Redskin (English Wikipedia)

The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. 2011. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved November 7, 2014. n. Offensive Slang Used as a disparaging term for a Native American.
"Redskin". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved July 20, 2012. n. Offensive Slang Used as a disparaging term for a Native American.

amlaw.com

pdfserver.amlaw.com

"Memorandum Opinion and Order, Pro-Football, Inc. v. Blackhorse, et al" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on July 9, 2015. Retrieved July 8, 2015.

annenbergpublicpolicycenter.org

Kathleen Hall Jamieson Ph.D. (September 24, 2004). "Most Indians Say Name of Washington "Redskins" Is Acceptable While 9 Percent Call It Offensive". The Annenberg Public Policy Center. Archived from the original on October 14, 2013. Retrieved September 27, 2014.

apa.org

"Legislative efforts to eliminate native-themed mascots, nicknames, and logos: Slow but steady progress post-APA resolution". American Psychological Association. August 2010. Retrieved 2022-01-12.

archive.org

Shoemaker, Nancy (2004). "Race". A Strange Likeness: Becoming Red and White in Eighteenth-Century North America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195167924.
"Full text of "A dictionary of the Choctaw language" by Cyrus Byington". Archive.com. 1915.

berkeley.edu

news.berkeley.edu

Anwar, Yasmin (February 4, 2020). "Washington Redskins' name, Native mascots offend more than previously reported". Berkeley News. Archived from the original on June 25, 2020. Retrieved May 20, 2020.

biodiversitylibrary.org

Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10 Vol. 1. p. 21 Archived 2012-11-08 at the Wayback Machine.

bnf.fr

gallica.bnf.fr

Anonymous [F. Bernier], "Nouvelle division de la terre par les différentes espèces ou races qui l'habitent" Archived 2018-03-16 at the Wayback Machine, Journal des Sçavants, 24 April 1684, p. 133–140.

books.google.com

Charles Hamilton Smith, Samuel Kneeland, The Natural History of the Human Species (1851), p. 47 Archived 2018-03-17 at the Wayback Machine, listing "Red Race" as one of the six races identified by René Lesson, Description de mammifères et d'oiseaux récemment découverts; précédée d'un Tableau sur les races humaines (1847), i.e. White (Caucasian), Dusky (Indian), Orange-colored (Malay), Yellow (Mongoloid), Red (Carib and American) and Black (Negroid).
"War Events". The Rhode-Island Republican. Vol. 5, no. 28. Newport, Rhode Island: William Simons. 7 October 1813. p. 2. Retrieved 3 December 2024. "Domestic". Virginia Argus. Vol. 21, no. 3022. Richmond, Virginia: Samuel Pleasants. 7 October 1813. p. 2. Retrieved 3 December 2024. "Events of the War". The Weekly Register. Vol. 5, no. 6. H. Niles. 9 October 1813. p. 98. Archived from the original on 22 July 2014. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
Fenelon, James V. (2016). Redskins?: Sport Mascots, Indian Nations and White Racism. Routledge. p. 40. ISBN 978-1315520674. Archived from the original on October 7, 2021. Retrieved December 18, 2017.
Leach, Douglas Edward (1958). Flintlock and Tomahawk: New England in King Philip's War. New York: WW Norton & Company. p. 237. ISBN 9780881508857. Archived from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2020-11-02. Hunting redskins for the time being became a popular sport in New England... {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
The American Heritage Guide to Contemporary Usage and Style. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2005. p. 399. ISBN 0618604995. Archived from the original on 2014-06-29. Retrieved 2016-03-23.

buzzfeed.com

"New Study Finds 67% Of Native Americans Find Redskins Name Offensive". Buzzfeed.com. June 4, 2014. Archived from the original on November 1, 2017. Retrieved September 10, 2017.
Adler, Lindsey (June 18, 2014). "60 Years of Shocking Redskins Headlines: A sampling of violent wordplay". BuzzFeed. Archived from the original on October 25, 2017. Retrieved September 10, 2017.

