Jover 1981, p. 307"It adheres... to three key concepts: modern spirit, public order and monarchy, the latter as a sign of historical continuity and a guarantee of social order." Jover, José María (1981). "La época de la Restauración. Panorama político-social, 1875-1902". Revolución burguesa, oligarquía y constitucionalismo (1834-1923) (in Spanish). Vol. VIII of Historia de España, directed by Manuel Tuñón de Lara. Barcelona: Labor. pp. 269-406. ISBN84-335-9428-1.
Jover 1981, p. 290;.."The regulation of the Monarchy could not fall, properly speaking, within the constitutional decision: it was an instance prefigured by national history." Jover, José María (1981). "La época de la Restauración. Panorama político-social, 1875-1902". Revolución burguesa, oligarquía y constitucionalismo (1834-1923) (in Spanish). Vol. VIII of Historia de España, directed by Manuel Tuñón de Lara. Barcelona: Labor. pp. 269-406. ISBN84-335-9428-1.
Jover 1981, p. 288-."By affirming, as opposed to "national sovereignty"—a key principle in the constitutionalism of the Sexenio— the idea of sovereignty shared by "the Cortes with the King" as the foundation of the new legal order, the Constitution of 1976 comes to mark a sharp boundary with respect to the Sexenio". Jover, José María (1981). "La época de la Restauración. Panorama político-social, 1875-1902". Revolución burguesa, oligarquía y constitucionalismo (1834-1923) (in Spanish). Vol. VIII of Historia de España, directed by Manuel Tuñón de Lara. Barcelona: Labor. pp. 269-406. ISBN84-335-9428-1.
Jover 1981, p. 343..-"The truth is that the law of universal suffrage, which according to its literal tenor should have been decisive, comes to change very little in the electoral results .... The "miserable and beggarly crowd" would not find a way to assert its most elementary human rights through suffrage, but through the workers' movement". Jover, José María (1981). "La época de la Restauración. Panorama político-social, 1875-1902". Revolución burguesa, oligarquía y constitucionalismo (1834-1923) (in Spanish). Vol. VIII of Historia de España, directed by Manuel Tuñón de Lara. Barcelona: Labor. pp. 269-406. ISBN84-335-9428-1.
Jover 1981, p. 289;.."Both the structure and the ambiguities and silences of the 1876 Constitution have an effective significance: the compromise between external forms of political behavior —rigid external forms, at the time, due to the respectability of a European State— and the reality of a very complex network of interests and social structures that are to be preserved, but cannot be made explicit constitutionally". Jover, José María (1981). "La época de la Restauración. Panorama político-social, 1875-1902". Revolución burguesa, oligarquía y constitucionalismo (1834-1923) (in Spanish). Vol. VIII of Historia de España, directed by Manuel Tuñón de Lara. Barcelona: Labor. pp. 269-406. ISBN84-335-9428-1.
Jover 1981, p. 310-"The rapid victory over Carlism was the result, in part, of the existing quarrels and dissensions in the camp of Don Carlos, including the express recognition of Alfonso XII carried out by General Cabrera, retired in England and married to an Englishwoman. But it was the result, above all, of the determined will of the Madrid government to put an end to the war; of an accumulation of men and material carried out by the government with the conviction that it was playing a decisive role in the consolidation of the regime". Jover, José María (1981). "La época de la Restauración. Panorama político-social, 1875-1902". Revolución burguesa, oligarquía y constitucionalismo (1834-1923) (in Spanish). Vol. VIII of Historia de España, directed by Manuel Tuñón de Lara. Barcelona: Labor. pp. 269-406. ISBN84-335-9428-1.
Jover 1981, p. 314;-"Altogether, the forces received from the Peninsula during the Ten Years' duration of the war will reach the figure of 181 040 men; of these 96 025 will die, 91 % of them from disease and only 8.3 % from war action; more than 25 000 will be returned to the Peninsula as sick or useless, approximately 12 % of them dying either during the crossing or shortly after landing." Jover, José María (1981). "La época de la Restauración. Panorama político-social, 1875-1902". Revolución burguesa, oligarquía y constitucionalismo (1834-1923) (in Spanish). Vol. VIII of Historia de España, directed by Manuel Tuñón de Lara. Barcelona: Labor. pp. 269-406. ISBN84-335-9428-1.
