Physics Reports. 333–334 (2000): 245–267. arXiv:astro-ph/0002044. Bibcode:2000PhR...333..245G. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.588.3349. doi:10.1016/S0370-1573(00)00025-9. S2CID 15398837.
Naoz, S.; Noter, S.; Barkana, R. (2006). "The first stars in the Universe". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters. 373 (1): L98 – L102. arXiv:astro-ph/0604050. Bibcode:2006MNRAS.373L..98N. doi:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2006.00251.x. S2CID 14454275.
Lesgourgues, J; Pastor, S (2006). "Massive neutrinos and cosmology". Physics Reports. 429 (6): 307–379. arXiv:astro-ph/0603494. Bibcode:2006PhR...429..307L. doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2006.04.001. S2CID 5955312.
Grishchuk, Leonid P (2005). "Relic gravitational waves and cosmology". Physics-Uspekhi. 48 (12): 1235–1247. arXiv:gr-qc/0504018. Bibcode:2005PhyU...48.1235G. doi:10.1070/PU2005v048n12ABEH005795. S2CID 11957123.
Sobral, David; Matthee, Jorryt; Darvish, Behnam; Schaerer, Daniel; Mobasher, Bahram; Röttgering, Huub J. A.; Santos, Sérgio; Hemmati, Shoubaneh (4 June 2015). "Evidence For POPIII-Like Stellar Populations In The Most Luminous LYMAN-α Emitters At The Epoch Of Re-Ionisation: Spectroscopic Confirmation". The Astrophysical Journal. 808 (2): 139. arXiv:1504.01734. Bibcode:2015ApJ...808..139S. doi:10.1088/0004-637x/808/2/139. S2CID 18471887.
Cole, Shaun; Percival, Will J.; Peacock, John A.; Norberg, Peder; et al. (2005). "The 2dF galaxy redshift survey: Power-spectrum analysis of the final dataset and cosmological implications". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 362 (2): 505–34. arXiv:astro-ph/0501174. Bibcode:2005MNRAS.362..505C. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09318.x. S2CID 6906627. 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey homepage Archived 2007-02-05 at the Wayback Machine
Gunn, James E.; Siegmund, Walter A.; Mannery, Edward J.; Owen, Russell E.; Hull, Charles L.; Leger, R. French; et al. (April 2006). "The 2.5 m Telescope of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey". The Astronomical Journal. 131 (4): 2332–2359. arXiv:astro-ph/0602326. Bibcode:2006AJ....131.2332G. doi:10.1086/500975.
Almeida, Andrés; et al. (2023). "The Eighteenth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys: Targeting and First Spectra from SDSS-V". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 267 (2): 44. arXiv:2301.07688. Bibcode:2023ApJS..267...44A. doi:10.3847/1538-4365/acda98.
Davis, Marc; et al. (DEEP2 collaboration) (2002). Science objectives and early results of the DEEP2 redshift survey. Conference on Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation, Waikoloa, Hawaii, 22–28 Aug 2002. arXiv:astro-ph/0209419. Bibcode:2003SPIE.4834..161D. doi:10.1117/12.457897.
Newman, Jeffrey A.; et al. (2013). "The DEEP2 Galaxy Redshift Survey: Design, Observations, Data Reduction, and Redshifts". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 208 (1): 5. arXiv:1203.3192. Bibcode:2013ApJS..208....5N. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/208/1/5.
Maria Raiteri, Claudia (2024). "Monitoring Blazar Variability to Understand Extragalactic Jets". Publications of the Astronomical Observatory of Belgrade. Vol. 104. pp. 29–38. arXiv:2412.11565. doi:10.69646/aob104p029. ISBN 978-86-82296-11-9.
Aoki, Kentaro; Kawaguchi, Toshihiro; Ohta, Kouji (January 2005). "The Largest Blueshifts of the [O III] Emission Line in Two Narrow-Line Quasars". Astrophysical Journal. 618 (2): 601–608. arXiv:astro-ph/0409546. Bibcode:2005ApJ...618..601A. doi:10.1086/426075. S2CID 17680991.
Nemiroff, R. J. (1993). "Visual distortions near a neutron star and black hole". American Journal of Physics. 61 (7): 619–632. arXiv:astro-ph/9312003v1. Bibcode:1993AmJPh..61..619N. doi:10.1119/1.17224. S2CID 16640860.

books.google.com

Maulik, Dev (2005). "Doppler Sonography: A Brief History". In Maulik, Dev; Zalud, Ivica (eds.). Doppler Ultrasound in Obstetrics And Gynecology. Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-23088-5.
Eddington, Arthur Stanley (1923). The Mathematical Theory of Relativity. The University Press. p. 164.
Bergström, Lars; Goobar, Ariel (2006). Cosmology and Particle Astrophysics (2nd ed.). Springer. p. 77, Eq.4.79. ISBN 978-3-540-32924-4.
Longair, M. S. (1998). Galaxy Formation. Springer. p. 161. ISBN 978-3-540-63785-1.
Weinberg, Steven (2008). Cosmology. Oxford University Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-19-852682-7.

caltech.edu

ned.ipac.caltech.edu

For a tutorial on how to define and interpret large redshift measurements, see:
Huchra, John. "Extragalactic Redshifts". NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. Archived from the original on 2013-12-22. Retrieved 2023-03-16.

authors.library.caltech.edu

Libbrecht, Keng (1988). "Solar and stellar seismology" (PDF). Space Science Reviews. 47 (3–4): 275–301. Bibcode:1988SSRv...47..275L. doi:10.1007/BF00243557. S2CID 120897051.