cbslocal.com

washington.cbslocal.com

"How Many Native Americans Think 'Redskins' is a Slur?". CBSDC. October 8, 2013. Archived from the original on June 17, 2014. Retrieved June 19, 2014.

cleveland.com

Goul, Matt (August 26, 2021). "Cuyahoga Heights removing 'Redskins' nickname, effective immediately, after board of education vote". Cleveland.com. Archived from the original on August 27, 2021. Retrieved September 9, 2021.

cnsmaryland.org

"The Other Redskins". Capitol News Service. Archived from the original on June 15, 2013. Retrieved June 16, 2013.
Zielonka, Adam; Sinn, Dylan (December 19, 2017). "More than a Mascot: Redskins High Schools". Philip Merrill College of Journalism. Capital News Service. Archived from the original on December 23, 2017. Retrieved December 20, 2017.

collinsdictionary.com

"Definition of redskin". Collins English Dictionary. Archived from the original on 2014-10-08. Retrieved 2013-06-09.

commanders.com

"Statement From The Washington Football Team". Commanders.com (Press release). NFL Enterprises, LLC. July 13, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2022.
"The Washington Football Team is now the Washington Commanders". Commanders.com (Press release). NFL Enterprises, LLC. February 2, 2022. Retrieved July 12, 2022.

cronkitenewsonline.com

Peirano, Michelle (May 1, 2013). "In debate over Redskins name, is the 'R-word' for racism or respect?". Cronkite News. Archived from the original on 2014-02-21. Retrieved 2014-02-06.

csusb.edu

cips.csusb.edu

"Survey on Redskins team name found most American Indians believe it to be offensive and racist" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on June 20, 2014. Retrieved June 22, 2014.

darrenreidhistory.co.uk

Reid, Darren R. (28 August 2014). "Why the 'Redskins' is a Racist Name". Archived from the original on September 4, 2014. Retrieved August 29, 2014.

deadspin.com

Ross, Gyasi (2013-10-16). ""Redskins": A Native's Guide To Debating An Inglorious Word". Deadspin. Archived from the original on 2014-11-12. Retrieved 2014-11-10.

democracynow.org

"Meet the Navajo Activist Who Got the Washington Redskins' Trademark Revoked: Amanda Blackhorse". Democracy Now!. June 19, 2014. Archived from the original on June 22, 2014. Retrieved June 19, 2014.

detroitnews.com

Paul, Tony (July 21, 2020). "Clinton Schools Drops Redskins Nickname, Leaving Just Three Left in Michigan". Detroit News. Archived from the original on July 22, 2020. Retrieved July 22, 2020.

deutschestextarchiv.de

Blumenbach, J. F. 1779. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 1, pp. 63f Archived 2018-03-17 at the Wayback Machine

doi.org

Shoemaker, Nancy (1997). "How Indians Got to Be Red" (PDF). The American Historical Review. 102 (3): 625–44. doi:10.2307/2171504. JSTOR 2171504. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-07-31. Retrieved 2017-08-14.
Vaughan, Alden T. (1982-10-01). "From White Man to Redskin: Changing Anglo-American Perceptions of the American Indian". The American Historical Review. 87 (4): 918. doi:10.2307/1857900. ISSN 0002-8762. JSTOR 1857900.
Jones, William (1901). "Episodes in the Culture-Hero Myth of the Sauks and Foxes". The Journal of American Folklore. 14 (55): 225–39. doi:10.2307/533350. JSTOR 533350.
Anderson, L.; Lepore, E. (2013). "Slurring Words". Noûs. 47 (1): 25–48. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0068.2010.00820.x.
D. Anthony Tyeeme Clark (2005). "Indigenous Voice and Vision as Commodity in a Mass-Consumption Society: The Colonial Politics of Public Opinion Polling". American Indian Quarterly. 29 (1/2 (Winter–Spring)). University of Nebraska Press: 228–238. doi:10.1353/aiq.2005.0039. JSTOR 4138809. S2CID 154986058.
Fryberg, Stephanie A.; Eason, Arianne E.; Brady, Laura M.; Jessop, Nadia; Lopez, Julisa J. (2020). "Unpacking the Mascot Debate: Native American Identification Predicts Opposition to Native Mascots". Social Psychological and Personality Science. 12: 3–13. doi:10.1177/1948550619898556. S2CID 216371787. Archived from the original on 2020-12-14. Retrieved 2020-05-20.