Jover 1981, p. 312-.."Don Carlos himself will be suspected of liberalism in the eyes of the sector that, in 1888, will separate from Carlism to form the fundamentalist party, under the leadership of Cándido Nocedal". Jover, José María (1981). "La época de la Restauración. Panorama político-social, 1875-1902". Revolución burguesa, oligarquía y constitucionalismo (1834-1923) (in Spanish). Vol. VIII of Historia de España, directed by Manuel Tuñón de Lara. Barcelona: Labor. pp. 269-406. ISBN84-335-9428-1.
Dardé 2003a, p. 11-12."Peace finally came to the country when the Carlist and Cuban wars were successfully concluded by the liberal and Spanish arms [...]. It was not without reason that the young king was called "the peacemaker". An appellative that also fits the monarch well for having been able to curb the warmongering desires of his ministers and public opinion on the occasion of the crisis that confronted Spain and Germany because of sovereignty over the Caroline Islands in 1885, although two years earlier his fondness for the army and German uniforms was the cause of a serious diplomatic incident with France. But the reign of Alfonso XII was also a decade of important political changes... A new Constitution was approved, and a new party system was created and came into operation. The monarch began to exercise, with an authority and wisdom unknown until then, the sovereignty that the Constitution recognized him, together with the Cortes. The parties alternated peacefully in power and thanks to this political stability was achieved". — (2003a). Dardé, Carlos (ed.). "Presentación"(PDF). Ayer (52). Dossier: ‘’La política en el reinado de Alfonso XII’’: 11–13.
Lario 2003, p. 25-26"In it [a letter sent to his mother in April 1874] Alfonso XII shows his never excessive eagerness to be an educated, liberal and fully constitutional king. It is precisely he who proposes to her the need for a university education... the underlying reasons were "to study in detail at this time Spanish history and literature", since "it cannot be denied that for me it is also essential to study and know what Cortes are, what Constitution is, what Government is, etc..."". — (2003). Dardé, Carlos (ed.). "Alfonso XII. El rey que quiso ser constitucional"(PDF). Ayer (52). Dossier: ‘’La política en el reinado de Alfonso XII’’: 15–38.
Gómez Ochoa 2003, p. 72-73.--"It was there that for the first time a fusion was called for to form a great conservative liberal party. According to the moderate fusionist Toreno, almost all those who attended —among the 356 attendees, the largest portion corresponded to the Moderates— affirmed themselves as ministerialists and did not reject the idea of "building a great political grouping of all parties, of all factions", with few insisting on "preserving the name, history and procedures of the old moderate party"." Gómez Ochoa, Fidel (2003). Dardé, Carlos (ed.). "La formación del Partido Conservador: la fusión conservadora"(PDF). Ayer (in Spanish) (52). Dossier: ‘’La política en el reinado de Alfonso XII’’: 57–90.
Milán García 2003, p. 95-96"The most numerous fraction, commanded by Alonso Martínez, decided to preserve its independence and did not accept the Canovist appeal.... They were articulated in the fall of 1876 as a liberal opposition minority called "Parliamentary Center" because of the place it physically and ideologically occupied in the Congress". Milán García, José Ramón (2003). Dardé, Carlos (ed.). "Los liberales en el reinado de Alfonso XII: el difícil arte de aprender de los fracasos"(PDF). Ayer (in Spanish) (52). Dossier: ‘’La política en el reinado de Alfonso XII’’: 91–116.
Castells 2003, p. 123.."A law that admitted diverse interpretations... was susceptible to misunderstandings. The supporters of the status quo both in the Basque and governmental media emphasized the part that spoke of confirming the Fueros, while their opponents replied that the part of the text that spoke of the indispensable modification of the Fueros, in accordance with the principle of constitutional unity remained to be developed." Castells, Luis (2003). Dardé, Carlos (ed.). "La abolición de los Fueros vascos"(PDF). Ayer (in Spanish) (52). Dossier: ‘’La política en el reinado de Alfonso XII’’: 117–150.
