Redshift (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Redshift" in English language version.

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This was recognized early on by physicists and astronomers working in cosmology in the 1930s. The earliest layman publication describing the details of this correspondence is Eddington, Arthur (1933). The Expanding Universe: Astronomy's 'Great Debate', 1900–1931. Cambridge University Press. (Reprint: ISBN 978-0-521-34976-5)
Koupelis, Theo; Kuhn, Karl F. (2007). In Quest of the Universe (5th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Publishers. p. 557. ISBN 978-0-7637-4387-1.

arxiv.org

Ding, Qianhang (August 2021). "Detectability of primordial black hole binaries at high redshift". Physical Review D. 104 (4). id. 043527. arXiv:2011.13643. Bibcode:2021PhRvD.104d3527D. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.104.043527.
Lewis, Geraint F. (2016). "On The Relativity of Redshifts: Does Space Really "Expand"?". Australian Physics. 53: 95.
Bunn, E. F.; Hogg, D. W. (2009). "The kinematic origin of the cosmological redshift". American Journal of Physics. 77 (8): 688–694. arXiv:0808.1081. Bibcode:2009AmJPh..77..688B. doi:10.1119/1.3129103. S2CID 1365918.
Measurements of the peculiar velocities out to 5 Mpc using the Hubble Space Telescope were reported in 2003 by Karachentsev, I. D.; et al. (2003). "Local galaxy flows within 5 Mpc". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 398 (2): 479–491. arXiv:astro-ph/0211011. Bibcode:2003A&A...398..479K. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20021566. S2CID 26822121.
Lewis, Geraint F.; Francis, Matthew J.; Barnes, Luke A.; Kwan, Juliana; et al. (2008). "Cosmological Radar Ranging in an Expanding Universe". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 388 (3): 960–964. arXiv:0805.2197. Bibcode:2008MNRAS.388..960L. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13477.x. S2CID 15147382. It is perfectly valid to interpret the equations of relativity in terms of an expanding space. The mistake is to push analogies too far and imbue space with physical properties that are not consistent with the equations of relativity.
Chodorowski, Michal (2007). "Is space really expanding? A counterexample". Concepts Phys. 4 (1): 17–34. arXiv:astro-ph/0601171. Bibcode:2007ONCP....4...15C. doi:10.2478/v10005-007-0002-2. S2CID 15931627.
This is only true in a universe where there are no peculiar velocities. Otherwise, redshifts combine as
$1+z=(1+z_{\mathrm {Doppler} })(1+z_{\mathrm {expansion} })$
which yields solutions where certain objects that "recede" are blueshifted and other objects that "approach" are redshifted. For more on this bizarre result see: Davis, T. M.; Lineweaver, C. H.; Webb, J. K. (April 2003). "Solutions to the tethered galaxy problem in an expanding universe and the observation of receding blueshifted objects". American Journal of Physics. 71 (4): 358–364. arXiv:astro-ph/0104349. Bibcode:2003AmJPh..71..358D. doi:10.1119/1.1528916. S2CID 3219383.
S.V. Pilipenko (2013-2021) "Paper-and-pencil cosmological calculator" arxiv:1303.5961, including Fortran-90 code upon which the citing charts and formulae are based.
When cosmological redshifts were first discovered, Fritz Zwicky proposed an effect known as tired light. While usually considered for historical interests, it is sometimes, along with intrinsic redshift suggestions, utilized by nonstandard cosmologies. In 1981, H. J. Reboul summarised many alternative redshift mechanisms that had been discussed in the literature since the 1930s. In 2001, Geoffrey Burbidge remarked in a review that the wider astronomical community has marginalized such discussions since the 1960s. Burbidge and Halton Arp, while investigating the mystery of the nature of quasars, tried to develop alternative redshift mechanisms, and very few of their fellow scientists acknowledged let alone accepted their work. Moreover, Goldhaber, G.; et al. (2001). "Timescale Stretch Parameterization of Type Ia Supernova B-Band Lightcurves". Astrophysical Journal. 558 (1): 359–386. arXiv:astro-ph/0104382. Bibcode:2001ApJ...558..359G. doi:10.1086/322460. S2CID 17237531. pointed out that alternative theories are unable to account for timescale stretch observed in type Ia supernovae
Bolzonella, M.; Miralles, J.-M.; Pelló, R. (2000). "Photometric redshifts based on standard SED fitting procedures". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 363: 476–492. arXiv:astro-ph/0003380. Bibcode:2000A&A...363..476B.
A pedagogical overview of the K-correction by David Hogg and other members of the SDSS collaboration can be found at: Hogg, David W.; et al. (October 2002). "The K correction". arXiv:astro-ph/0210394.
The Exoplanet Tracker is the newest observing project to use this technique, able to track the redshift variations in multiple objects at once, as reported in Ge, Jian; Van Eyken, Julian; Mahadevan, Suvrath; Dewitt, Curtis; et al. (2006). "The First Extrasolar Planet Discovered with a New-Generation High-Throughput Doppler Instrument". The Astrophysical Journal. 648 (1): 683–695. arXiv:astro-ph/0605247. Bibcode:2006ApJ...648..683G. doi:10.1086/505699. S2CID 13879217.
Carniani, Stefano; Hainline, Kevin; D'Eugenio, Francesco; Eisenstein, Daniel J.; Jakobsen, Peter; Witstok, Joris; Johnson, Benjamin D.; Chevallard, Jacopo; Maiolino, Roberto; Helton, Jakob M.; Willott, Chris; Robertson, Brant; Alberts, Stacey; Arribas, Santiago; Baker, William M. (2024-07-29). "Spectroscopic confirmation of two luminous galaxies at a redshift of 14". Nature. 633 (8029): 318–322. arXiv:2405.18485. Bibcode:2024Natur.633..318C. doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07860-9. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 11390484. PMID 39074505.
Oesch, P. A.; et al. (March 1, 2016). "A Remarkably Luminous Galaxy at z=11.1 Measured with Hubble Space Telescope Grism Spectroscopy". The Astrophysical Journal. 819 (2): 129. arXiv:1603.00461. Bibcode:2016ApJ...819..129O. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/819/2/129. S2CID 119262750.
Lehnert, M. D.; Nesvadba, N. P.; Cuby, J. G.; Swinbank, A. M.; et al. (2010). "Spectroscopic Confirmation of a galaxy at redshift z = 8.6". Nature. 467 (7318): 940–942. arXiv:1010.4312. Bibcode:2010Natur.467..940L. doi:10.1038/nature09462. PMID 20962840. S2CID 4414781.
Watson, Darach; Christensen, Lise; Knudsen, Kirsten Kraiberg; Richard, Johan; Gallazzi, Anna; Michałowski, Michał Jerzy (2015). "A dusty, normal galaxy in the epoch of reionization". Nature. 519 (7543): 327–330. arXiv:1503.00002. Bibcode:2015Natur.519..327W. doi:10.1038/nature14164. PMID 25731171. S2CID 2514879.
Bradley, L. D.; et al. (2008). "Discovery of a Very Bright Strongly Lensed Galaxy Candidate at z ~ 7.6". The Astrophysical Journal. 678 (2): 647–654. arXiv:0802.2506. Bibcode:2008ApJ...678..647B. doi:10.1086/533519. S2CID 15574239.
Egami, E.; et al. (2005). "Spitzer and Hubble Space Telescope Constraints on the Physical Properties of the z~7 Galaxy Strongly Lensed by A2218". The Astrophysical Journal. 618 (1): L5 – L8. arXiv:astro-ph/0411117. Bibcode:2005ApJ...618L...5E. doi:10.1086/427550. S2CID 15920310.
Salvaterra, R.; Valle, M. Della; Campana, S.; Chincarini, G.; et al. (2009). "GRB 090423 reveals an exploding star at the epoch of re-ionization". Nature. 461 (7268): 1258–60. arXiv:0906.1578. Bibcode:2009Natur.461.1258S. doi:10.1038/nature08445. PMID 19865166. S2CID 205218263.
Bañados, Eduardo; Venemans, Bram P.; Mazzucchelli, Chiara; Farina, Emanuele P.; Walter, Fabian; Wang, Feige; Decarli, Roberto; Stern, Daniel; Fan, Xiaohui; Davies, Frederick B.; Hennawi, Joseph F.; Simcoe, Robert A.; Turner, Monica L.; Rix, Hans-Walter; Yang, Jinyi; Kelson, Daniel D.; Rudie, Gwen C.; Winters, Jan Martin (January 2018). "An 800-million-solar-mass black hole in a significantly neutral Universe at a redshift of 7.5". Nature. 553 (7689): 473–476. arXiv:1712.01860. Bibcode:2018Natur.553..473B. doi:10.1038/nature25180. PMID 29211709. S2CID 205263326.
Saxena, A. (2018). "Discovery of a radio galaxy at z = 5.72". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 480 (2): 2733–2742. arXiv:1806.01191. Bibcode:2018MNRAS.480.2733S. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1996. S2CID 118830412.
Walter, Fabian; Bertoldi, Frank; Carilli, Chris; Cox, Pierre; et al. (2003). "Molecular gas in the host galaxy of a quasar at redshift z = 6.42". Nature. 424 (6947): 406–8. arXiv:astro-ph/0307410. Bibcode:2003Natur.424..406W. doi:10.1038/nature01821. PMID 12879063. S2CID 4419009.
Smail, Ian; Owen, F. N.; Morrison, G. E.; Keel, W. C.; et al. (2002). "The Diversity of Extremely Red Objects". The Astrophysical Journal. 581 (2): 844–864. arXiv:astro-ph/0208434. Bibcode:2002ApJ...581..844S. doi:10.1086/344440. S2CID 51737034.
Totani, Tomonori; Yoshii, Yuzuru; Iwamuro, Fumihide; Maihara, Toshinori; et al. (2001). "Hyper Extremely Red Objects in the Subaru Deep Field: Evidence for Primordial Elliptical Galaxies in the Dusty Starburst Phase". The Astrophysical Journal. 558 (2): L87 – L91. arXiv:astro-ph/0108145. Bibcode:2001ApJ...558L..87T. doi:10.1086/323619. S2CID 119511017.
Naoz, S.; Noter, S.; Barkana, R. (2006). "The first stars in the Universe". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters. 373 (1): L98 – L102. arXiv:astro-ph/0604050. Bibcode:2006MNRAS.373L..98N. doi:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2006.00251.x. S2CID 14454275.
Lesgourgues, J; Pastor, S (2006). "Massive neutrinos and cosmology". Physics Reports. 429 (6): 307–379. arXiv:astro-ph/0603494. Bibcode:2006PhR...429..307L. doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2006.04.001. S2CID 5955312.
Grishchuk, Leonid P (2005). "Relic gravitational waves and cosmology". Physics-Uspekhi. 48 (12): 1235–1247. arXiv:gr-qc/0504018. Bibcode:2005PhyU...48.1235G. doi:10.1070/PU2005v048n12ABEH005795. S2CID 11957123.
Sobral, David; Matthee, Jorryt; Darvish, Behnam; Schaerer, Daniel; Mobasher, Bahram; Röttgering, Huub J. A.; Santos, Sérgio; Hemmati, Shoubaneh (4 June 2015). "Evidence For POPIII-Like Stellar Populations In The Most Luminous LYMAN-α Emitters At The Epoch Of Re-Ionisation: Spectroscopic Confirmation". The Astrophysical Journal. 808 (2): 139. arXiv:1504.01734. Bibcode:2015ApJ...808..139S. doi:10.1088/0004-637x/808/2/139. S2CID 18471887.
Cole, Shaun; Percival, Will J.; Peacock, John A.; Norberg, Peder; et al. (2005). "The 2dF galaxy redshift survey: Power-spectrum analysis of the final dataset and cosmological implications". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 362 (2): 505–34. arXiv:astro-ph/0501174. Bibcode:2005MNRAS.362..505C. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09318.x. S2CID 6906627. 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey homepage Archived 2007-02-05 at the Wayback Machine
Davis, Marc; DEEP2 collaboration (2002). Science objectives and early results of the DEEP2 redshift survey. Conference on Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation, Waikoloa, Hawaii, 22–28 Aug 2002. arXiv:astro-ph/0209419. Bibcode:2003SPIE.4834..161D. doi:10.1117/12.457897.{{cite conference}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
Aoki, Kentaro; Kawaguchi, Toshihiro; Ohta, Kouji (January 2005). "The Largest Blueshifts of the [O III] Emission Line in Two Narrow-Line Quasars". Astrophysical Journal. 618 (2): 601–608. arXiv:astro-ph/0409546. Bibcode:2005ApJ...618..601A. doi:10.1086/426075. S2CID 17680991.
Nemiroff, R. J. (1993). "Visual distortions near a neutron star and black hole". American Journal of Physics. 61 (7): 619–632. arXiv:astro-ph/9312003v1. Bibcode:1993AmJPh..61..619N. doi:10.1119/1.17224. S2CID 16640860.