cambridge.org

Becker, Barbara J. (2011-02-17). Unravelling Starlight: William and Margaret Huggins and the Rise of the New Astronomy (1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511751417. ISBN 978-1-107-00229-6.
Peacock, J. A. (1998-12-28). Cosmological Physics (1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511804533. ISBN 978-0-521-41072-4.

code.google.com

Pilipenko, Sergey V. (2013). "Paper-and-pencil cosmological calculator". arXiv:1303.5961 [astro-ph.CO]. Including Fortran-90 code upon which the citing charts and formulae are based.

doi.org

Ding, Qianhang (August 2021). "Detectability of primordial black hole binaries at high redshift". Physical Review D. 104 (4). id. 043527. arXiv:2011.13643. Bibcode:2021PhRvD.104d3527D. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.104.043527.
Becker, Barbara J. (2011-02-17). Unravelling Starlight: William and Margaret Huggins and the Rise of the New Astronomy (1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511751417. ISBN 978-1-107-00229-6.
Huggins, William (1868). "Further Observations on the Spectra of Some of the Stars and Nebulae, with an Attempt to Determine Therefrom Whether These Bodies are Moving towards or from the Earth, Also Observations on the Spectra of the Sun and of Comet II". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 158: 529–564. Bibcode:1868RSPT..158..529H. doi:10.1098/rstl.1868.0022.
Nolte, David D. (1 March 2020). "The fall and rise of the Doppler effect". Physics Today. 73 (3): 30–35. Bibcode:2020PhT....73c..30N. doi:10.1063/PT.3.4429.
Bélopolsky, A. (1901). "On an Apparatus for the Laboratory Demonstration of the Doppler-Fizeau Principle". Astrophysical Journal. 13: 15. Bibcode:1901ApJ....13...15B. doi:10.1086/140786.
Hubble, Edwin (1929). "A Relation between Distance and Radial Velocity among Extra-Galactic Nebulae". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 15 (3): 168–173. Bibcode:1929PNAS...15..168H. doi:10.1073/pnas.15.3.168. PMC 522427. PMID 16577160.
Friedman, A. A. (1922). "Über die Krümmung des Raumes". Zeitschrift für Physik. 10 (1): 377–386. Bibcode:1922ZPhy...10..377F. doi:10.1007/BF01332580. S2CID 125190902. English translation in Friedman, A. (1999). "On the Curvature of Space". General Relativity and Gravitation. 31 (12): 1991–2000. Bibcode:1999GReGr..31.1991F. doi:10.1023/A:1026751225741. S2CID 122950995.)
Ives, H.; Stilwell, G. (1938). "An Experimental study of the rate of a moving atomic clock". Journal of the Optical Society of America. 28 (7): 215–226. Bibcode:1938JOSA...28..215I. doi:10.1364/josa.28.000215.
Peacock, J. A. (1998-12-28). Cosmological Physics (1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511804533. ISBN 978-0-521-41072-4.
Bunn, E. F.; Hogg, D. W. (2009). "The kinematic origin of the cosmological redshift". American Journal of Physics. 77 (8): 688–694. arXiv:0808.1081. Bibcode:2009AmJPh..77..688B. doi:10.1119/1.3129103. S2CID 1365918.
Bedran, M. L. (2002). "A comparison between the Doppler and cosmological redshifts" (PDF). American Journal of Physics. 70 (4): 406–408. Bibcode:2002AmJPh..70..406B. doi:10.1119/1.1446856. Retrieved 2023-03-16.
Harrison, Edward (1992). "The redshift-distance and velocity-distance laws". Astrophysical Journal, Part 1. 403: 28–31. Bibcode:1993ApJ...403...28H. doi:10.1086/172179.. A pdf file can be found here [1].
This is only true in a universe where there are no peculiar velocities. Otherwise, redshifts combine as
$1+z=(1+z_{\mathrm {Doppler} })(1+z_{\mathrm {expansion} })$
which yields solutions where certain objects that "recede" are blueshifted and other objects that "approach" are redshifted. For more on this bizarre result see: Davis, T. M.; Lineweaver, C. H.; Webb, J. K. (April 2003). "Solutions to the tethered galaxy problem in an expanding universe and the observation of receding blueshifted objects". American Journal of Physics. 71 (4): 358–364. arXiv:astro-ph/0104349. Bibcode:2003AmJPh..71..358D. doi:10.1119/1.1528916. S2CID 3219383.
Pound, R.; Rebka, G. (1960). "Apparent Weight of Photons". Physical Review Letters. 4 (7): 337–341. Bibcode:1960PhRvL...4..337P. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.4.337.. This paper was the first measurement.
Sachs, R. K.; Wolfe, A. M. (1967). "Perturbations of a cosmological model and angular variations of the cosmic microwave background". Astrophysical Journal. 147 (73): 73. Bibcode:1967ApJ...147...73S. doi:10.1086/148982.
When cosmological redshifts were first discovered, Fritz Zwicky proposed an effect known as tired light. While usually considered for historical interests, it is sometimes, along with intrinsic redshift suggestions, utilized by nonstandard cosmologies. In 1981, H. J. Reboul summarised many alternative redshift mechanisms that had been discussed in the literature since the 1930s. In 2001, Geoffrey Burbidge remarked in a review that the wider astronomical community has marginalized such discussions since the 1960s. Burbidge and Halton Arp, while investigating the mystery of the nature of quasars, tried to develop alternative redshift mechanisms, and very few of their fellow scientists acknowledged let alone accepted their work. Moreover, Goldhaber, G.; et al. (2001). "Timescale Stretch Parameterization of Type Ia Supernova B-Band Lightcurves". Astrophysical Journal. 558 (1): 359–386. arXiv:astro-ph/0104382. Bibcode:2001ApJ...558..359G. doi:10.1086/322460. S2CID 17237531. pointed out that alternative theories are unable to account for timescale stretch observed in type Ia supernovae