Castells 2003, p. 130. Castells, Luis (2003). Dardé, Carlos (ed.). "La abolición de los Fueros vascos"(PDF). Ayer (in Spanish) (52). Dossier: ‘’La política en el reinado de Alfonso XII’’: 117–150.
Castells 2003, p. 121-."Thanks to its Fueros, the Basque Country had its own representative corporations, with broad powers; customs at the points of contact with Castile, being, therefore, free trade zone; the "pase foral", which allowed certain safeguards from external regulatory interference; there was no contribution to the Treasury and no obligation to regularly send men to the service of arms; there was a broad set of legal principles of a public and private nature, etc.". Castells, Luis (2003). Dardé, Carlos (ed.). "La abolición de los Fueros vascos"(PDF). Ayer (in Spanish) (52). Dossier: ‘’La política en el reinado de Alfonso XII’’: 117–150.
Castells 2003, p. 121-122"T[he Royal Decree of 1844] left subsisting a substantial part of the framework that had characterized the foral regime of the Basque provinces. Its own institutions (Juntas Generales, Diputaciones) remained, with notable competences, it continued without contributing to the Public Treasury and without sending men to the service of arms; that is to say, the Basque Country maintained what today we would call a high degree of autonomy and a very high competence ceiling. [...] The foral regime maintained during that time [1844-1876] an extraordinary vitality and, adapting itself to the foreseen times of crisis, it was strengthened to enjoy from its institutions an important and wide decision-making capacity". Castells, Luis (2003). Dardé, Carlos (ed.). "La abolición de los Fueros vascos"(PDF). Ayer (in Spanish) (52). Dossier: ‘’La política en el reinado de Alfonso XII’’: 117–150.
Castells 2003, p. 133-135"The meetings were held in May.... From the first moment Cánovas laid down the principle of developing the idea of constitutional unity set out in the law of 1839, which meant that the Basque provinces had to contribute in the fiscal field and in the service of arms like the rest of the kingdom, admitting no discussion on this point. With things thus settled, the Basque representatives also formulated as non-negotiable points that their interpretation of the constitutional unity be admitted in the sense already mentioned (unity of the monarch, of the Parliament, of the territory), and that only once this interpretation was accepted would they enter into the subject of the contribution, admitting only that this would be a fixed and immutable amount in time". Castells, Luis (2003). Dardé, Carlos (ed.). "La abolición de los Fueros vascos"(PDF). Ayer (in Spanish) (52). Dossier: ‘’La política en el reinado de Alfonso XII’’: 117–150.
Castells 2003, p. 144-147. Castells, Luis (2003). Dardé, Carlos (ed.). "La abolición de los Fueros vascos"(PDF). Ayer (in Spanish) (52). Dossier: ‘’La política en el reinado de Alfonso XII’’: 117–150.
Castells 2003, p. 137-138. Castells, Luis (2003). Dardé, Carlos (ed.). "La abolición de los Fueros vascos"(PDF). Ayer (in Spanish) (52). Dossier: ‘’La política en el reinado de Alfonso XII’’: 117–150.
Castells 2003, p. 138. Castells, Luis (2003). Dardé, Carlos (ed.). "La abolición de los Fueros vascos"(PDF). Ayer (in Spanish) (52). Dossier: ‘’La política en el reinado de Alfonso XII’’: 117–150.
Castells 2003, p. 138-139. Castells, Luis (2003). Dardé, Carlos (ed.). "La abolición de los Fueros vascos"(PDF). Ayer (in Spanish) (52). Dossier: ‘’La política en el reinado de Alfonso XII’’: 117–150.
Castells 2003, p. 139-142. Castells, Luis (2003). Dardé, Carlos (ed.). "La abolición de los Fueros vascos"(PDF). Ayer (in Spanish) (52). Dossier: ‘’La política en el reinado de Alfonso XII’’: 117–150.
Castells 2003, p. 147. Castells, Luis (2003). Dardé, Carlos (ed.). "La abolición de los Fueros vascos"(PDF). Ayer (in Spanish) (52). Dossier: ‘’La política en el reinado de Alfonso XII’’: 117–150.
Castells 2003, p. 146-147. Castells, Luis (2003). Dardé, Carlos (ed.). "La abolición de los Fueros vascos"(PDF). Ayer (in Spanish) (52). Dossier: ‘’La política en el reinado de Alfonso XII’’: 117–150.