books.google.com

Maulik, Dev (2005). "Doppler Sonography: A Brief History". In Maulik, Dev; Zalud, Ivica (eds.). Doppler Ultrasound in Obstetrics And Gynecology. Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-23088-5.
Eddington, Arthur Stanley (1923). The Mathematical Theory of Relativity. The University Press. p. 164.
Bergström, Lars; Goobar, Ariel (2006). Cosmology and Particle Astrophysics (2nd ed.). Springer. p. 77, Eq.4.79. ISBN 978-3-540-32924-4.
Longair, M. S. (1998). Galaxy Formation. Springer. p. 161. ISBN 978-3-540-63785-1.
Weinberg, Steven (2008). Cosmology. Oxford University Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-19-852682-7.

caltech.edu

ned.ipac.caltech.edu

For a tutorial on how to define and interpret large redshift measurements, see:
Huchra, John. "Extragalactic Redshifts". NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. Archived from the original on 2013-12-22. Retrieved 2023-03-16.

authors.library.caltech.edu

Libbrecht, Keng (1988). "Solar and stellar seismology" (PDF). Space Science Reviews. 47 (3–4): 275–301. Bibcode:1988SSRv...47..275L. doi:10.1007/BF00243557. S2CID 120897051.

cambridge.org

Peacock, J. A. (1998-12-28). Cosmological Physics (1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511804533. ISBN 978-0-521-41072-4.

code.google.com

S.V. Pilipenko (2013-2021) "Paper-and-pencil cosmological calculator" arxiv:1303.5961, including Fortran-90 code upon which the citing charts and formulae are based.