drive.google.com

Fryberg, Stephanie A.; Eason, Arianne E.; Brady, Laura M.; Jessop, Nadia; Lopez, Julisa J. (2020). "Unpacking the Mascot Debate: Native American Identification Predicts Opposition to Native Mascots". Social Psychological and Personality Science. 12: 3–13. doi:10.1177/1948550619898556. S2CID 216371787. Archived from the original on 2020-12-14. Retrieved 2020-05-20.

esquire.com

Holmes, Baxter (June 17, 2014). "A 'Redskin' Is the Scalped Head of a Native American, Sold, Like a Pelt, for Cash". Esquire. Archived from the original on 8 May 2017. Retrieved 14 May 2017.

fox19.com

Planalp, Brian (July 2, 2020). "Forest Hills School District Board votes to retire Anderson High School logo, nickname". Fox19.com. Archived from the original on August 9, 2020. Retrieved August 29, 2020.

h-cdn.co

esq.h-cdn.co

Goddard, Ives (2005). ""I Am A Red-Skin": The Adoption of a Native American Expression (1769–1826)" (PDF). European Review of Native American Studies. 19 (2). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-07-29. Retrieved 2017-05-12.

historica.ca

"The Beothuk Indians – "Newfoundland's Red Ochre People"". Historica Canadiana. 6 December 2006. Archived from the original on 12 May 2016. Retrieved 3 September 2016.

huerfanoworldjournal.com

Orr, Conner (September 17, 2020). "La Veta RE-2 votes to change mascot". Huerfano World Journal. Archived from the original on October 31, 2020. Retrieved September 9, 2021.

indiancountry.com

Suzan Shown Harjo (17 June 2005). "Dirty Word Games". Indian Country Today. Archived from the original on 10 October 2007. Retrieved 1 November 2013.

indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com

Moya-Smith, Simon (January 26, 2015). "Seeking $250 Reward, Settlers Hunted for 'Redskin Scalps' During Extermination Effort". Indian Country Today. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved August 8, 2017.

jstor.org

Shoemaker, Nancy (1997). "How Indians Got to Be Red" (PDF). The American Historical Review. 102 (3): 625–44. doi:10.2307/2171504. JSTOR 2171504. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-07-31. Retrieved 2017-08-14.
Vaughan, Alden T. (1982-10-01). "From White Man to Redskin: Changing Anglo-American Perceptions of the American Indian". The American Historical Review. 87 (4): 918. doi:10.2307/1857900. ISSN 0002-8762. JSTOR 1857900.
Jones, William (1901). "Episodes in the Culture-Hero Myth of the Sauks and Foxes". The Journal of American Folklore. 14 (55): 225–39. doi:10.2307/533350. JSTOR 533350.
D. Anthony Tyeeme Clark (2005). "Indigenous Voice and Vision as Commodity in a Mass-Consumption Society: The Colonial Politics of Public Opinion Polling". American Indian Quarterly. 29 (1/2 (Winter–Spring)). University of Nebraska Press: 228–238. doi:10.1353/aiq.2005.0039. JSTOR 4138809. S2CID 154986058.

kdictionaries-online.com

"definition of redskin". Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved November 7, 2014.

kfor.com

Doney, Ed (June 19, 2014). "If Redskins change name, should Oklahoma change its name too?". KFOR.com. Archived from the original on October 13, 2019. Retrieved October 13, 2019.

kwch.com

"Wichita BOE votes to discontinue 'Redskin' mascot for North High". KWCH. February 8, 2021. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved September 9, 2021.

kxly.com

"School board votes to keep name Wellpinit Redskins". KXLY-TV. June 19, 2014. Archived from the original on August 18, 2016. Retrieved September 5, 2017.

latimes.com

Mason, Melanie (October 11, 2015). "California schools barred from using 'Redskins' as team name or mascot". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on February 7, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2020.