Ge, Jian; Van Eyken, Julian; Mahadevan, Suvrath; Dewitt, Curtis; et al. (2006). "The First Extrasolar Planet Discovered with a New-Generation High-Throughput Doppler Instrument". The Astrophysical Journal. 648 (1): 683–695. arXiv:astro-ph/0605247. Bibcode:2006ApJ...648..683G. doi:10.1086/505699. S2CID 13879217.
Libbrecht, Keng (1988). "Solar and stellar seismology" (PDF). Space Science Reviews. 47 (3–4): 275–301. Bibcode:1988SSRv...47..275L. doi:10.1007/BF00243557. S2CID 120897051.
An accurate measurement of the cosmic microwave background was achieved by the COBE experiment. The final published temperature of 2.73 K was reported in this paper: Fixsen, D. J.; Cheng, E. S.; Cottingham, D. A.; Eplee, R. E. Jr.; Isaacman, R. B.; Mather, J. C.; Meyer, S. S.; Noerdlinger, P. D.; Shafer, R. A.; Weiss, R.; Wright, E. L.; Bennett, C. L.; Boggess, N. W.; Kelsall, T.; Moseley, S. H.; Silverberg, R. F.; Smoot, G. F.; Wilkinson, D. T. (January 1994). "Cosmic microwave background dipole spectrum measured by the COBE FIRAS instrument". Astrophysical Journal. 420: 445. Bibcode:1994ApJ...420..445F. doi:10.1086/173575.. The most accurate measurement as of 2006 was achieved by the WMAP experiment.
Kellermann, K.I. (2014). "The Discovery of Quasars and its Aftermath". Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage. 17 (3): 267–282. arXiv:1304.3627. doi:10.3724/SP.J.1440-2807.2014.03.03.
Percival, Will J.; White, Martin (11 February 2009). "Testing cosmological structure formation using redshift-space distortions". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 393 (1): 297–308. arXiv:0808.0003. Bibcode:2009MNRAS.393..297P. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.14211.x.
Raccanelli, A.; Bertacca, D.; Pietrobon, D.; Schmidt, F.; Samushia, L.; Bartolo, N.; Dore, O.; Matarrese, S.; Percival, W. J. (25 September 2013). "Testing gravity using large-scale redshift-space distortions". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 436 (1): 89–100. arXiv:1207.0500. Bibcode:2013MNRAS.436...89R. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1517.
Carniani, Stefano; Hainline, Kevin; D'Eugenio, Francesco; Eisenstein, Daniel J.; Jakobsen, Peter; Witstok, Joris; Johnson, Benjamin D.; Chevallard, Jacopo; Maiolino, Roberto; Helton, Jakob M.; Willott, Chris; Robertson, Brant; Alberts, Stacey; Arribas, Santiago; Baker, William M. (2024-07-29). "Spectroscopic confirmation of two luminous galaxies at a redshift of 14". Nature. 633 (8029): 318–322. arXiv:2405.18485. Bibcode:2024Natur.633..318C. doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07860-9. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 11390484. PMID 39074505.
Oesch, P. A.; et al. (March 1, 2016). "A Remarkably Luminous Galaxy at z=11.1 Measured with Hubble Space Telescope Grism Spectroscopy". The Astrophysical Journal. 819 (2): 129. arXiv:1603.00461. Bibcode:2016ApJ...819..129O. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/819/2/129. S2CID 119262750.
Watson, Darach; Christensen, Lise; Knudsen, Kirsten Kraiberg; Richard, Johan; Gallazzi, Anna; Michałowski, Michał Jerzy (2015). "A dusty, normal galaxy in the epoch of reionization". Nature. 519 (7543): 327–330. arXiv:1503.00002. Bibcode:2015Natur.519..327W. doi:10.1038/nature14164. PMID 25731171. S2CID 2514879.
Bradley, L. D.; et al. (2008). "Discovery of a Very Bright Strongly Lensed Galaxy Candidate at z ~ 7.6". The Astrophysical Journal. 678 (2): 647–654. arXiv:0802.2506. Bibcode:2008ApJ...678..647B. doi:10.1086/533519. S2CID 15574239.
Egami, E.; et al. (2005). "Spitzer and Hubble Space Telescope Constraints on the Physical Properties of the z~7 Galaxy Strongly Lensed by A2218". The Astrophysical Journal. 618 (1): L5 – L8. arXiv:astro-ph/0411117. Bibcode:2005ApJ...618L...5E. doi:10.1086/427550. S2CID 15920310.
Salvaterra, R.; Valle, M. Della; Campana, S.; Chincarini, G.; et al. (2009). "GRB 090423 reveals an exploding star at the epoch of re-ionization". Nature. 461 (7268): 1258–60. arXiv:0906.1578. Bibcode:2009Natur.461.1258S. doi:10.1038/nature08445. PMID 19865166. S2CID 205218263.
Bañados, Eduardo; Venemans, Bram P.; Mazzucchelli, Chiara; Farina, Emanuele P.; Walter, Fabian; Wang, Feige; Decarli, Roberto; Stern, Daniel; Fan, Xiaohui; Davies, Frederick B.; Hennawi, Joseph F.; Simcoe, Robert A.; Turner, Monica L.; Rix, Hans-Walter; Yang, Jinyi; Kelson, Daniel D.; Rudie, Gwen C.; Winters, Jan Martin (January 2018). "An 800-million-solar-mass black hole in a significantly neutral Universe at a redshift of 7.5". Nature. 553 (7689): 473–476. arXiv:1712.01860. Bibcode:2018Natur.553..473B. doi:10.1038/nature25180. PMID 29211709. S2CID 205263326.
Saxena, A. (2018). "Discovery of a radio galaxy at z = 5.72". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 480 (2): 2733–2742. arXiv:1806.01191. Bibcode:2018MNRAS.480.2733S. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1996. S2CID 118830412.