doi.org

Ding, Qianhang (August 2021). "Detectability of primordial black hole binaries at high redshift". Physical Review D. 104 (4). id. 043527. arXiv:2011.13643. Bibcode:2021PhRvD.104d3527D. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.104.043527.
Huggins, William (1868). "Further Observations on the Spectra of Some of the Stars and Nebulae, with an Attempt to Determine Therefrom Whether These Bodies are Moving towards or from the Earth, Also Observations on the Spectra of the Sun and of Comet II". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 158: 529–564. Bibcode:1868RSPT..158..529H. doi:10.1098/rstl.1868.0022.
Reber, G. (1995). "Intergalactic Plasma". Astrophysics and Space Science. 227 (1–2): 93–96. Bibcode:1995Ap&SS.227...93R. doi:10.1007/BF00678069. S2CID 30000639.
Bélopolsky, A. (1901). "On an Apparatus for the Laboratory Demonstration of the Doppler-Fizeau Principle". Astrophysical Journal. 13: 15. Bibcode:1901ApJ....13...15B. doi:10.1086/140786.
Hubble, Edwin (1929). "A Relation between Distance and Radial Velocity among Extra-Galactic Nebulae". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 15 (3): 168–173. Bibcode:1929PNAS...15..168H. doi:10.1073/pnas.15.3.168. PMC 522427. PMID 16577160.
Friedman, A. A. (1922). "Über die Krümmung des Raumes". Zeitschrift für Physik. 10 (1): 377–386. Bibcode:1922ZPhy...10..377F. doi:10.1007/BF01332580. S2CID 125190902. English translation in Friedman, A. (1999). "On the Curvature of Space". General Relativity and Gravitation. 31 (12): 1991–2000. Bibcode:1999GReGr..31.1991F. doi:10.1023/A:1026751225741. S2CID 122950995.)
Ives, H.; Stilwell, G. (1938). "An Experimental study of the rate of a moving atomic clock". Journal of the Optical Society of America. 28 (7): 215–226. Bibcode:1938JOSA...28..215I. doi:10.1364/josa.28.000215.
Peacock, J. A. (1998-12-28). Cosmological Physics (1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511804533. ISBN 978-0-521-41072-4.
Bunn, E. F.; Hogg, D. W. (2009). "The kinematic origin of the cosmological redshift". American Journal of Physics. 77 (8): 688–694. arXiv:0808.1081. Bibcode:2009AmJPh..77..688B. doi:10.1119/1.3129103. S2CID 1365918.
Measurements of the peculiar velocities out to 5 Mpc using the Hubble Space Telescope were reported in 2003 by Karachentsev, I. D.; et al. (2003). "Local galaxy flows within 5 Mpc". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 398 (2): 479–491. arXiv:astro-ph/0211011. Bibcode:2003A&A...398..479K. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20021566. S2CID 26822121.
Lewis, Geraint F.; Francis, Matthew J.; Barnes, Luke A.; Kwan, Juliana; et al. (2008). "Cosmological Radar Ranging in an Expanding Universe". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 388 (3): 960–964. arXiv:0805.2197. Bibcode:2008MNRAS.388..960L. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13477.x. S2CID 15147382. It is perfectly valid to interpret the equations of relativity in terms of an expanding space. The mistake is to push analogies too far and imbue space with physical properties that are not consistent with the equations of relativity.
Chodorowski, Michal (2007). "Is space really expanding? A counterexample". Concepts Phys. 4 (1): 17–34. arXiv:astro-ph/0601171. Bibcode:2007ONCP....4...15C. doi:10.2478/v10005-007-0002-2. S2CID 15931627.
Bedran, M. L. (2002). "A comparison between the Doppler and cosmological redshifts" (PDF). American Journal of Physics. 70 (4): 406–408. Bibcode:2002AmJPh..70..406B. doi:10.1119/1.1446856. Retrieved 2023-03-16.
Harrison, Edward (1992). "The redshift-distance and velocity-distance laws". Astrophysical Journal, Part 1. 403: 28–31. Bibcode:1993ApJ...403...28H. doi:10.1086/172179.. A pdf file can be found here [1].
This is only true in a universe where there are no peculiar velocities. Otherwise, redshifts combine as
$1+z=(1+z_{\mathrm {Doppler} })(1+z_{\mathrm {expansion} })$
which yields solutions where certain objects that "recede" are blueshifted and other objects that "approach" are redshifted. For more on this bizarre result see: Davis, T. M.; Lineweaver, C. H.; Webb, J. K. (April 2003). "Solutions to the tethered galaxy problem in an expanding universe and the observation of receding blueshifted objects". American Journal of Physics. 71 (4): 358–364. arXiv:astro-ph/0104349. Bibcode:2003AmJPh..71..358D. doi:10.1119/1.1528916. S2CID 3219383.
Pound, R.; Rebka, G. (1960). "Apparent Weight of Photons". Physical Review Letters. 4 (7): 337–341. Bibcode:1960PhRvL...4..337P. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.4.337.. This paper was the first measurement.
Sachs, R. K.; Wolfe, A. M. (1967). "Perturbations of a cosmological model and angular variations of the cosmic microwave background". Astrophysical Journal. 147 (73): 73. Bibcode:1967ApJ...147...73S. doi:10.1086/148982.
When cosmological redshifts were first discovered, Fritz Zwicky proposed an effect known as tired light. While usually considered for historical interests, it is sometimes, along with intrinsic redshift suggestions, utilized by nonstandard cosmologies. In 1981, H. J. Reboul summarised many alternative redshift mechanisms that had been discussed in the literature since the 1930s. In 2001, Geoffrey Burbidge remarked in a review that the wider astronomical community has marginalized such discussions since the 1960s. Burbidge and Halton Arp, while investigating the mystery of the nature of quasars, tried to develop alternative redshift mechanisms, and very few of their fellow scientists acknowledged let alone accepted their work. Moreover, Goldhaber, G.; et al. (2001). "Timescale Stretch Parameterization of Type Ia Supernova B-Band Lightcurves". Astrophysical Journal. 558 (1): 359–386. arXiv:astro-ph/0104382. Bibcode:2001ApJ...558..359G. doi:10.1086/322460. S2CID 17237531. pointed out that alternative theories are unable to account for timescale stretch observed in type Ia supernovae
The Exoplanet Tracker is the newest observing project to use this technique, able to track the redshift variations in multiple objects at once, as reported in Ge, Jian; Van Eyken, Julian; Mahadevan, Suvrath; Dewitt, Curtis; et al. (2006). "The First Extrasolar Planet Discovered with a New-Generation High-Throughput Doppler Instrument". The Astrophysical Journal. 648 (1): 683–695. arXiv:astro-ph/0605247. Bibcode:2006ApJ...648..683G. doi:10.1086/505699. S2CID 13879217.
Libbrecht, Keng (1988). "Solar and stellar seismology" (PDF). Space Science Reviews. 47 (3–4): 275–301. Bibcode:1988SSRv...47..275L. doi:10.1007/BF00243557. S2CID 120897051.
An accurate measurement of the cosmic microwave background was achieved by the COBE experiment. The final published temperature of 2.73 K was reported in this paper: Fixsen, D. J.; Cheng, E. S.; Cottingham, D. A.; Eplee, R. E. Jr.; Isaacman, R. B.; Mather, J. C.; Meyer, S. S.; Noerdlinger, P. D.; Shafer, R. A.; Weiss, R.; Wright, E. L.; Bennett, C. L.; Boggess, N. W.; Kelsall, T.; Moseley, S. H.; Silverberg, R. F.; Smoot, G. F.; Wilkinson, D. T. (January 1994). "Cosmic microwave background dipole spectrum measured by the COBE FIRAS instrument". Astrophysical Journal. 420: 445. Bibcode:1994ApJ...420..445F. doi:10.1086/173575.. The most accurate measurement as of 2006 was achieved by the WMAP experiment.
Carniani, Stefano; Hainline, Kevin; D'Eugenio, Francesco; Eisenstein, Daniel J.; Jakobsen, Peter; Witstok, Joris; Johnson, Benjamin D.; Chevallard, Jacopo; Maiolino, Roberto; Helton, Jakob M.; Willott, Chris; Robertson, Brant; Alberts, Stacey; Arribas, Santiago; Baker, William M. (2024-07-29). "Spectroscopic confirmation of two luminous galaxies at a redshift of 14". Nature. 633 (8029): 318–322. arXiv:2405.18485. Bibcode:2024Natur.633..318C. doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07860-9. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 11390484. PMID 39074505.
Oesch, P. A.; et al. (March 1, 2016). "A Remarkably Luminous Galaxy at z=11.1 Measured with Hubble Space Telescope Grism Spectroscopy". The Astrophysical Journal. 819 (2): 129. arXiv:1603.00461. Bibcode:2016ApJ...819..129O. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/819/2/129. S2CID 119262750.
Lehnert, M. D.; Nesvadba, N. P.; Cuby, J. G.; Swinbank, A. M.; et al. (2010). "Spectroscopic Confirmation of a galaxy at redshift z = 8.6". Nature. 467 (7318): 940–942. arXiv:1010.4312. Bibcode:2010Natur.467..940L. doi:10.1038/nature09462. PMID 20962840. S2CID 4414781.
Watson, Darach; Christensen, Lise; Knudsen, Kirsten Kraiberg; Richard, Johan; Gallazzi, Anna; Michałowski, Michał Jerzy (2015). "A dusty, normal galaxy in the epoch of reionization". Nature. 519 (7543): 327–330. arXiv:1503.00002. Bibcode:2015Natur.519..327W. doi:10.1038/nature14164. PMID 25731171. S2CID 2514879.
Bradley, L. D.; et al. (2008). "Discovery of a Very Bright Strongly Lensed Galaxy Candidate at z ~ 7.6". The Astrophysical Journal. 678 (2): 647–654. arXiv:0802.2506. Bibcode:2008ApJ...678..647B. doi:10.1086/533519. S2CID 15574239.
Egami, E.; et al. (2005). "Spitzer and Hubble Space Telescope Constraints on the Physical Properties of the z~7 Galaxy Strongly Lensed by A2218". The Astrophysical Journal. 618 (1): L5 – L8. arXiv:astro-ph/0411117. Bibcode:2005ApJ...618L...5E. doi:10.1086/427550. S2CID 15920310.
Salvaterra, R.; Valle, M. Della; Campana, S.; Chincarini, G.; et al. (2009). "GRB 090423 reveals an exploding star at the epoch of re-ionization". Nature. 461 (7268): 1258–60. arXiv:0906.1578. Bibcode:2009Natur.461.1258S. doi:10.1038/nature08445. PMID 19865166. S2CID 205218263.
Bañados, Eduardo; Venemans, Bram P.; Mazzucchelli, Chiara; Farina, Emanuele P.; Walter, Fabian; Wang, Feige; Decarli, Roberto; Stern, Daniel; Fan, Xiaohui; Davies, Frederick B.; Hennawi, Joseph F.; Simcoe, Robert A.; Turner, Monica L.; Rix, Hans-Walter; Yang, Jinyi; Kelson, Daniel D.; Rudie, Gwen C.; Winters, Jan Martin (January 2018). "An 800-million-solar-mass black hole in a significantly neutral Universe at a redshift of 7.5". Nature. 553 (7689): 473–476. arXiv:1712.01860. Bibcode:2018Natur.553..473B. doi:10.1038/nature25180. PMID 29211709. S2CID 205263326.
Saxena, A. (2018). "Discovery of a radio galaxy at z = 5.72". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 480 (2): 2733–2742. arXiv:1806.01191. Bibcode:2018MNRAS.480.2733S. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1996. S2CID 118830412.
Walter, Fabian; Bertoldi, Frank; Carilli, Chris; Cox, Pierre; et al. (2003). "Molecular gas in the host galaxy of a quasar at redshift z = 6.42". Nature. 424 (6947): 406–8. arXiv:astro-ph/0307410. Bibcode:2003Natur.424..406W. doi:10.1038/nature01821. PMID 12879063. S2CID 4419009.
Smail, Ian; Owen, F. N.; Morrison, G. E.; Keel, W. C.; et al. (2002). "The Diversity of Extremely Red Objects". The Astrophysical Journal. 581 (2): 844–864. arXiv:astro-ph/0208434. Bibcode:2002ApJ...581..844S. doi:10.1086/344440. S2CID 51737034.
Totani, Tomonori; Yoshii, Yuzuru; Iwamuro, Fumihide; Maihara, Toshinori; et al. (2001). "Hyper Extremely Red Objects in the Subaru Deep Field: Evidence for Primordial Elliptical Galaxies in the Dusty Starburst Phase". The Astrophysical Journal. 558 (2): L87 – L91. arXiv:astro-ph/0108145. Bibcode:2001ApJ...558L..87T. doi:10.1086/323619. S2CID 119511017.
Lineweaver, Charles; Davis, Tamara M. (2005). "Misconceptions about the Big Bang". Scientific American. 292 (3): 36–45. Bibcode:2005SciAm.292c..36L. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0305-36.
Naoz, S.; Noter, S.; Barkana, R. (2006). "The first stars in the Universe". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters. 373 (1): L98 – L102. arXiv:astro-ph/0604050. Bibcode:2006MNRAS.373L..98N. doi:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2006.00251.x. S2CID 14454275.
Lesgourgues, J; Pastor, S (2006). "Massive neutrinos and cosmology". Physics Reports. 429 (6): 307–379. arXiv:astro-ph/0603494. Bibcode:2006PhR...429..307L. doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2006.04.001. S2CID 5955312.
Grishchuk, Leonid P (2005). "Relic gravitational waves and cosmology". Physics-Uspekhi. 48 (12): 1235–1247. arXiv:gr-qc/0504018. Bibcode:2005PhyU...48.1235G. doi:10.1070/PU2005v048n12ABEH005795. S2CID 11957123.
Sobral, David; Matthee, Jorryt; Darvish, Behnam; Schaerer, Daniel; Mobasher, Bahram; Röttgering, Huub J. A.; Santos, Sérgio; Hemmati, Shoubaneh (4 June 2015). "Evidence For POPIII-Like Stellar Populations In The Most Luminous LYMAN-α Emitters At The Epoch Of Re-Ionisation: Spectroscopic Confirmation". The Astrophysical Journal. 808 (2): 139. arXiv:1504.01734. Bibcode:2015ApJ...808..139S. doi:10.1088/0004-637x/808/2/139. S2CID 18471887.
Geller, M. J.; Huchra, J. P. (1989). "Mapping the Universe". Science. 246 (4932): 897–903. Bibcode:1989Sci...246..897G. doi:10.1126/science.246.4932.897. PMID 17812575. S2CID 31328798.
Cole, Shaun; Percival, Will J.; Peacock, John A.; Norberg, Peder; et al. (2005). "The 2dF galaxy redshift survey: Power-spectrum analysis of the final dataset and cosmological implications". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 362 (2): 505–34. arXiv:astro-ph/0501174. Bibcode:2005MNRAS.362..505C. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09318.x. S2CID 6906627. 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey homepage Archived 2007-02-05 at the Wayback Machine
Davis, Marc; DEEP2 collaboration (2002). Science objectives and early results of the DEEP2 redshift survey. Conference on Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation, Waikoloa, Hawaii, 22–28 Aug 2002. arXiv:astro-ph/0209419. Bibcode:2003SPIE.4834..161D. doi:10.1117/12.457897.{{cite conference}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
Woodhouse, Chris (2017-12-04). "M31 (Andromeda Galaxy)". The Astrophotography Manual (2nd ed.). Routledge. pp. 308–313. doi:10.4324/9781315159225-42. ISBN 978-1-315-15922-5.
Aoki, Kentaro; Kawaguchi, Toshihiro; Ohta, Kouji (January 2005). "The Largest Blueshifts of the [O III] Emission Line in Two Narrow-Line Quasars". Astrophysical Journal. 618 (2): 601–608. arXiv:astro-ph/0409546. Bibcode:2005ApJ...618..601A. doi:10.1086/426075. S2CID 17680991.
Nemiroff, R. J. (1993). "Visual distortions near a neutron star and black hole". American Journal of Physics. 61 (7): 619–632. arXiv:astro-ph/9312003v1. Bibcode:1993AmJPh..61..619N. doi:10.1119/1.17224. S2CID 16640860.