loc.gov

chroniclingamerica.loc.gov

"War Events". The Rhode-Island Republican. Vol. 5, no. 28. Newport, Rhode Island: William Simons. 7 October 1813. p. 2. Retrieved 3 December 2024. "Domestic". Virginia Argus. Vol. 21, no. 3022. Richmond, Virginia: Samuel Pleasants. 7 October 1813. p. 2. Retrieved 3 December 2024. "Events of the War". The Weekly Register. Vol. 5, no. 6. H. Niles. 9 October 1813. p. 98. Archived from the original on 22 July 2014. Retrieved 23 March 2016.

merriam-webster.com

"Redskin – Trending". Merriam-Webster. November 1, 2013. Archived from the original on December 22, 2017. Retrieved December 17, 2017.
"Definition of REDSKIN". Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on October 25, 2014. Retrieved November 7, 2014. Definition of REDSKIN (offensive): American indian

mlive.com

"Michigan school scraps Redskins mascot, citing division". MLive.com. March 9, 2020. Archived from the original on March 10, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2020.

naacp.org

"NAACP Leading National Civil Rights and Racial Justice Organizations Announce Joint Opposition to Washington NFL Team Locating New Stadium in District of Columbia". NAACP. 24 August 2018. Archived from the original on 25 August 2018. Retrieved 7 April 2019.

naja.com

"NAJA and UNITY respond to recent Washington NFL team name poll". May 20, 2016. Archived from the original on September 29, 2017. Retrieved October 1, 2016.

ncai.org

"NCAI Response to the Washington Football Team's Commitment to Addressing Name Change". NCAI.org. National Congress of American Indians. July 3, 2020. Archived from the original on July 13, 2022. Retrieved July 12, 2022.
"NCAI Response to New Poll on R*skins Team Name". May 19, 2016. Archived from the original on August 26, 2016. Retrieved August 8, 2016.

newson6.com

"Union School Board Votes Unanimously To Discontinue Use Of 'Redskins' Mascot". News On 6. November 9, 2020. Archived from the original on December 3, 2020. Retrieved September 9, 2021.

newyorker.com

Jay Caspian Kang (June 18, 2014). "Dan Snyder and the Redskins Take a Loss". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved November 14, 2014.

nfl.com

Shook, Nick (February 2, 2022). "Washington announces new team name: Washington Commanders". NFL.com. NFL Enterprises, LLC. Retrieved July 12, 2022.

npr.org

Sutherland, JJ (October 27, 2010). "L. Frank Baum Advocated Extermination Of Native Americans". NPR. Archived from the original on 16 June 2017. Retrieved 20 May 2017.

nytimes.com

Belson, Ken; Wyatt, Edward (June 18, 2014). "U.S. Patent Office Cancels Redskins Trademark Registration". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 1, 2017. Retrieved March 3, 2017.

okhistory.org

gateway.okhistory.org

"History of Oklahoma Emblems". Chronicles of Oklahoma. 35 (3): 349. Autumn 1957.

okstate.edu

digital.library.okstate.edu

Meserve, John Bartlett. Chronicles of Oklahoma vol. 19, no. 4, December,1941. Retrieved December 17, 2012. Chronicles of Oklahoma Archived May 7, 2006, at the Wayback Machine

oxforddictionaries.com

blog.oxforddictionaries.com

"What is the definition of redskin?". Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on September 16, 2016. Retrieved September 3, 2016.

oxforddictionaries.com

"redskin". OxfordDictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2013-06-30. Retrieved 2013-06-09.

peopleofonefire.com

Shoemaker, Nancy (1997). "How Indians Got to Be Red" (PDF). The American Historical Review. 102 (3): 625–44. doi:10.2307/2171504. JSTOR 2171504. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-07-31. Retrieved 2017-08-14.

reference.com

dictionary.reference.com

"Redskin". Dictionary.com. Archived from the original on October 27, 2014. Retrieved November 7, 2014. noun, Slang: Disparaging and Offensive. 1. a North American Indian.