Walter, Fabian; Bertoldi, Frank; Carilli, Chris; Cox, Pierre; et al. (2003). "Molecular gas in the host galaxy of a quasar at redshift z = 6.42". Nature. 424 (6947): 406–8. arXiv:astro-ph/0307410. Bibcode:2003Natur.424..406W. doi:10.1038/nature01821. PMID 12879063. S2CID 4419009.
Smail, Ian; Owen, F. N.; Morrison, G. E.; Keel, W. C.; et al. (2002). "The Diversity of Extremely Red Objects". The Astrophysical Journal. 581 (2): 844–864. arXiv:astro-ph/0208434. Bibcode:2002ApJ...581..844S. doi:10.1086/344440. S2CID 51737034.
Totani, Tomonori; Yoshii, Yuzuru; Iwamuro, Fumihide; Maihara, Toshinori; et al. (2001). "Hyper Extremely Red Objects in the Subaru Deep Field: Evidence for Primordial Elliptical Galaxies in the Dusty Starburst Phase". The Astrophysical Journal. 558 (2): L87 – L91. arXiv:astro-ph/0108145. Bibcode:2001ApJ...558L..87T. doi:10.1086/323619. S2CID 119511017.
Lineweaver, Charles; Davis, Tamara M. (2005). "Misconceptions about the Big Bang". Scientific American. 292 (3): 36–45. Bibcode:2005SciAm.292c..36L. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0305-36.
Gawiser, E.; Silk, J. (2000). "The cosmic microwave background radiation". Physics Reports. 333–334 (2000): 245–267. arXiv:astro-ph/0002044. Bibcode:2000PhR...333..245G. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.588.3349. doi:10.1016/S0370-1573(00)00025-9. S2CID 15398837.
Naoz, S.; Noter, S.; Barkana, R. (2006). "The first stars in the Universe". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters. 373 (1): L98 – L102. arXiv:astro-ph/0604050. Bibcode:2006MNRAS.373L..98N. doi:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2006.00251.x. S2CID 14454275.
Lesgourgues, J; Pastor, S (2006). "Massive neutrinos and cosmology". Physics Reports. 429 (6): 307–379. arXiv:astro-ph/0603494. Bibcode:2006PhR...429..307L. doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2006.04.001. S2CID 5955312.
Grishchuk, Leonid P (2005). "Relic gravitational waves and cosmology". Physics-Uspekhi. 48 (12): 1235–1247. arXiv:gr-qc/0504018. Bibcode:2005PhyU...48.1235G. doi:10.1070/PU2005v048n12ABEH005795. S2CID 11957123.
Sobral, David; Matthee, Jorryt; Darvish, Behnam; Schaerer, Daniel; Mobasher, Bahram; Röttgering, Huub J. A.; Santos, Sérgio; Hemmati, Shoubaneh (4 June 2015). "Evidence For POPIII-Like Stellar Populations In The Most Luminous LYMAN-α Emitters At The Epoch Of Re-Ionisation: Spectroscopic Confirmation". The Astrophysical Journal. 808 (2): 139. arXiv:1504.01734. Bibcode:2015ApJ...808..139S. doi:10.1088/0004-637x/808/2/139. S2CID 18471887.
Geller, M. J.; Huchra, J. P. (1989). "Mapping the Universe". Science. 246 (4932): 897–903. Bibcode:1989Sci...246..897G. doi:10.1126/science.246.4932.897. PMID 17812575. S2CID 31328798.
Cole, Shaun; Percival, Will J.; Peacock, John A.; Norberg, Peder; et al. (2005). "The 2dF galaxy redshift survey: Power-spectrum analysis of the final dataset and cosmological implications". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 362 (2): 505–34. arXiv:astro-ph/0501174. Bibcode:2005MNRAS.362..505C. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09318.x. S2CID 6906627. 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey homepage Archived 2007-02-05 at the Wayback Machine
Gunn, James E.; Siegmund, Walter A.; Mannery, Edward J.; Owen, Russell E.; Hull, Charles L.; Leger, R. French; et al. (April 2006). "The 2.5 m Telescope of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey". The Astronomical Journal. 131 (4): 2332–2359. arXiv:astro-ph/0602326. Bibcode:2006AJ....131.2332G. doi:10.1086/500975.
Almeida, Andrés; et al. (2023). "The Eighteenth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys: Targeting and First Spectra from SDSS-V". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 267 (2): 44. arXiv:2301.07688. Bibcode:2023ApJS..267...44A. doi:10.3847/1538-4365/acda98.
Davis, Marc; et al. (DEEP2 collaboration) (2002). Science objectives and early results of the DEEP2 redshift survey. Conference on Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation, Waikoloa, Hawaii, 22–28 Aug 2002. arXiv:astro-ph/0209419. Bibcode:2003SPIE.4834..161D. doi:10.1117/12.457897.
Newman, Jeffrey A.; et al. (2013). "The DEEP2 Galaxy Redshift Survey: Design, Observations, Data Reduction, and Redshifts". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 208 (1): 5. arXiv:1203.3192. Bibcode:2013ApJS..208....5N. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/208/1/5.
Woodhouse, Chris (2017-12-04). "M31 (Andromeda Galaxy)". The Astrophotography Manual (2nd ed.). Routledge. pp. 308–313. doi:10.4324/9781315159225-42. ISBN 978-1-315-15922-5.
Maria Raiteri, Claudia (2024). "Monitoring Blazar Variability to Understand Extragalactic Jets". Publications of the Astronomical Observatory of Belgrade. Vol. 104. pp. 29–38. arXiv:2412.11565. doi:10.69646/aob104p029. ISBN 978-86-82296-11-9.
Aoki, Kentaro; Kawaguchi, Toshihiro; Ohta, Kouji (January 2005). "The Largest Blueshifts of the [O III] Emission Line in Two Narrow-Line Quasars". Astrophysical Journal. 618 (2): 601–608. arXiv:astro-ph/0409546. Bibcode:2005ApJ...618..601A. doi:10.1086/426075. S2CID 17680991.
Nemiroff, R. J. (1993). "Visual distortions near a neutron star and black hole". American Journal of Physics. 61 (7): 619–632. arXiv:astro-ph/9312003v1. Bibcode:1993AmJPh..61..619N. doi:10.1119/1.17224. S2CID 16640860.