esa.int

"Cosmic Detectives". The European Space Agency (ESA). 2013-04-02. Retrieved 2013-04-25.

esahubble.org

"Hubble census finds galaxies at redshifts 9 to 12". ESA/Hubble Press Release. Retrieved 13 December 2012.

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ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Ding, Qianhang (August 2021). "Detectability of primordial black hole binaries at high redshift". Physical Review D. 104 (4). id. 043527. arXiv:2011.13643. Bibcode:2021PhRvD.104d3527D. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.104.043527.
Doppler, Christian (1846). Beiträge zur fixsternenkunde. Vol. 69. Prague: G. Haase Söhne. Bibcode:1846befi.book.....D.
Huggins, William (1868). "Further Observations on the Spectra of Some of the Stars and Nebulae, with an Attempt to Determine Therefrom Whether These Bodies are Moving towards or from the Earth, Also Observations on the Spectra of the Sun and of Comet II". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 158: 529–564. Bibcode:1868RSPT..158..529H. doi:10.1098/rstl.1868.0022.
Reber, G. (1995). "Intergalactic Plasma". Astrophysics and Space Science. 227 (1–2): 93–96. Bibcode:1995Ap&SS.227...93R. doi:10.1007/BF00678069. S2CID 30000639.
Bélopolsky, A. (1901). "On an Apparatus for the Laboratory Demonstration of the Doppler-Fizeau Principle". Astrophysical Journal. 13: 15. Bibcode:1901ApJ....13...15B. doi:10.1086/140786.
Slipher, Vesto (1912). "The radial velocity of the Andromeda Nebula". Lowell Observatory Bulletin. 1 (8): 2.56 – 2.57. Bibcode:1913LowOB...2...56S. The magnitude of this velocity, which is the greatest hitherto observed, raises the question whether the velocity-like displacement might not be due to some other cause, but I believe we have at present no other interpretation for it
Slipher, Vesto (1915). "Spectrographic Observations of Nebulae". Popular Astronomy. 23: 21–24. Bibcode:1915PA.....23...21S.
Slipher, Vesto (1915). "Spectrographic Observations of Nebulae". Popular Astronomy. 23: 22. Bibcode:1915PA.....23...21S.
Hubble, Edwin (1929). "A Relation between Distance and Radial Velocity among Extra-Galactic Nebulae". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 15 (3): 168–173. Bibcode:1929PNAS...15..168H. doi:10.1073/pnas.15.3.168. PMC 522427. PMID 16577160.
Friedman, A. A. (1922). "Über die Krümmung des Raumes". Zeitschrift für Physik. 10 (1): 377–386. Bibcode:1922ZPhy...10..377F. doi:10.1007/BF01332580. S2CID 125190902. English translation in Friedman, A. (1999). "On the Curvature of Space". General Relativity and Gravitation. 31 (12): 1991–2000. Bibcode:1999GReGr..31.1991F. doi:10.1023/A:1026751225741. S2CID 122950995.)
de Sitter, W. (1934). "On distance, magnitude, and related quantities in an expanding universe". Bulletin of the Astronomical Institutes of the Netherlands. 7: 205. Bibcode:1934BAN.....7..205D. It thus becomes urgent to investigate the effect of the redshift and of the metric of the universe on the apparent magnitude and observed numbers of nebulae of given magnitude
Ives, H.; Stilwell, G. (1938). "An Experimental study of the rate of a moving atomic clock". Journal of the Optical Society of America. 28 (7): 215–226. Bibcode:1938JOSA...28..215I. doi:10.1364/josa.28.000215.
Bunn, E. F.; Hogg, D. W. (2009). "The kinematic origin of the cosmological redshift". American Journal of Physics. 77 (8): 688–694. arXiv:0808.1081. Bibcode:2009AmJPh..77..688B. doi:10.1119/1.3129103. S2CID 1365918.
Measurements of the peculiar velocities out to 5 Mpc using the Hubble Space Telescope were reported in 2003 by Karachentsev, I. D.; et al. (2003). "Local galaxy flows within 5 Mpc". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 398 (2): 479–491. arXiv:astro-ph/0211011. Bibcode:2003A&A...398..479K. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20021566. S2CID 26822121.
Lewis, Geraint F.; Francis, Matthew J.; Barnes, Luke A.; Kwan, Juliana; et al. (2008). "Cosmological Radar Ranging in an Expanding Universe". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 388 (3): 960–964. arXiv:0805.2197. Bibcode:2008MNRAS.388..960L. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13477.x. S2CID 15147382. It is perfectly valid to interpret the equations of relativity in terms of an expanding space. The mistake is to push analogies too far and imbue space with physical properties that are not consistent with the equations of relativity.
Chodorowski, Michal (2007). "Is space really expanding? A counterexample". Concepts Phys. 4 (1): 17–34. arXiv:astro-ph/0601171. Bibcode:2007ONCP....4...15C. doi:10.2478/v10005-007-0002-2. S2CID 15931627.
Bedran, M. L. (2002). "A comparison between the Doppler and cosmological redshifts" (PDF). American Journal of Physics. 70 (4): 406–408. Bibcode:2002AmJPh..70..406B. doi:10.1119/1.1446856. Retrieved 2023-03-16.
Harrison, Edward (1992). "The redshift-distance and velocity-distance laws". Astrophysical Journal, Part 1. 403: 28–31. Bibcode:1993ApJ...403...28H. doi:10.1086/172179.. A pdf file can be found here [1].
This is only true in a universe where there are no peculiar velocities. Otherwise, redshifts combine as
$1+z=(1+z_{\mathrm {Doppler} })(1+z_{\mathrm {expansion} })$
which yields solutions where certain objects that "recede" are blueshifted and other objects that "approach" are redshifted. For more on this bizarre result see: Davis, T. M.; Lineweaver, C. H.; Webb, J. K. (April 2003). "Solutions to the tethered galaxy problem in an expanding universe and the observation of receding blueshifted objects". American Journal of Physics. 71 (4): 358–364. arXiv:astro-ph/0104349. Bibcode:2003AmJPh..71..358D. doi:10.1119/1.1528916. S2CID 3219383.
Chant, C. A. (1930). "Notes and Queries (Telescopes and Observatory Equipment – The Einstein Shift of Solar Lines)". Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada. 24: 390. Bibcode:1930JRASC..24..390C.
Einstein, A. (1907). "Über das Relativitätsprinzip und die aus demselben gezogenen Folgerungen". Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität und Elektronik. 4: 411–462. Bibcode:1908JRE.....4..411E. See p. 458 The influence of a gravitational field on clocks
Pound, R.; Rebka, G. (1960). "Apparent Weight of Photons". Physical Review Letters. 4 (7): 337–341. Bibcode:1960PhRvL...4..337P. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.4.337.. This paper was the first measurement.
Sachs, R. K.; Wolfe, A. M. (1967). "Perturbations of a cosmological model and angular variations of the cosmic microwave background". Astrophysical Journal. 147 (73): 73. Bibcode:1967ApJ...147...73S. doi:10.1086/148982.
When cosmological redshifts were first discovered, Fritz Zwicky proposed an effect known as tired light. While usually considered for historical interests, it is sometimes, along with intrinsic redshift suggestions, utilized by nonstandard cosmologies. In 1981, H. J. Reboul summarised many alternative redshift mechanisms that had been discussed in the literature since the 1930s. In 2001, Geoffrey Burbidge remarked in a review that the wider astronomical community has marginalized such discussions since the 1960s. Burbidge and Halton Arp, while investigating the mystery of the nature of quasars, tried to develop alternative redshift mechanisms, and very few of their fellow scientists acknowledged let alone accepted their work. Moreover, Goldhaber, G.; et al. (2001). "Timescale Stretch Parameterization of Type Ia Supernova B-Band Lightcurves". Astrophysical Journal. 558 (1): 359–386. arXiv:astro-ph/0104382. Bibcode:2001ApJ...558..359G. doi:10.1086/322460. S2CID 17237531. pointed out that alternative theories are unable to account for timescale stretch observed in type Ia supernovae
Bolzonella, M.; Miralles, J.-M.; Pelló, R. (2000). "Photometric redshifts based on standard SED fitting procedures". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 363: 476–492. arXiv:astro-ph/0003380. Bibcode:2000A&A...363..476B.
The Exoplanet Tracker is the newest observing project to use this technique, able to track the redshift variations in multiple objects at once, as reported in Ge, Jian; Van Eyken, Julian; Mahadevan, Suvrath; Dewitt, Curtis; et al. (2006). "The First Extrasolar Planet Discovered with a New-Generation High-Throughput Doppler Instrument". The Astrophysical Journal. 648 (1): 683–695. arXiv:astro-ph/0605247. Bibcode:2006ApJ...648..683G. doi:10.1086/505699. S2CID 13879217.