seattletimes.com

Lacitis, Erik (June 30, 2014). "Redskins controversy? High school with debated name just wants to be left alone". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on 3 March 2017. Retrieved 3 May 2017.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

D. Anthony Tyeeme Clark (2005). "Indigenous Voice and Vision as Commodity in a Mass-Consumption Society: The Colonial Politics of Public Opinion Polling". American Indian Quarterly. 29 (1/2 (Winter–Spring)). University of Nebraska Press: 228–238. doi:10.1353/aiq.2005.0039. JSTOR 4138809. S2CID 154986058.
Fryberg, Stephanie A.; Eason, Arianne E.; Brady, Laura M.; Jessop, Nadia; Lopez, Julisa J. (2020). "Unpacking the Mascot Debate: Native American Identification Predicts Opposition to Native Mascots". Social Psychological and Personality Science. 12: 3–13. doi:10.1177/1948550619898556. S2CID 216371787. Archived from the original on 2020-12-14. Retrieved 2020-05-20.

sentinel-standard.com

Sasiela, Evan (October 28, 2021). "Saranac Community Schools to select new mascot after retiring name". Ionia Sentinel-Standard.

si.edu

anthropology.si.edu

Goddard, Ives. "The use of words meaning 'redskin' and 'whiteskin' in the Meskwaki language". Archived from the original on May 3, 2017. Retrieved November 14, 2017.

slate.com

The letter supposedly contains both "ye Red Skin Men" and "ye Red Skins". Based on this source, the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) had suggested that the term was specifically applied to the Delaware Indians and "referred not to the natural skin color of the Delaware, but to their use of vermilion face paint and body paint". Goddard pointed out that OED had mis-dated the source, the letter was in fact a piece of historical fiction written in 1900.The OED agreed with Goddard's findings, stating that the quotation was "subsequently found to be misattributed; the actual text was written in 1900 by an author claiming, for purposes of historical fiction, to be quoting an earlier letter". Skinner, David (18 December 2013). "The Real History of the Word Redskin". Slate. Archived from the original on 17 September 2014. Retrieved 20 September 2014.
Skinner, David (18 December 2013). "The Real History of the Word Redskin". Slate. Archived from the original on 17 September 2014. Retrieved 20 September 2014.

supremecourt.gov

"15-1293 Martal V. Tam" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 June 2017. Retrieved 19 June 2017.

syracuse.com

McClendon, James (2024-06-11). "CNY school district unveils new mascot while holding on to history of 'beloved' former nickname". syracuse. Retrieved 2024-06-11.

theatlantic.com

Nunberg, Geoffrey (June 23, 2014). "When Slang Becomes a Slur". The Atlantic Monthly. Archived from the original on February 21, 2017. Retrieved March 11, 2017.

thegazette.com

"'Redskins' name has complicated history for Meskwaki, other tribes". The Gazette. 11 August 2014. Archived from the original on 6 July 2015. Retrieved 5 July 2015.

thetimesherald.com

Welper, Brenden (April 20, 2022). "Sandusky Community Schools votes to retire its mascot, will drop the Redskins nickname". Port Huron Times Herald.

time.com

McWhorter, John (October 12, 2015). "Why 'Redskins' Is a Bad Word". Time. Archived from the original on October 14, 2015. Retrieved October 14, 2015.

uspto.gov

ttabvue.uspto.gov

"USPTO TTABVUE. Proceeding Number 92046185". United States Patent and Trademark Office. June 18, 2014. Archived from the original on February 14, 2015. Retrieved June 18, 2014.