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Ding, Qianhang (August 2021). "Detectability of primordial black hole binaries at high redshift". Physical Review D. 104 (4). id. 043527. arXiv:2011.13643. Bibcode:2021PhRvD.104d3527D. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.104.043527.
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Huggins, William (1868). "Further Observations on the Spectra of Some of the Stars and Nebulae, with an Attempt to Determine Therefrom Whether These Bodies are Moving towards or from the Earth, Also Observations on the Spectra of the Sun and of Comet II". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 158: 529–564. Bibcode:1868RSPT..158..529H. doi:10.1098/rstl.1868.0022.
Nolte, David D. (1 March 2020). "The fall and rise of the Doppler effect". Physics Today. 73 (3): 30–35. Bibcode:2020PhT....73c..30N. doi:10.1063/PT.3.4429.
Bélopolsky, A. (1901). "On an Apparatus for the Laboratory Demonstration of the Doppler-Fizeau Principle". Astrophysical Journal. 13: 15. Bibcode:1901ApJ....13...15B. doi:10.1086/140786.
Slipher, Vesto (1912). "The radial velocity of the Andromeda Nebula". Lowell Observatory Bulletin. 1 (8): 2.56 – 2.57. Bibcode:1913LowOB...2...56S. The magnitude of this velocity, which is the greatest hitherto observed, raises the question whether the velocity-like displacement might not be due to some other cause, but I believe we have at present no other interpretation for it
Slipher, Vesto (1915). "Spectrographic Observations of Nebulae". Popular Astronomy. 23: 21–24. Bibcode:1915PA.....23...21S.
Hubble, Edwin (1929). "A Relation between Distance and Radial Velocity among Extra-Galactic Nebulae". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 15 (3): 168–173. Bibcode:1929PNAS...15..168H. doi:10.1073/pnas.15.3.168. PMC 522427. PMID 16577160.
Friedman, A. A. (1922). "Über die Krümmung des Raumes". Zeitschrift für Physik. 10 (1): 377–386. Bibcode:1922ZPhy...10..377F. doi:10.1007/BF01332580. S2CID 125190902. English translation in Friedman, A. (1999). "On the Curvature of Space". General Relativity and Gravitation. 31 (12): 1991–2000. Bibcode:1999GReGr..31.1991F. doi:10.1023/A:1026751225741. S2CID 122950995.)
de Sitter, W. (1934). "On distance, magnitude, and related quantities in an expanding universe". Bulletin of the Astronomical Institutes of the Netherlands. 7: 205. Bibcode:1934BAN.....7..205D. It thus becomes urgent to investigate the effect of the redshift and of the metric of the universe on the apparent magnitude and observed numbers of nebulae of given magnitude
Ives, H.; Stilwell, G. (1938). "An Experimental study of the rate of a moving atomic clock". Journal of the Optical Society of America. 28 (7): 215–226. Bibcode:1938JOSA...28..215I. doi:10.1364/josa.28.000215.
Bunn, E. F.; Hogg, D. W. (2009). "The kinematic origin of the cosmological redshift". American Journal of Physics. 77 (8): 688–694. arXiv:0808.1081. Bibcode:2009AmJPh..77..688B. doi:10.1119/1.3129103. S2CID 1365918.
Bedran, M. L. (2002). "A comparison between the Doppler and cosmological redshifts" (PDF). American Journal of Physics. 70 (4): 406–408. Bibcode:2002AmJPh..70..406B. doi:10.1119/1.1446856. Retrieved 2023-03-16.
Harrison, Edward (1992). "The redshift-distance and velocity-distance laws". Astrophysical Journal, Part 1. 403: 28–31. Bibcode:1993ApJ...403...28H. doi:10.1086/172179.. A pdf file can be found here [1].
This is only true in a universe where there are no peculiar velocities. Otherwise, redshifts combine as
$1+z=(1+z_{\mathrm {Doppler} })(1+z_{\mathrm {expansion} })$
which yields solutions where certain objects that "recede" are blueshifted and other objects that "approach" are redshifted. For more on this bizarre result see: Davis, T. M.; Lineweaver, C. H.; Webb, J. K. (April 2003). "Solutions to the tethered galaxy problem in an expanding universe and the observation of receding blueshifted objects". American Journal of Physics. 71 (4): 358–364. arXiv:astro-ph/0104349. Bibcode:2003AmJPh..71..358D. doi:10.1119/1.1528916. S2CID 3219383.
Chant, C. A. (1930). "Notes and Queries (Telescopes and Observatory Equipment – The Einstein Shift of Solar Lines)". Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada. 24: 390. Bibcode:1930JRASC..24..390C.
Einstein, A. (1907). "Über das Relativitätsprinzip und die aus demselben gezogenen Folgerungen". Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität und Elektronik. 4: 411–462. Bibcode:1908JRE.....4..411E. See p. 458 The influence of a gravitational field on clocks
Pound, R.; Rebka, G. (1960). "Apparent Weight of Photons". Physical Review Letters. 4 (7): 337–341. Bibcode:1960PhRvL...4..337P. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.4.337.. This paper was the first measurement.
Sachs, R. K.; Wolfe, A. M. (1967). "Perturbations of a cosmological model and angular variations of the cosmic microwave background". Astrophysical Journal. 147 (73): 73. Bibcode:1967ApJ...147...73S. doi:10.1086/148982.