Libbrecht, Keng (1988). "Solar and stellar seismology" (PDF). Space Science Reviews. 47 (3–4): 275–301. Bibcode:1988SSRv...47..275L. doi:10.1007/BF00243557. S2CID 120897051.
An early review by Oort, J. H. on the subject: Oort, J. H. (1970). "The formation of galaxies and the origin of the high-velocity hydrogen". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 7: 381. Bibcode:1970A&A.....7..381O.
Asaoka, Ikuko (1989). "X-ray spectra at infinity from a relativistic accretion disk around a Kerr black hole". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 41 (4): 763–778. Bibcode:1989PASJ...41..763A.
An accurate measurement of the cosmic microwave background was achieved by the COBE experiment. The final published temperature of 2.73 K was reported in this paper: Fixsen, D. J.; Cheng, E. S.; Cottingham, D. A.; Eplee, R. E. Jr.; Isaacman, R. B.; Mather, J. C.; Meyer, S. S.; Noerdlinger, P. D.; Shafer, R. A.; Weiss, R.; Wright, E. L.; Bennett, C. L.; Boggess, N. W.; Kelsall, T.; Moseley, S. H.; Silverberg, R. F.; Smoot, G. F.; Wilkinson, D. T. (January 1994). "Cosmic microwave background dipole spectrum measured by the COBE FIRAS instrument". Astrophysical Journal. 420: 445. Bibcode:1994ApJ...420..445F. doi:10.1086/173575.. The most accurate measurement as of 2006 was achieved by the WMAP experiment.
Carniani, Stefano; Hainline, Kevin; D'Eugenio, Francesco; Eisenstein, Daniel J.; Jakobsen, Peter; Witstok, Joris; Johnson, Benjamin D.; Chevallard, Jacopo; Maiolino, Roberto; Helton, Jakob M.; Willott, Chris; Robertson, Brant; Alberts, Stacey; Arribas, Santiago; Baker, William M. (2024-07-29). "Spectroscopic confirmation of two luminous galaxies at a redshift of 14". Nature. 633 (8029): 318–322. arXiv:2405.18485. Bibcode:2024Natur.633..318C. doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07860-9. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 11390484. PMID 39074505.
Oesch, P. A.; et al. (March 1, 2016). "A Remarkably Luminous Galaxy at z=11.1 Measured with Hubble Space Telescope Grism Spectroscopy". The Astrophysical Journal. 819 (2): 129. arXiv:1603.00461. Bibcode:2016ApJ...819..129O. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/819/2/129. S2CID 119262750.
Lehnert, M. D.; Nesvadba, N. P.; Cuby, J. G.; Swinbank, A. M.; et al. (2010). "Spectroscopic Confirmation of a galaxy at redshift z = 8.6". Nature. 467 (7318): 940–942. arXiv:1010.4312. Bibcode:2010Natur.467..940L. doi:10.1038/nature09462. PMID 20962840. S2CID 4414781.
Watson, Darach; Christensen, Lise; Knudsen, Kirsten Kraiberg; Richard, Johan; Gallazzi, Anna; Michałowski, Michał Jerzy (2015). "A dusty, normal galaxy in the epoch of reionization". Nature. 519 (7543): 327–330. arXiv:1503.00002. Bibcode:2015Natur.519..327W. doi:10.1038/nature14164. PMID 25731171. S2CID 2514879.
Bradley, L. D.; et al. (2008). "Discovery of a Very Bright Strongly Lensed Galaxy Candidate at z ~ 7.6". The Astrophysical Journal. 678 (2): 647–654. arXiv:0802.2506. Bibcode:2008ApJ...678..647B. doi:10.1086/533519. S2CID 15574239.
Egami, E.; et al. (2005). "Spitzer and Hubble Space Telescope Constraints on the Physical Properties of the z~7 Galaxy Strongly Lensed by A2218". The Astrophysical Journal. 618 (1): L5 – L8. arXiv:astro-ph/0411117. Bibcode:2005ApJ...618L...5E. doi:10.1086/427550. S2CID 15920310.
Salvaterra, R.; Valle, M. Della; Campana, S.; Chincarini, G.; et al. (2009). "GRB 090423 reveals an exploding star at the epoch of re-ionization". Nature. 461 (7268): 1258–60. arXiv:0906.1578. Bibcode:2009Natur.461.1258S. doi:10.1038/nature08445. PMID 19865166. S2CID 205218263.
Bañados, Eduardo; Venemans, Bram P.; Mazzucchelli, Chiara; Farina, Emanuele P.; Walter, Fabian; Wang, Feige; Decarli, Roberto; Stern, Daniel; Fan, Xiaohui; Davies, Frederick B.; Hennawi, Joseph F.; Simcoe, Robert A.; Turner, Monica L.; Rix, Hans-Walter; Yang, Jinyi; Kelson, Daniel D.; Rudie, Gwen C.; Winters, Jan Martin (January 2018). "An 800-million-solar-mass black hole in a significantly neutral Universe at a redshift of 7.5". Nature. 553 (7689): 473–476. arXiv:1712.01860. Bibcode:2018Natur.553..473B. doi:10.1038/nature25180. PMID 29211709. S2CID 205263326.
Saxena, A. (2018). "Discovery of a radio galaxy at z = 5.72". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 480 (2): 2733–2742. arXiv:1806.01191. Bibcode:2018MNRAS.480.2733S. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1996. S2CID 118830412.
Walter, Fabian; Bertoldi, Frank; Carilli, Chris; Cox, Pierre; et al. (2003). "Molecular gas in the host galaxy of a quasar at redshift z = 6.42". Nature. 424 (6947): 406–8. arXiv:astro-ph/0307410. Bibcode:2003Natur.424..406W. doi:10.1038/nature01821. PMID 12879063. S2CID 4419009.
Smail, Ian; Owen, F. N.; Morrison, G. E.; Keel, W. C.; et al. (2002). "The Diversity of Extremely Red Objects". The Astrophysical Journal. 581 (2): 844–864. arXiv:astro-ph/0208434. Bibcode:2002ApJ...581..844S. doi:10.1086/344440. S2CID 51737034.
Totani, Tomonori; Yoshii, Yuzuru; Iwamuro, Fumihide; Maihara, Toshinori; et al. (2001). "Hyper Extremely Red Objects in the Subaru Deep Field: Evidence for Primordial Elliptical Galaxies in the Dusty Starburst Phase". The Astrophysical Journal. 558 (2): L87 – L91. arXiv:astro-ph/0108145. Bibcode:2001ApJ...558L..87T. doi:10.1086/323619. S2CID 119511017.
Lineweaver, Charles; Davis, Tamara M. (2005). "Misconceptions about the Big Bang". Scientific American. 292 (3): 36–45. Bibcode:2005SciAm.292c..36L. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0305-36.
Naoz, S.; Noter, S.; Barkana, R. (2006). "The first stars in the Universe". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters. 373 (1): L98 – L102. arXiv:astro-ph/0604050. Bibcode:2006MNRAS.373L..98N. doi:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2006.00251.x. S2CID 14454275.
Lesgourgues, J; Pastor, S (2006). "Massive neutrinos and cosmology". Physics Reports. 429 (6): 307–379. arXiv:astro-ph/0603494. Bibcode:2006PhR...429..307L. doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2006.04.001. S2CID 5955312.
Grishchuk, Leonid P (2005). "Relic gravitational waves and cosmology". Physics-Uspekhi. 48 (12): 1235–1247. arXiv:gr-qc/0504018. Bibcode:2005PhyU...48.1235G. doi:10.1070/PU2005v048n12ABEH005795. S2CID 11957123.
Sobral, David; Matthee, Jorryt; Darvish, Behnam; Schaerer, Daniel; Mobasher, Bahram; Röttgering, Huub J. A.; Santos, Sérgio; Hemmati, Shoubaneh (4 June 2015). "Evidence For POPIII-Like Stellar Populations In The Most Luminous LYMAN-α Emitters At The Epoch Of Re-Ionisation: Spectroscopic Confirmation". The Astrophysical Journal. 808 (2): 139. arXiv:1504.01734. Bibcode:2015ApJ...808..139S. doi:10.1088/0004-637x/808/2/139. S2CID 18471887.
Geller, M. J.; Huchra, J. P. (1989). "Mapping the Universe". Science. 246 (4932): 897–903. Bibcode:1989Sci...246..897G. doi:10.1126/science.246.4932.897. PMID 17812575. S2CID 31328798.
Cole, Shaun; Percival, Will J.; Peacock, John A.; Norberg, Peder; et al. (2005). "The 2dF galaxy redshift survey: Power-spectrum analysis of the final dataset and cosmological implications". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 362 (2): 505–34. arXiv:astro-ph/0501174. Bibcode:2005MNRAS.362..505C. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09318.x. S2CID 6906627. 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey homepage Archived 2007-02-05 at the Wayback Machine
Davis, Marc; DEEP2 collaboration (2002). Science objectives and early results of the DEEP2 redshift survey. Conference on Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation, Waikoloa, Hawaii, 22–28 Aug 2002. arXiv:astro-ph/0209419. Bibcode:2003SPIE.4834..161D. doi:10.1117/12.457897.{{cite conference}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
Aoki, Kentaro; Kawaguchi, Toshihiro; Ohta, Kouji (January 2005). "The Largest Blueshifts of the [O III] Emission Line in Two Narrow-Line Quasars". Astrophysical Journal. 618 (2): 601–608. arXiv:astro-ph/0409546. Bibcode:2005ApJ...618..601A. doi:10.1086/426075. S2CID 17680991.
Nemiroff, R. J. (1993). "Visual distortions near a neutron star and black hole". American Journal of Physics. 61 (7): 619–632. arXiv:astro-ph/9312003v1. Bibcode:1993AmJPh..61..619N. doi:10.1119/1.17224. S2CID 16640860.