Castells 2003, p. 147-148. Castells, Luis (2003). Dardé, Carlos (ed.). "La abolición de los Fueros vascos"(PDF). Ayer (in Spanish) (52). Dossier: ‘’La política en el reinado de Alfonso XII’’: 117–150.
Roldán de Montaud 2003, p. 178-183--."Under the protection of Article 89 of the Constitution, Cánovas endowed Cuba with a new institutional order markedly centralizing, subject to a strong governmental control and full of reticence. This is how he understood the doctrine of assimilation... With the aforementioned limitations, the Restoration brought to Cuba the freedoms of the liberal State and created a political and administrative framework in which the parties could act and the associations of diverse nature could develop with certain freedom, whose constitution at that time showed the existence of a thriving civil society. In short, a juridical revolution then took place in Cuba, which replaced the old law of the Old Regime, still in force, with one more adequate to the demands of the bourgeois liberal State. The new institutional order was, of course, far from that of the all-encompassing powers imposed in 1825. Even if it did not meet the commitments, there was an evident progress with respect to the legal-political order prior to 1878". Roldán de Montaud, Inés (2003). Dardé, Carlos (ed.). "La política española en Cuba: una década de cambios (1876-1886)"(PDF). Ayer (in Spanish) (52). Dossier: ‘’La política en el reinado de Alfonso XII’’: 175–206.
Dardé 2003, p. 45;.-"The first —very short, five months — with his cousin Maria de las Mercedes de Orleans, was for love and the king had to overcome many difficulties to get it accepted". — (2003). Dardé, Carlos (ed.). "En torno a la biografía de Alfonso XII: cuestiones metodológicas y de interpretación"(PDF). Ayer (in Spanish) (52). Dossier: ‘’La política en el reinado de Alfonso XII’’: 39–56.
Dardé 2003, p. 45..-"The second [marriage] with Archduchess Maria Christina of Austria, was for reasons of state —for the need to provide an heir, if possible male, to the crown—and did not fill the void left by the death of Mercedes in the heart of the monarch, who maintained other intimate relationships." — (2003). Dardé, Carlos (ed.). "En torno a la biografía de Alfonso XII: cuestiones metodológicas y de interpretación"(PDF). Ayer (in Spanish) (52). Dossier: ‘’La política en el reinado de Alfonso XII’’: 39–56.
Roldán de Montaud 2003, p. 184-186-"When on June 8 [1878] he was named captain and governor general of Cuba (a position he joined to that of general in chief), he adopted a series of measures brimming with tolerance to guarantee freedom of association and assembly, and to facilitate the formation of parties that programmed political debate. He showed particular concern for resolving the economic and financial problems posed at the end of the war, and became the spokesman for sugar interests. Sensitive to the needs of the landowners who had seen sugar production fall in the last years of the war, the prices of the fruit on the world market fall and a good part of the territorial wealth destroyed... he was quick to adopt some measures favorable to the Cubans to rehabilitate that economy. [...] Martínez Campos' proposals and the fact that he put into effect, on an interim basis, reforms that tended to alter the current regime of financial and commercial relations shook the government. Not only because of the budgetary effects that could be expected, both in Cuba and in Spain, but also because of the opposition they were bound to arouse in influential peninsular groups, whose interests could not be neglected. And Cánovas called Martínez Campos to the Peninsula". Roldán de Montaud, Inés (2003). Dardé, Carlos (ed.). "La política española en Cuba: una década de cambios (1876-1886)"(PDF). Ayer (in Spanish) (52). Dossier: ‘’La política en el reinado de Alfonso XII’’: 175–206.
Roldán de Montaud 2003, p. 186;-."The reality was that Cánovas advised the king to appoint [Martínez Campos] in order to neutralize the reformist action of the prestigious general. The confrontation within the government was inevitable and would not take long to occur". Roldán de Montaud, Inés (2003). Dardé, Carlos (ed.). "La política española en Cuba: una década de cambios (1876-1886)"(PDF). Ayer (in Spanish) (52). Dossier: ‘’La política en el reinado de Alfonso XII’’: 175–206.