When cosmological redshifts were first discovered, Fritz Zwicky proposed an effect known as tired light. While usually considered for historical interests, it is sometimes, along with intrinsic redshift suggestions, utilized by nonstandard cosmologies. In 1981, H. J. Reboul summarised many alternative redshift mechanisms that had been discussed in the literature since the 1930s. In 2001, Geoffrey Burbidge remarked in a review that the wider astronomical community has marginalized such discussions since the 1960s. Burbidge and Halton Arp, while investigating the mystery of the nature of quasars, tried to develop alternative redshift mechanisms, and very few of their fellow scientists acknowledged let alone accepted their work. Moreover, Goldhaber, G.; et al. (2001). "Timescale Stretch Parameterization of Type Ia Supernova B-Band Lightcurves". Astrophysical Journal. 558 (1): 359–386. arXiv:astro-ph/0104382. Bibcode:2001ApJ...558..359G. doi:10.1086/322460. S2CID 17237531. pointed out that alternative theories are unable to account for timescale stretch observed in type Ia supernovae
Bolzonella, M.; Miralles, J.-M.; Pelló, R. (2000). "Photometric redshifts based on standard SED fitting procedures". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 363: 476–492. arXiv:astro-ph/0003380. Bibcode:2000A&A...363..476B.
Ge, Jian; Van Eyken, Julian; Mahadevan, Suvrath; Dewitt, Curtis; et al. (2006). "The First Extrasolar Planet Discovered with a New-Generation High-Throughput Doppler Instrument". The Astrophysical Journal. 648 (1): 683–695. arXiv:astro-ph/0605247. Bibcode:2006ApJ...648..683G. doi:10.1086/505699. S2CID 13879217.
Libbrecht, Keng (1988). "Solar and stellar seismology" (PDF). Space Science Reviews. 47 (3–4): 275–301. Bibcode:1988SSRv...47..275L. doi:10.1007/BF00243557. S2CID 120897051.
An early review by Oort, J. H. on the subject: Oort, J. H. (1970). "The formation of galaxies and the origin of the high-velocity hydrogen". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 7: 381. Bibcode:1970A&A.....7..381O.
Asaoka, Ikuko (1989). "X-ray spectra at infinity from a relativistic accretion disk around a Kerr black hole". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 41 (4): 763–778. Bibcode:1989PASJ...41..763A.
An accurate measurement of the cosmic microwave background was achieved by the COBE experiment. The final published temperature of 2.73 K was reported in this paper: Fixsen, D. J.; Cheng, E. S.; Cottingham, D. A.; Eplee, R. E. Jr.; Isaacman, R. B.; Mather, J. C.; Meyer, S. S.; Noerdlinger, P. D.; Shafer, R. A.; Weiss, R.; Wright, E. L.; Bennett, C. L.; Boggess, N. W.; Kelsall, T.; Moseley, S. H.; Silverberg, R. F.; Smoot, G. F.; Wilkinson, D. T. (January 1994). "Cosmic microwave background dipole spectrum measured by the COBE FIRAS instrument". Astrophysical Journal. 420: 445. Bibcode:1994ApJ...420..445F. doi:10.1086/173575.. The most accurate measurement as of 2006 was achieved by the WMAP experiment.
Percival, Will J.; White, Martin (11 February 2009). "Testing cosmological structure formation using redshift-space distortions". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 393 (1): 297–308. arXiv:0808.0003. Bibcode:2009MNRAS.393..297P. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.14211.x.
Raccanelli, A.; Bertacca, D.; Pietrobon, D.; Schmidt, F.; Samushia, L.; Bartolo, N.; Dore, O.; Matarrese, S.; Percival, W. J. (25 September 2013). "Testing gravity using large-scale redshift-space distortions". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 436 (1): 89–100. arXiv:1207.0500. Bibcode:2013MNRAS.436...89R. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1517.
Carniani, Stefano; Hainline, Kevin; D'Eugenio, Francesco; Eisenstein, Daniel J.; Jakobsen, Peter; Witstok, Joris; Johnson, Benjamin D.; Chevallard, Jacopo; Maiolino, Roberto; Helton, Jakob M.; Willott, Chris; Robertson, Brant; Alberts, Stacey; Arribas, Santiago; Baker, William M. (2024-07-29). "Spectroscopic confirmation of two luminous galaxies at a redshift of 14". Nature. 633 (8029): 318–322. arXiv:2405.18485. Bibcode:2024Natur.633..318C. doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07860-9. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 11390484. PMID 39074505.
Oesch, P. A.; et al. (March 1, 2016). "A Remarkably Luminous Galaxy at z=11.1 Measured with Hubble Space Telescope Grism Spectroscopy". The Astrophysical Journal. 819 (2): 129. arXiv:1603.00461. Bibcode:2016ApJ...819..129O. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/819/2/129. S2CID 119262750.
Watson, Darach; Christensen, Lise; Knudsen, Kirsten Kraiberg; Richard, Johan; Gallazzi, Anna; Michałowski, Michał Jerzy (2015). "A dusty, normal galaxy in the epoch of reionization". Nature. 519 (7543): 327–330. arXiv:1503.00002. Bibcode:2015Natur.519..327W. doi:10.1038/nature14164. PMID 25731171. S2CID 2514879.
Bradley, L. D.; et al. (2008). "Discovery of a Very Bright Strongly Lensed Galaxy Candidate at z ~ 7.6". The Astrophysical Journal. 678 (2): 647–654. arXiv:0802.2506. Bibcode:2008ApJ...678..647B. doi:10.1086/533519. S2CID 15574239.
Egami, E.; et al. (2005). "Spitzer and Hubble Space Telescope Constraints on the Physical Properties of the z~7 Galaxy Strongly Lensed by A2218". The Astrophysical Journal. 618 (1): L5 – L8. arXiv:astro-ph/0411117. Bibcode:2005ApJ...618L...5E. doi:10.1086/427550. S2CID 15920310.
Salvaterra, R.; Valle, M. Della; Campana, S.; Chincarini, G.; et al. (2009). "GRB 090423 reveals an exploding star at the epoch of re-ionization". Nature. 461 (7268): 1258–60. arXiv:0906.1578. Bibcode:2009Natur.461.1258S. doi:10.1038/nature08445. PMID 19865166. S2CID 205218263.
Bañados, Eduardo; Venemans, Bram P.; Mazzucchelli, Chiara; Farina, Emanuele P.; Walter, Fabian; Wang, Feige; Decarli, Roberto; Stern, Daniel; Fan, Xiaohui; Davies, Frederick B.; Hennawi, Joseph F.; Simcoe, Robert A.; Turner, Monica L.; Rix, Hans-Walter; Yang, Jinyi; Kelson, Daniel D.; Rudie, Gwen C.; Winters, Jan Martin (January 2018). "An 800-million-solar-mass black hole in a significantly neutral Universe at a redshift of 7.5". Nature. 553 (7689): 473–476. arXiv:1712.01860. Bibcode:2018Natur.553..473B. doi:10.1038/nature25180. PMID 29211709. S2CID 205263326.