articles.adsabs.harvard.edu

Harrison, Edward (1992). "The redshift-distance and velocity-distance laws". Astrophysical Journal, Part 1. 403: 28–31. Bibcode:1993ApJ...403...28H. doi:10.1086/172179.. A pdf file can be found here [1].

adsabs.harvard.edu

When cosmological redshifts were first discovered, Fritz Zwicky proposed an effect known as tired light. While usually considered for historical interests, it is sometimes, along with intrinsic redshift suggestions, utilized by nonstandard cosmologies. In 1981, H. J. Reboul summarised many alternative redshift mechanisms that had been discussed in the literature since the 1930s. In 2001, Geoffrey Burbidge remarked in a review that the wider astronomical community has marginalized such discussions since the 1960s. Burbidge and Halton Arp, while investigating the mystery of the nature of quasars, tried to develop alternative redshift mechanisms, and very few of their fellow scientists acknowledged let alone accepted their work. Moreover, Goldhaber, G.; et al. (2001). "Timescale Stretch Parameterization of Type Ia Supernova B-Band Lightcurves". Astrophysical Journal. 558 (1): 359–386. arXiv:astro-ph/0104382. Bibcode:2001ApJ...558..359G. doi:10.1086/322460. S2CID 17237531. pointed out that alternative theories are unable to account for timescale stretch observed in type Ia supernovae

lweb.cfa.harvard.edu

See the CfA website for more details: Huchra, John P. "The CfA Redshift Survey". Harvard & Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. Retrieved 2023-03-20.

icrar.org

cosmocalc.icrar.org

Staff (2022). "ICRAR Cosmology Calculator". International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research. Retrieved 6 August 2022. ICRAR Cosmology Calculator - Set H₀=67.4 and Omega_M=0.315 (see Table/Planck2018 at "Lambda-CDM model#Parameters")

kempner.net

Kempner, Joshua (2022). "KEMPNER Cosmology Calculator". Kempner.net. Retrieved 6 August 2022. KEMP Cosmology Calculator - Set H₀=67.4, Omega_M=0.315, and Omega_Λ=0.6847 (see Table/Planck2018 at "Lambda-CDM model#Parameters")

mit.edu

news.mit.edu

Chu, Jennifer (2017-12-06). "Scientists observe supermassive black hole in infant universe". MIT News. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

msoanu.edu.au

Cole, Shaun; Percival, Will J.; Peacock, John A.; Norberg, Peder; et al. (2005). "The 2dF galaxy redshift survey: Power-spectrum analysis of the final dataset and cosmological implications". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 362 (2): 505–34. arXiv:astro-ph/0501174. Bibcode:2005MNRAS.362..505C. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09318.x. S2CID 6906627. 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey homepage Archived 2007-02-05 at the Wayback Machine

nasa.gov

imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov

"Universe is Expanding". 2017-12-08. Retrieved 2023-09-06.

heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov

See, for example, this 25 May 2004 press release from NASA's Swift space telescope that is researching gamma-ray bursts: "Measurements of the gamma-ray spectra obtained during the main outburst of the GRB have found little value as redshift indicators, due to the lack of well-defined features. However, optical observations of GRB afterglows have produced spectra with identifiable lines, leading to precise redshift measurements."

antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov

Nemiroff, R. J. (1993). "Gravitational Principles and Mathematics". NASA.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Hubble, Edwin (1929). "A Relation between Distance and Radial Velocity among Extra-Galactic Nebulae". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 15 (3): 168–173. Bibcode:1929PNAS...15..168H. doi:10.1073/pnas.15.3.168. PMC 522427. PMID 16577160.
Carniani, Stefano; Hainline, Kevin; D'Eugenio, Francesco; Eisenstein, Daniel J.; Jakobsen, Peter; Witstok, Joris; Johnson, Benjamin D.; Chevallard, Jacopo; Maiolino, Roberto; Helton, Jakob M.; Willott, Chris; Robertson, Brant; Alberts, Stacey; Arribas, Santiago; Baker, William M. (2024-07-29). "Spectroscopic confirmation of two luminous galaxies at a redshift of 14". Nature. 633 (8029): 318–322. arXiv:2405.18485. Bibcode:2024Natur.633..318C. doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07860-9. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 11390484. PMID 39074505.
Lehnert, M. D.; Nesvadba, N. P.; Cuby, J. G.; Swinbank, A. M.; et al. (2010). "Spectroscopic Confirmation of a galaxy at redshift z = 8.6". Nature. 467 (7318): 940–942. arXiv:1010.4312. Bibcode:2010Natur.467..940L. doi:10.1038/nature09462. PMID 20962840. S2CID 4414781.
Watson, Darach; Christensen, Lise; Knudsen, Kirsten Kraiberg; Richard, Johan; Gallazzi, Anna; Michałowski, Michał Jerzy (2015). "A dusty, normal galaxy in the epoch of reionization". Nature. 519 (7543): 327–330. arXiv:1503.00002. Bibcode:2015Natur.519..327W. doi:10.1038/nature14164. PMID 25731171. S2CID 2514879.
Salvaterra, R.; Valle, M. Della; Campana, S.; Chincarini, G.; et al. (2009). "GRB 090423 reveals an exploding star at the epoch of re-ionization". Nature. 461 (7268): 1258–60. arXiv:0906.1578. Bibcode:2009Natur.461.1258S. doi:10.1038/nature08445. PMID 19865166. S2CID 205218263.
Bañados, Eduardo; Venemans, Bram P.; Mazzucchelli, Chiara; Farina, Emanuele P.; Walter, Fabian; Wang, Feige; Decarli, Roberto; Stern, Daniel; Fan, Xiaohui; Davies, Frederick B.; Hennawi, Joseph F.; Simcoe, Robert A.; Turner, Monica L.; Rix, Hans-Walter; Yang, Jinyi; Kelson, Daniel D.; Rudie, Gwen C.; Winters, Jan Martin (January 2018). "An 800-million-solar-mass black hole in a significantly neutral Universe at a redshift of 7.5". Nature. 553 (7689): 473–476. arXiv:1712.01860. Bibcode:2018Natur.553..473B. doi:10.1038/nature25180. PMID 29211709. S2CID 205263326.
Walter, Fabian; Bertoldi, Frank; Carilli, Chris; Cox, Pierre; et al. (2003). "Molecular gas in the host galaxy of a quasar at redshift z = 6.42". Nature. 424 (6947): 406–8. arXiv:astro-ph/0307410. Bibcode:2003Natur.424..406W. doi:10.1038/nature01821. PMID 12879063. S2CID 4419009.
Geller, M. J.; Huchra, J. P. (1989). "Mapping the Universe". Science. 246 (4932): 897–903. Bibcode:1989Sci...246..897G. doi:10.1126/science.246.4932.897. PMID 17812575. S2CID 31328798.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Hubble, Edwin (1929). "A Relation between Distance and Radial Velocity among Extra-Galactic Nebulae". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 15 (3): 168–173. Bibcode:1929PNAS...15..168H. doi:10.1073/pnas.15.3.168. PMC 522427. PMID 16577160.
Carniani, Stefano; Hainline, Kevin; D'Eugenio, Francesco; Eisenstein, Daniel J.; Jakobsen, Peter; Witstok, Joris; Johnson, Benjamin D.; Chevallard, Jacopo; Maiolino, Roberto; Helton, Jakob M.; Willott, Chris; Robertson, Brant; Alberts, Stacey; Arribas, Santiago; Baker, William M. (2024-07-29). "Spectroscopic confirmation of two luminous galaxies at a redshift of 14". Nature. 633 (8029): 318–322. arXiv:2405.18485. Bibcode:2024Natur.633..318C. doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07860-9. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 11390484. PMID 39074505.

nobelprize.org

"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2011: Information for the Public" (PDF). nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2023-06-13.

nytimes.com

Overbye, Dennis (17 June 2015). "Astronomers Report Finding Earliest Stars That Enriched Cosmos". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 June 2015.

oed.com

"redshift". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2023-03-17. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)