Roldán de Montaud 2003, p. 191-192"The concessions to the slaveholders were not few: the extinction of the patronage by a gradual order of ages and not by lottery; the decrease of the stipends initially fixed for patrons under eighteen years of age; finally, the admission of corporal punishment that had been expressly suppressed in the Albacete project." Roldán de Montaud, Inés (2003). Dardé, Carlos (ed.). "La política española en Cuba: una década de cambios (1876-1886)"(PDF). Ayer (in Spanish) (52). Dossier: ‘’La política en el reinado de Alfonso XII’’: 175–206.
Gómez Ochoa 2003, p. 70-71;.-"Although the circumstances were favorable to Cánovas, who managed to stay in charge of the situation due both to his ability and the confidence of Alfonso XII and the non-existence of figures who rivaled him —likewise, his proposal connects with the country's desire for stability after years of convulsions, while moderantismo, trained in Elizabethan exclusivism, meant resurrecting old discords—, the formation of the Conservative Party was not an easy transition from alfonsismo". Gómez Ochoa, Fidel (2003). Dardé, Carlos (ed.). "La formación del Partido Conservador: la fusión conservadora"(PDF). Ayer (in Spanish) (52). Dossier: ‘’La política en el reinado de Alfonso XII’’: 57–90.
Milán García 2003, p. 94;.-"[While the faction headed by Manuel Alonso Martínez] demanded the immediate convocation of an assembly of the [constitutional] party to recognize the legitimacy of the new regime and accept participation in the design of its legal structure, the majority of the old progressives that integrated its ranks opted to follow Sagasta's position: benevolence before the new situation without acquiring any firm commitment while waiting to check the course followed by its rulers, pressuring with the threat of joining the republican conspiracies led from exile by Ruiz Zorrilla..." Milán García, José Ramón (2003). Dardé, Carlos (ed.). "Los liberales en el reinado de Alfonso XII: el difícil arte de aprender de los fracasos"(PDF). Ayer (in Spanish) (52). Dossier: ‘’La política en el reinado de Alfonso XII’’: 91–116.
Milán García 2003, p. 101-102;.-"If in the end [the Constitutionalists] endured six years of Conservative government without embarking on the revolutionary path, we must see in this not only the triumph of the Canovist policy, but also the sagacity and left hand of Sagasta, who knew how to combine the permanent pressure on the crown to give them power with a reasonable opposition policy with which he tried to erase in the palace any prevention towards them and to offer an image of a responsible and governing force, which led him as a logical corollary to a fusion with forces to his right that went beyond mere reconciliation with the [Parliamentary] Center. Faced with the rumors of being isolated by a rumored conciliation of the Center with the "military" group of Martínez Campos, Sagasta did not hesitate to take the initiative and bring about the longed-for liberal fusion". Milán García, José Ramón (2003). Dardé, Carlos (ed.). "Los liberales en el reinado de Alfonso XII: el difícil arte de aprender de los fracasos"(PDF). Ayer (in Spanish) (52). Dossier: ‘’La política en el reinado de Alfonso XII’’: 91–116.
Lario 2003, p. 32-34..."This crisis was definitive for Cánovas to see clearly that there was a need for rules to be respected by both parties so as not to fall again into the danger of royal whims. [...] The first thing he saw clearly was the need to control the royal prerogative, to regulate it and give it fixed criteria, far from personal criteria; to achieve a balance between royal and parliamentary power, for which precisely the heads of the parties were to be the arbiters. [...] The king would have to abide by the public opinion represented by the major parties. This had the opportunity to materialize in the difficult situation of the king's premature death in 1885". — (2003). Dardé, Carlos (ed.). "Alfonso XII. El rey que quiso ser constitucional"(PDF). Ayer (52). Dossier: ‘’La política en el reinado de Alfonso XII’’: 15–38.
Milán García 2003, p. 103;-.."Thus culminated the complicated apprenticeship of patience, loyalty and moderation that the constitutionalists had been forced to undergo during this period, and the time had come to begin to enjoy its rewards". Milán García, José Ramón (2003). Dardé, Carlos (ed.). "Los liberales en el reinado de Alfonso XII: el difícil arte de aprender de los fracasos"(PDF). Ayer (in Spanish) (52). Dossier: ‘’La política en el reinado de Alfonso XII’’: 91–116.