Saxena, A. (2018). "Discovery of a radio galaxy at z = 5.72". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 480 (2): 2733–2742. arXiv:1806.01191. Bibcode:2018MNRAS.480.2733S. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1996. S2CID 118830412.
Walter, Fabian; Bertoldi, Frank; Carilli, Chris; Cox, Pierre; et al. (2003). "Molecular gas in the host galaxy of a quasar at redshift z = 6.42". Nature. 424 (6947): 406–8. arXiv:astro-ph/0307410. Bibcode:2003Natur.424..406W. doi:10.1038/nature01821. PMID 12879063. S2CID 4419009.
Smail, Ian; Owen, F. N.; Morrison, G. E.; Keel, W. C.; et al. (2002). "The Diversity of Extremely Red Objects". The Astrophysical Journal. 581 (2): 844–864. arXiv:astro-ph/0208434. Bibcode:2002ApJ...581..844S. doi:10.1086/344440. S2CID 51737034.
Totani, Tomonori; Yoshii, Yuzuru; Iwamuro, Fumihide; Maihara, Toshinori; et al. (2001). "Hyper Extremely Red Objects in the Subaru Deep Field: Evidence for Primordial Elliptical Galaxies in the Dusty Starburst Phase". The Astrophysical Journal. 558 (2): L87 – L91. arXiv:astro-ph/0108145. Bibcode:2001ApJ...558L..87T. doi:10.1086/323619. S2CID 119511017.
Lineweaver, Charles; Davis, Tamara M. (2005). "Misconceptions about the Big Bang". Scientific American. 292 (3): 36–45. Bibcode:2005SciAm.292c..36L. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0305-36.
Gawiser, E.; Silk, J. (2000). "The cosmic microwave background radiation". Physics Reports. 333–334 (2000): 245–267. arXiv:astro-ph/0002044. Bibcode:2000PhR...333..245G. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.588.3349. doi:10.1016/S0370-1573(00)00025-9. S2CID 15398837.
Naoz, S.; Noter, S.; Barkana, R. (2006). "The first stars in the Universe". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters. 373 (1): L98 – L102. arXiv:astro-ph/0604050. Bibcode:2006MNRAS.373L..98N. doi:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2006.00251.x. S2CID 14454275.
Lesgourgues, J; Pastor, S (2006). "Massive neutrinos and cosmology". Physics Reports. 429 (6): 307–379. arXiv:astro-ph/0603494. Bibcode:2006PhR...429..307L. doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2006.04.001. S2CID 5955312.
Grishchuk, Leonid P (2005). "Relic gravitational waves and cosmology". Physics-Uspekhi. 48 (12): 1235–1247. arXiv:gr-qc/0504018. Bibcode:2005PhyU...48.1235G. doi:10.1070/PU2005v048n12ABEH005795. S2CID 11957123.
Sobral, David; Matthee, Jorryt; Darvish, Behnam; Schaerer, Daniel; Mobasher, Bahram; Röttgering, Huub J. A.; Santos, Sérgio; Hemmati, Shoubaneh (4 June 2015). "Evidence For POPIII-Like Stellar Populations In The Most Luminous LYMAN-α Emitters At The Epoch Of Re-Ionisation: Spectroscopic Confirmation". The Astrophysical Journal. 808 (2): 139. arXiv:1504.01734. Bibcode:2015ApJ...808..139S. doi:10.1088/0004-637x/808/2/139. S2CID 18471887.
Geller, M. J.; Huchra, J. P. (1989). "Mapping the Universe". Science. 246 (4932): 897–903. Bibcode:1989Sci...246..897G. doi:10.1126/science.246.4932.897. PMID 17812575. S2CID 31328798.
Cole, Shaun; Percival, Will J.; Peacock, John A.; Norberg, Peder; et al. (2005). "The 2dF galaxy redshift survey: Power-spectrum analysis of the final dataset and cosmological implications". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 362 (2): 505–34. arXiv:astro-ph/0501174. Bibcode:2005MNRAS.362..505C. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09318.x. S2CID 6906627. 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey homepage Archived 2007-02-05 at the Wayback Machine
Gunn, James E.; Siegmund, Walter A.; Mannery, Edward J.; Owen, Russell E.; Hull, Charles L.; Leger, R. French; et al. (April 2006). "The 2.5 m Telescope of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey". The Astronomical Journal. 131 (4): 2332–2359. arXiv:astro-ph/0602326. Bibcode:2006AJ....131.2332G. doi:10.1086/500975.
Almeida, Andrés; et al. (2023). "The Eighteenth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys: Targeting and First Spectra from SDSS-V". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 267 (2): 44. arXiv:2301.07688. Bibcode:2023ApJS..267...44A. doi:10.3847/1538-4365/acda98.
Davis, Marc; et al. (DEEP2 collaboration) (2002). Science objectives and early results of the DEEP2 redshift survey. Conference on Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation, Waikoloa, Hawaii, 22–28 Aug 2002. arXiv:astro-ph/0209419. Bibcode:2003SPIE.4834..161D. doi:10.1117/12.457897.
Newman, Jeffrey A.; et al. (2013). "The DEEP2 Galaxy Redshift Survey: Design, Observations, Data Reduction, and Redshifts". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 208 (1): 5. arXiv:1203.3192. Bibcode:2013ApJS..208....5N. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/208/1/5.
Aoki, Kentaro; Kawaguchi, Toshihiro; Ohta, Kouji (January 2005). "The Largest Blueshifts of the [O III] Emission Line in Two Narrow-Line Quasars". Astrophysical Journal. 618 (2): 601–608. arXiv:astro-ph/0409546. Bibcode:2005ApJ...618..601A. doi:10.1086/426075. S2CID 17680991.
Nemiroff, R. J. (1993). "Visual distortions near a neutron star and black hole". American Journal of Physics. 61 (7): 619–632. arXiv:astro-ph/9312003v1. Bibcode:1993AmJPh..61..619N. doi:10.1119/1.17224. S2CID 16640860.