sdss3.org

"SDSS-III". www.sdss3.org. Retrieved 2023-03-20.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Reber, G. (1995). "Intergalactic Plasma". Astrophysics and Space Science. 227 (1–2): 93–96. Bibcode:1995Ap&SS.227...93R. doi:10.1007/BF00678069. S2CID 30000639.
Friedman, A. A. (1922). "Über die Krümmung des Raumes". Zeitschrift für Physik. 10 (1): 377–386. Bibcode:1922ZPhy...10..377F. doi:10.1007/BF01332580. S2CID 125190902. English translation in Friedman, A. (1999). "On the Curvature of Space". General Relativity and Gravitation. 31 (12): 1991–2000. Bibcode:1999GReGr..31.1991F. doi:10.1023/A:1026751225741. S2CID 122950995.)
Bunn, E. F.; Hogg, D. W. (2009). "The kinematic origin of the cosmological redshift". American Journal of Physics. 77 (8): 688–694. arXiv:0808.1081. Bibcode:2009AmJPh..77..688B. doi:10.1119/1.3129103. S2CID 1365918.
Measurements of the peculiar velocities out to 5 Mpc using the Hubble Space Telescope were reported in 2003 by Karachentsev, I. D.; et al. (2003). "Local galaxy flows within 5 Mpc". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 398 (2): 479–491. arXiv:astro-ph/0211011. Bibcode:2003A&A...398..479K. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20021566. S2CID 26822121.
Lewis, Geraint F.; Francis, Matthew J.; Barnes, Luke A.; Kwan, Juliana; et al. (2008). "Cosmological Radar Ranging in an Expanding Universe". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 388 (3): 960–964. arXiv:0805.2197. Bibcode:2008MNRAS.388..960L. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13477.x. S2CID 15147382. It is perfectly valid to interpret the equations of relativity in terms of an expanding space. The mistake is to push analogies too far and imbue space with physical properties that are not consistent with the equations of relativity.
Chodorowski, Michal (2007). "Is space really expanding? A counterexample". Concepts Phys. 4 (1): 17–34. arXiv:astro-ph/0601171. Bibcode:2007ONCP....4...15C. doi:10.2478/v10005-007-0002-2. S2CID 15931627.
This is only true in a universe where there are no peculiar velocities. Otherwise, redshifts combine as
$1+z=(1+z_{\mathrm {Doppler} })(1+z_{\mathrm {expansion} })$
which yields solutions where certain objects that "recede" are blueshifted and other objects that "approach" are redshifted. For more on this bizarre result see: Davis, T. M.; Lineweaver, C. H.; Webb, J. K. (April 2003). "Solutions to the tethered galaxy problem in an expanding universe and the observation of receding blueshifted objects". American Journal of Physics. 71 (4): 358–364. arXiv:astro-ph/0104349. Bibcode:2003AmJPh..71..358D. doi:10.1119/1.1528916. S2CID 3219383.
When cosmological redshifts were first discovered, Fritz Zwicky proposed an effect known as tired light. While usually considered for historical interests, it is sometimes, along with intrinsic redshift suggestions, utilized by nonstandard cosmologies. In 1981, H. J. Reboul summarised many alternative redshift mechanisms that had been discussed in the literature since the 1930s. In 2001, Geoffrey Burbidge remarked in a review that the wider astronomical community has marginalized such discussions since the 1960s. Burbidge and Halton Arp, while investigating the mystery of the nature of quasars, tried to develop alternative redshift mechanisms, and very few of their fellow scientists acknowledged let alone accepted their work. Moreover, Goldhaber, G.; et al. (2001). "Timescale Stretch Parameterization of Type Ia Supernova B-Band Lightcurves". Astrophysical Journal. 558 (1): 359–386. arXiv:astro-ph/0104382. Bibcode:2001ApJ...558..359G. doi:10.1086/322460. S2CID 17237531. pointed out that alternative theories are unable to account for timescale stretch observed in type Ia supernovae
The Exoplanet Tracker is the newest observing project to use this technique, able to track the redshift variations in multiple objects at once, as reported in Ge, Jian; Van Eyken, Julian; Mahadevan, Suvrath; Dewitt, Curtis; et al. (2006). "The First Extrasolar Planet Discovered with a New-Generation High-Throughput Doppler Instrument". The Astrophysical Journal. 648 (1): 683–695. arXiv:astro-ph/0605247. Bibcode:2006ApJ...648..683G. doi:10.1086/505699. S2CID 13879217.
Libbrecht, Keng (1988). "Solar and stellar seismology" (PDF). Space Science Reviews. 47 (3–4): 275–301. Bibcode:1988SSRv...47..275L. doi:10.1007/BF00243557. S2CID 120897051.
Oesch, P. A.; et al. (March 1, 2016). "A Remarkably Luminous Galaxy at z=11.1 Measured with Hubble Space Telescope Grism Spectroscopy". The Astrophysical Journal. 819 (2): 129. arXiv:1603.00461. Bibcode:2016ApJ...819..129O. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/819/2/129. S2CID 119262750.
Lehnert, M. D.; Nesvadba, N. P.; Cuby, J. G.; Swinbank, A. M.; et al. (2010). "Spectroscopic Confirmation of a galaxy at redshift z = 8.6". Nature. 467 (7318): 940–942. arXiv:1010.4312. Bibcode:2010Natur.467..940L. doi:10.1038/nature09462. PMID 20962840. S2CID 4414781.
Watson, Darach; Christensen, Lise; Knudsen, Kirsten Kraiberg; Richard, Johan; Gallazzi, Anna; Michałowski, Michał Jerzy (2015). "A dusty, normal galaxy in the epoch of reionization". Nature. 519 (7543): 327–330. arXiv:1503.00002. Bibcode:2015Natur.519..327W. doi:10.1038/nature14164. PMID 25731171. S2CID 2514879.
Bradley, L. D.; et al. (2008). "Discovery of a Very Bright Strongly Lensed Galaxy Candidate at z ~ 7.6". The Astrophysical Journal. 678 (2): 647–654. arXiv:0802.2506. Bibcode:2008ApJ...678..647B. doi:10.1086/533519. S2CID 15574239.
Egami, E.; et al. (2005). "Spitzer and Hubble Space Telescope Constraints on the Physical Properties of the z~7 Galaxy Strongly Lensed by A2218". The Astrophysical Journal. 618 (1): L5 – L8. arXiv:astro-ph/0411117. Bibcode:2005ApJ...618L...5E. doi:10.1086/427550. S2CID 15920310.
Salvaterra, R.; Valle, M. Della; Campana, S.; Chincarini, G.; et al. (2009). "GRB 090423 reveals an exploding star at the epoch of re-ionization". Nature. 461 (7268): 1258–60. arXiv:0906.1578. Bibcode:2009Natur.461.1258S. doi:10.1038/nature08445. PMID 19865166. S2CID 205218263.
Bañados, Eduardo; Venemans, Bram P.; Mazzucchelli, Chiara; Farina, Emanuele P.; Walter, Fabian; Wang, Feige; Decarli, Roberto; Stern, Daniel; Fan, Xiaohui; Davies, Frederick B.; Hennawi, Joseph F.; Simcoe, Robert A.; Turner, Monica L.; Rix, Hans-Walter; Yang, Jinyi; Kelson, Daniel D.; Rudie, Gwen C.; Winters, Jan Martin (January 2018). "An 800-million-solar-mass black hole in a significantly neutral Universe at a redshift of 7.5". Nature. 553 (7689): 473–476. arXiv:1712.01860. Bibcode:2018Natur.553..473B. doi:10.1038/nature25180. PMID 29211709. S2CID 205263326.
Saxena, A. (2018). "Discovery of a radio galaxy at z = 5.72". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 480 (2): 2733–2742. arXiv:1806.01191. Bibcode:2018MNRAS.480.2733S. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1996. S2CID 118830412.
Walter, Fabian; Bertoldi, Frank; Carilli, Chris; Cox, Pierre; et al. (2003). "Molecular gas in the host galaxy of a quasar at redshift z = 6.42". Nature. 424 (6947): 406–8. arXiv:astro-ph/0307410. Bibcode:2003Natur.424..406W. doi:10.1038/nature01821. PMID 12879063. S2CID 4419009.
Smail, Ian; Owen, F. N.; Morrison, G. E.; Keel, W. C.; et al. (2002). "The Diversity of Extremely Red Objects". The Astrophysical Journal. 581 (2): 844–864. arXiv:astro-ph/0208434. Bibcode:2002ApJ...581..844S. doi:10.1086/344440. S2CID 51737034.
Totani, Tomonori; Yoshii, Yuzuru; Iwamuro, Fumihide; Maihara, Toshinori; et al. (2001). "Hyper Extremely Red Objects in the Subaru Deep Field: Evidence for Primordial Elliptical Galaxies in the Dusty Starburst Phase". The Astrophysical Journal. 558 (2): L87 – L91. arXiv:astro-ph/0108145. Bibcode:2001ApJ...558L..87T. doi:10.1086/323619. S2CID 119511017.
Naoz, S.; Noter, S.; Barkana, R. (2006). "The first stars in the Universe". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters. 373 (1): L98 – L102. arXiv:astro-ph/0604050. Bibcode:2006MNRAS.373L..98N. doi:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2006.00251.x. S2CID 14454275.
Lesgourgues, J; Pastor, S (2006). "Massive neutrinos and cosmology". Physics Reports. 429 (6): 307–379. arXiv:astro-ph/0603494. Bibcode:2006PhR...429..307L. doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2006.04.001. S2CID 5955312.
Grishchuk, Leonid P (2005). "Relic gravitational waves and cosmology". Physics-Uspekhi. 48 (12): 1235–1247. arXiv:gr-qc/0504018. Bibcode:2005PhyU...48.1235G. doi:10.1070/PU2005v048n12ABEH005795. S2CID 11957123.
Sobral, David; Matthee, Jorryt; Darvish, Behnam; Schaerer, Daniel; Mobasher, Bahram; Röttgering, Huub J. A.; Santos, Sérgio; Hemmati, Shoubaneh (4 June 2015). "Evidence For POPIII-Like Stellar Populations In The Most Luminous LYMAN-α Emitters At The Epoch Of Re-Ionisation: Spectroscopic Confirmation". The Astrophysical Journal. 808 (2): 139. arXiv:1504.01734. Bibcode:2015ApJ...808..139S. doi:10.1088/0004-637x/808/2/139. S2CID 18471887.
Geller, M. J.; Huchra, J. P. (1989). "Mapping the Universe". Science. 246 (4932): 897–903. Bibcode:1989Sci...246..897G. doi:10.1126/science.246.4932.897. PMID 17812575. S2CID 31328798.
Cole, Shaun; Percival, Will J.; Peacock, John A.; Norberg, Peder; et al. (2005). "The 2dF galaxy redshift survey: Power-spectrum analysis of the final dataset and cosmological implications". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 362 (2): 505–34. arXiv:astro-ph/0501174. Bibcode:2005MNRAS.362..505C. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09318.x. S2CID 6906627. 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey homepage Archived 2007-02-05 at the Wayback Machine
Aoki, Kentaro; Kawaguchi, Toshihiro; Ohta, Kouji (January 2005). "The Largest Blueshifts of the [O III] Emission Line in Two Narrow-Line Quasars". Astrophysical Journal. 618 (2): 601–608. arXiv:astro-ph/0409546. Bibcode:2005ApJ...618..601A. doi:10.1086/426075. S2CID 17680991.
Nemiroff, R. J. (1993). "Visual distortions near a neutron star and black hole". American Journal of Physics. 61 (7): 619–632. arXiv:astro-ph/9312003v1. Bibcode:1993AmJPh..61..619N. doi:10.1119/1.17224. S2CID 16640860.

springer.com

Maulik, Dev (2005). "Doppler Sonography: A Brief History". In Maulik, Dev; Zalud, Ivica (eds.). Doppler Ultrasound in Obstetrics And Gynecology. Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-23088-5.

st-andrews.ac.uk

www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk

O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F. (1998). "Christian Andreas Doppler". MacTutor History of Mathematics archive. University of St Andrews.

uba.ar

df.uba.ar

Bedran, M. L. (2002). "A comparison between the Doppler and cosmological redshifts" (PDF). American Journal of Physics. 70 (4): 406–408. Bibcode:2002AmJPh..70..406B. doi:10.1119/1.1446856. Retrieved 2023-03-16.

ucla.edu

astro.ucla.edu

Staff (2015). "UCLA Cosmological Calculator". UCLA. Retrieved 6 August 2022. Light travel distance was calculated from redshift value using the UCLA Cosmological Calculator, with parameters values as of 2015: H₀=67.74 and Omega_M=0.3089 (see Table/Planck2015 at "Lambda-CDM model#Parameters" )
Staff (2018). "UCLA Cosmological Calculator". UCLA. Retrieved 6 August 2022. Light travel distance was calculated from redshift value using the UCLA Cosmological Calculator, with parameters values as of 2018: H₀=67.4 and Omega_M=0.315 (see Table/Planck2018 at "Lambda-CDM model#Parameters" )

uq.edu.au

physics.uq.edu.au

See "Photons, Relativity, Doppler shift Archived 2006-08-27 at the Wayback Machine " at the University of Queensland

web.archive.org

For a tutorial on how to define and interpret large redshift measurements, see:
Huchra, John. "Extragalactic Redshifts". NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. Archived from the original on 2013-12-22. Retrieved 2023-03-16.
See "Photons, Relativity, Doppler shift Archived 2006-08-27 at the Wayback Machine " at the University of Queensland
Cole, Shaun; Percival, Will J.; Peacock, John A.; Norberg, Peder; et al. (2005). "The 2dF galaxy redshift survey: Power-spectrum analysis of the final dataset and cosmological implications". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 362 (2): 505–34. arXiv:astro-ph/0501174. Bibcode:2005MNRAS.362..505C. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09318.x. S2CID 6906627. 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey homepage Archived 2007-02-05 at the Wayback Machine

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Carniani, Stefano; Hainline, Kevin; D'Eugenio, Francesco; Eisenstein, Daniel J.; Jakobsen, Peter; Witstok, Joris; Johnson, Benjamin D.; Chevallard, Jacopo; Maiolino, Roberto; Helton, Jakob M.; Willott, Chris; Robertson, Brant; Alberts, Stacey; Arribas, Santiago; Baker, William M. (2024-07-29). "Spectroscopic confirmation of two luminous galaxies at a redshift of 14". Nature. 633 (8029): 318–322. arXiv:2405.18485. Bibcode:2024Natur.633..318C. doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07860-9. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 11390484. PMID 39074505.