washingtonpost.com

Gugliotta, Guy (October 3, 2005). "A Linguist's Alternative History of 'Redskin'". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 13, 2012. Retrieved August 21, 2011.
Leiby, Richard (November 5, 1994). "Bury My Heart at RFK". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 28 August 2017. Retrieved 7 June 2017.
"A brief history of the word 'redskin' and how it became a source of controversy". The Washington Post. 1863-09-25. Archived from the original on 2017-08-18. Retrieved June 28, 2017.
Masters, Brooke A. (3 April 1999). "Redskins are denied trademark". Washington Post. p. A1. Archived from the original on 4 November 2012. Retrieved 20 July 2012.
Maese, Rick; Maske, Mark; Clarke, Liz (July 3, 2020). "Washington Redskins move toward changing controversial team name". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 13, 2020. Retrieved July 4, 2020.
Jhabvala, Nicki (February 2, 2022). "Washington Football Team announces 'Commanders' as its new name". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 2, 2022.
Cox, John Woodrow (19 May 2016). "New poll finds 9 in 10 Native Americans aren't offended by Redskins name". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 19 May 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
Clement, Scott; Guskin, Emily (May 19, 2016). "How The Washington Post conducted the survey on the Redskins' name". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 11, 2016. Retrieved October 1, 2016.
Steinberg, Dan (June 18, 2014). "Here are some of the movie clips cited in the Redskins trademark case". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 13, 2015. Retrieved September 10, 2017.
Shapira, Ian; Marimow, Ann E. (June 29, 2017). "Washington Redskins win trademark fight over the team's name". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 30 June 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
Bogage, Jacob (July 17, 2019). "Amid dueling student protests, a high school will retire its Redskins mascot after 90 years". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 3, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2020.

apps.washingtonpost.com

"Washington Post poll of Native Americans on Redskins' team name – Survey conducted December 16, 2015 to April 12, 2016". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 24, 2016. Retrieved May 24, 2016.