articles.adsabs.harvard.edu

Harrison, Edward (1992). "The redshift-distance and velocity-distance laws". Astrophysical Journal, Part 1. 403: 28–31. Bibcode:1993ApJ...403...28H. doi:10.1086/172179.. A pdf file can be found here [1].

adsabs.harvard.edu

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Cole, Shaun; Percival, Will J.; Peacock, John A.; Norberg, Peder; et al. (2005). "The 2dF galaxy redshift survey: Power-spectrum analysis of the final dataset and cosmological implications". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 362 (2): 505–34. arXiv:astro-ph/0501174. Bibcode:2005MNRAS.362..505C. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09318.x. S2CID 6906627. 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey homepage Archived 2007-02-05 at the Wayback Machine

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ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Hubble, Edwin (1929). "A Relation between Distance and Radial Velocity among Extra-Galactic Nebulae". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 15 (3): 168–173. Bibcode:1929PNAS...15..168H. doi:10.1073/pnas.15.3.168. PMC 522427. PMID 16577160.
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This is only true in a universe where there are no peculiar velocities. Otherwise, redshifts combine as
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Walter, Fabian; Bertoldi, Frank; Carilli, Chris; Cox, Pierre; et al. (2003). "Molecular gas in the host galaxy of a quasar at redshift z = 6.42". Nature. 424 (6947): 406–8. arXiv:astro-ph/0307410. Bibcode:2003Natur.424..406W. doi:10.1038/nature01821. PMID 12879063. S2CID 4419009.
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See "Photons, Relativity, Doppler shift Archived 2006-08-27 at the Wayback Machine " at the University of Queensland

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For a tutorial on how to define and interpret large redshift measurements, see:
Huchra, John. "Extragalactic Redshifts". NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. Archived from the original on 2013-12-22. Retrieved 2023-03-16.
See "Photons, Relativity, Doppler shift Archived 2006-08-27 at the Wayback Machine " at the University of Queensland
Cole, Shaun; Percival, Will J.; Peacock, John A.; Norberg, Peder; et al. (2005). "The 2dF galaxy redshift survey: Power-spectrum analysis of the final dataset and cosmological implications". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 362 (2): 505–34. arXiv:astro-ph/0501174. Bibcode:2005MNRAS.362..505C. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09318.x. S2CID 6906627. 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey homepage Archived 2007-02-05 at the Wayback Machine

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Robert, Smith (2019). "Observations and the universe". In Kragh, Helge; Longair, Malcolm S. (eds.). The Oxford handbook of the history of modern cosmology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-881766-6. OCLC 1052868704.
Carniani, Stefano; Hainline, Kevin; D'Eugenio, Francesco; Eisenstein, Daniel J.; Jakobsen, Peter; Witstok, Joris; Johnson, Benjamin D.; Chevallard, Jacopo; Maiolino, Roberto; Helton, Jakob M.; Willott, Chris; Robertson, Brant; Alberts, Stacey; Arribas, Santiago; Baker, William M. (2024-07-29). "Spectroscopic confirmation of two luminous galaxies at a redshift of 14". Nature. 633 (8029): 318–322. arXiv:2405.18485. Bibcode:2024Natur.633..318C. doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07860-9. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 11390484. PMID 39074505.