Milán García 2003, p. 107;-.."The fusionist leader tended to favor more in the distribution to the right of the fusion —centralists and campistas— to consolidate the party by ensuring the loyalty of the newcomers, at the cost, as is logical, of raising great protests among his constitutional co-religionists, who had suffered at his side the desert crossing of the first years of the Restoration." Milán García, José Ramón (2003). Dardé, Carlos (ed.). "Los liberales en el reinado de Alfonso XII: el difícil arte de aprender de los fracasos"(PDF). Ayer (in Spanish) (52). Dossier: ‘’La política en el reinado de Alfonso XII’’: 91–116.
Martorell Linares 2003, pp. 161–163, ..-"Juan Francisco Camacho [was] the one who, between 1881 and 1882, promoted the most ambitious administrative reform [of the Treasury] of the decade.... He created the Provincial Treasury Delegations.... The creation of the General Inspectorate of the Treasury, which was to centralize all the Ministry's inspection functions, was a complementary measure.... In addition, Camacho created the Corps of State Lawyers and the Corps of Inspectors of Industrial and Commercial Taxes, reformed the contentious-administrative procedure and reorganized the Court of Auditors". Martorell Linares, Miguel (2003). Dardé, Carlos (ed.). "La política económica en el reinado de Alfonso XII: una década tranquila"(PDF). Ayer (in Spanish) (52). Dossier: ‘’La política en el reinado de Alfonso XII’’: 151–174.
Lario 2003, p. 24;..."The offer [of the appointment of colonel of the Hulan regiment stationed in Strasbourg] was made directly by the emperor, apparently without Bismarck's knowledge, and the surprising thing is that neither the king himself nor, above all, the Spanish government perceived the inevitable diplomatic consequences of that decision." — (2003). Dardé, Carlos (ed.). "Alfonso XII. El rey que quiso ser constitucional"(PDF). Ayer (52). Dossier: ‘’La política en el reinado de Alfonso XII’’: 15–38.
Lario 2003, p. 24;.."Alfonso XII always sought and found support in the German [monarchy][...] In fact... he even materialized a secret agreement with it". — (2003). Dardé, Carlos (ed.). "Alfonso XII. El rey que quiso ser constitucional"(PDF). Ayer (52). Dossier: ‘’La política en el reinado de Alfonso XII’’: 15–38.
Dardé 2003, p. 51-52;-.."Alfonso XII's demonstrations in favor of the German army and his enthusiasm for it exceeded political expediency [and] gave occasion for the king to be loudly booed in Paris." — (2003). Dardé, Carlos (ed.). "En torno a la biografía de Alfonso XII: cuestiones metodológicas y de interpretación"(PDF). Ayer (in Spanish) (52). Dossier: ‘’La política en el reinado de Alfonso XII’’: 39–56.
Milán García 2003, p. 114..."The liberals fulfilled for the king the essential mission of dismantling the revolutionary threat of republicanism by attracting with their reforms different fractions and parties of this camp, making a wide-ranging revolutionary coalition impossible. [...] However,... this accommodation to a political mechanics that favored their partisan needs had the perverse effect of reducing their audacity and willingness to sincerely reform a system based on the discriminatory and fraudulent interpretation of the laws, which contributed to the progressive discrediting of both the system and its political class...". Milán García, José Ramón (2003). Dardé, Carlos (ed.). "Los liberales en el reinado de Alfonso XII: el difícil arte de aprender de los fracasos"(PDF). Ayer (in Spanish) (52). Dossier: ‘’La política en el reinado de Alfonso XII’’: 91–116.
Lario 2003, p. 36-37.."The fact is that two years before his death, in November 1883, he suffered an aggravation in his illness, without some of his then already known symptoms alerting to his true situation. But it was in the spring of 1884 that he had a more serious outbreak without this preventing him from leading a normal life most of the time, despite the fever and night sweats which, as long as possible, he hid from his doctors... Finally, in September 1885, the last phase of his illness began...". — (2003). Dardé, Carlos (ed.). "Alfonso XII. El rey que quiso ser constitucional"(PDF). Ayer (52). Dossier: ‘’La política en el reinado de Alfonso XII’’: 15–38.