web.archive.org

"What is the definition of redskin?". Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on September 16, 2016. Retrieved September 3, 2016.
Shoemaker, Nancy (1997). "How Indians Got to Be Red" (PDF). The American Historical Review. 102 (3): 625–44. doi:10.2307/2171504. JSTOR 2171504. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-07-31. Retrieved 2017-08-14.
"The Beothuk Indians – "Newfoundland's Red Ochre People"". Historica Canadiana. 6 December 2006. Archived from the original on 12 May 2016. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
Anonymous [F. Bernier], "Nouvelle division de la terre par les différentes espèces ou races qui l'habitent" Archived 2018-03-16 at the Wayback Machine, Journal des Sçavants, 24 April 1684, p. 133–140.
Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10 Vol. 1. p. 21 Archived 2012-11-08 at the Wayback Machine.
Blumenbach, J. F. 1779. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 1, pp. 63f Archived 2018-03-17 at the Wayback Machine
Charles Hamilton Smith, Samuel Kneeland, The Natural History of the Human Species (1851), p. 47 Archived 2018-03-17 at the Wayback Machine, listing "Red Race" as one of the six races identified by René Lesson, Description de mammifères et d'oiseaux récemment découverts; précédée d'un Tableau sur les races humaines (1847), i.e. White (Caucasian), Dusky (Indian), Orange-colored (Malay), Yellow (Mongoloid), Red (Carib and American) and Black (Negroid).
Doney, Ed (June 19, 2014). "If Redskins change name, should Oklahoma change its name too?". KFOR.com. Archived from the original on October 13, 2019. Retrieved October 13, 2019.
Meserve, John Bartlett. Chronicles of Oklahoma vol. 19, no. 4, December,1941. Retrieved December 17, 2012. Chronicles of Oklahoma Archived May 7, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
The letter supposedly contains both "ye Red Skin Men" and "ye Red Skins". Based on this source, the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) had suggested that the term was specifically applied to the Delaware Indians and "referred not to the natural skin color of the Delaware, but to their use of vermilion face paint and body paint". Goddard pointed out that OED had mis-dated the source, the letter was in fact a piece of historical fiction written in 1900.The OED agreed with Goddard's findings, stating that the quotation was "subsequently found to be misattributed; the actual text was written in 1900 by an author claiming, for purposes of historical fiction, to be quoting an earlier letter". Skinner, David (18 December 2013). "The Real History of the Word Redskin". Slate. Archived from the original on 17 September 2014. Retrieved 20 September 2014.
Gugliotta, Guy (October 3, 2005). "A Linguist's Alternative History of 'Redskin'". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 13, 2012. Retrieved August 21, 2011.
"redskin". OxfordDictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2013-06-30. Retrieved 2013-06-09.
Goddard, Ives (2005). ""I Am A Red-Skin": The Adoption of a Native American Expression (1769–1826)" (PDF). European Review of Native American Studies. 19 (2). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-07-29. Retrieved 2017-05-12.
"War Events". The Rhode-Island Republican. Vol. 5, no. 28. Newport, Rhode Island: William Simons. 7 October 1813. p. 2. Retrieved 3 December 2024. "Domestic". Virginia Argus. Vol. 21, no. 3022. Richmond, Virginia: Samuel Pleasants. 7 October 1813. p. 2. Retrieved 3 December 2024. "Events of the War". The Weekly Register. Vol. 5, no. 6. H. Niles. 9 October 1813. p. 98. Archived from the original on 22 July 2014. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
"'Redskins' name has complicated history for Meskwaki, other tribes". The Gazette. 11 August 2014. Archived from the original on 6 July 2015. Retrieved 5 July 2015.
Goddard, Ives. "The use of words meaning 'redskin' and 'whiteskin' in the Meskwaki language". Archived from the original on May 3, 2017. Retrieved November 14, 2017.
Reid, Darren R. (28 August 2014). "Why the 'Redskins' is a Racist Name". Archived from the original on September 4, 2014. Retrieved August 29, 2014.
Fenelon, James V. (2016). Redskins?: Sport Mascots, Indian Nations and White Racism. Routledge. p. 40. ISBN 978-1315520674. Archived from the original on October 7, 2021. Retrieved December 18, 2017.
"Redskin – Trending". Merriam-Webster. November 1, 2013. Archived from the original on December 22, 2017. Retrieved December 17, 2017.
Leiby, Richard (November 5, 1994). "Bury My Heart at RFK". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 28 August 2017. Retrieved 7 June 2017.
Holmes, Baxter (June 17, 2014). "A 'Redskin' Is the Scalped Head of a Native American, Sold, Like a Pelt, for Cash". Esquire. Archived from the original on 8 May 2017. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
"Meet the Navajo Activist Who Got the Washington Redskins' Trademark Revoked: Amanda Blackhorse". Democracy Now!. June 19, 2014. Archived from the original on June 22, 2014. Retrieved June 19, 2014.
Suzan Shown Harjo (17 June 2005). "Dirty Word Games". Indian Country Today. Archived from the original on 10 October 2007. Retrieved 1 November 2013.
Skinner, David (18 December 2013). "The Real History of the Word Redskin". Slate. Archived from the original on 17 September 2014. Retrieved 20 September 2014.
Leach, Douglas Edward (1958). Flintlock and Tomahawk: New England in King Philip's War. New York: WW Norton & Company. p. 237. ISBN 9780881508857. Archived from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2020-11-02. Hunting redskins for the time being became a popular sport in New England... {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
"A brief history of the word 'redskin' and how it became a source of controversy". The Washington Post. 1863-09-25. Archived from the original on 2017-08-18. Retrieved June 28, 2017.
Moya-Smith, Simon (January 26, 2015). "Seeking $250 Reward, Settlers Hunted for 'Redskin Scalps' During Extermination Effort". Indian Country Today. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved August 8, 2017.
Sutherland, JJ (October 27, 2010). "L. Frank Baum Advocated Extermination Of Native Americans". NPR. Archived from the original on 16 June 2017. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
Nunberg, Geoffrey (June 23, 2014). "When Slang Becomes a Slur". The Atlantic Monthly. Archived from the original on February 21, 2017. Retrieved March 11, 2017.
McWhorter, John (October 12, 2015). "Why 'Redskins' Is a Bad Word". Time. Archived from the original on October 14, 2015. Retrieved October 14, 2015.
"How Many Native Americans Think 'Redskins' is a Slur?". CBSDC. October 8, 2013. Archived from the original on June 17, 2014. Retrieved June 19, 2014.
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Vaughan, Alden T. (1982-10-01). "From White Man to Redskin: Changing Anglo-American Perceptions of the American Indian". The American Historical Review. 87 (4): 918. doi:10.2307/1857900. ISSN 0002-8762. JSTOR 1857900.