Religious persecution (English Wikipedia)

"AIA Lecturer: Jitse H.F. Dijkstra". Lecture Program. Archaeological Institute of America. Archived from the original on 10 November 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2020.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Anne C. Bailey, African Voices of the Atlantic Slave Trade: Beyond the Silence and the Shame.
Penton, James (2004). Jehovah's Witnesses and the Third Reich: sectarian politics under persecution. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 376. ISBN 978-0802086785.
Peters, Shawn Francis (2000). Judging Jehovah's Witnesses: Religious Persecution and the Dawn of the Rights Revolution. University Press of Kansas. pp. 82, 116–9. ISBN 978-0-7006-1008-2.
Keay, John (2000). India: A History. Atlantic Monthly Press. p. 288. ISBN 978-0-87113-800-2.: "The normally cordial pattern of Hindu–Muslim relations was interrupted in the early fifteenth century. The great Sun temple of Martand was destroyed and heavy penalties imposed on the mainly Brahman Hindus".
May, Hope (2000). On Socrates. Wadsworth/Thomson Learning. pp. 20, 30. ISBN 978-0-534-57604-2.

axios.com (Global: 1,139^th place; English: 623^rd place)

Allen-Ebrahimian, Bethany (10 February 2021). "Norway's youth parties call for end to China free trade talks". Axios. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2021. ...[O]pposition to China's Uyghur genocide is gaining momentum in Norway, where some politicians are fearful of jeopardizing ties with Beijing.
Allassan, Fadel (29 June 2020). "AP: China engaging in campaign of forced birth control against Uighurs". Axios. China regularly conducts pregnancy checks, forces intrauterine devices, sterilization and even abortion on some of the Xinjiang region's minority women.

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11^th place; English: 10^th place)

news.bbc.co.uk

Bedi, Rahul (1 November 2009). "Indira Gandhi's death remembered". BBC. Archived from the original on 2 November 2009. Retrieved 2 November 2009. The 25th anniversary of Indira Gandhi's assassination revives stark memories of some 3,000 Sikhs killed brutally in the orderly pogrom that followed her killing
"Leaders 'incited' anti-Sikh riots". BBC News. 8 August 2005. Retrieved 23 November 2012.

bbc.com (Global: 26^th place; English: 23^rd place)

"Bangladesh rampage over Facebook Koran image". BBC News. 30 September 2012.
Ruth Alexander (12 November 2013). "Are there really 100,000 new Christian martyrs every year?". BBC News. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
"Syria conflict: Al-Nusra fighters kill Druze villagers". BBC News. 11 June 2015. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
"Uighurs: 'Credible case' China carrying out genocide". BBC News. 8 February 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
Hill, Matthew; Campanale, David; Gunter, Joel (2 February 2021). "'Their goal is to destroy everyone': Uighur camp detainees allege systematic rape". BBC News.

bdnews24.com (Global: 1,729^th place; English: 1,254^th place)

dev-bd.bdnews24.com

"Bagerhat Hindu Temple Set on Fire". bdnews24.com. 2 March 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2013.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)

biblicalstudies.org.uk (Global: low place; English: 9,477^th place)

Wrobel, Johannes S. (August 2006). "Jehovah's Witnesses in National Socialist concentration camps, 1933–45" (PDF). Religion, State & Society. 34 (2). Taylor & Francis: 89–125. doi:10.1080/09637490600624691. S2CID 145110013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 May 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2020.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

David T. Smith (12 November 2015). Religious Persecution and Political Order in the United States. Cambridge University Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-1-107-11731-0. "Persecution" in this study refers to violence or discrimination against members of a religious minority because of their religious affiliation. Persecution involves the most damaging expressions of prejudice against an out-group, expressions that go beyond verbal abuse and social avoidance. It refers to actions that are intended to deprive individuals of their political rights and force minorities to assimilate, leave, or live as second-class citizens. When these actions persistently happen over a period of time, and when they also include large numbers of perpetrators and victims, we may refer to them as being part of a "campaign" of persecution that usually has the goal of excluding the targeted minority from the polity.
Nazila Ghanea-Hercock (11 November 2013). The Challenge of Religious Discrimination at the Dawn of the New Millennium. Springer. pp. 91–92. ISBN 978-94-017-5968-7.
Carrie Booth Walling (2012). "The History and Politics of Ethnic Cleansing". In Ken I. Booth (ed.). The Kosovo Tragedy: The Human Rights Dimensions. Routledge. pp. pp.49-51. ISBN 9781136334764.
Michael Mann (2005). The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing. Cambridge University Press. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-521-53854-1.
Jacob Bercovitch; Victor Kremenyuk; I William Zartman (3 December 2008). "Characteristics of ethno-religious conflicts". The SAGE Handbook of Conflict Resolution. SAGE Publications. p. 265. ISBN 978-1-4462-0659-1.
Onfray, Michel (2007). Atheist manifesto: the case against Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. Leggatt, Jeremy (translator). Arcade Publishing. ISBN 978-1-55970-820-3.
Hinnells, John R. (1996). Zoroastrians in Britain: the Ratanbai Katrak lectures, University of Oxford 1985 (Illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 303. ISBN 9780198261933.
Bryant, M. Darrol; Mataragnon, Rita H. (1985). The Many Faces of Religion and Society. Paragon House Publishers. ISBN 978-0-913757-20-8.
Garrick Bailey, Essentials of Cultural Anthropology, 3rd edn (2013), p. 268:"Later, during the nineteenth century, Christian missionaries became active in Africa and Oceania. Attempts by Christian missionaries to convert nonbelievers to Christianity took two main forms: forced conversions and proselytizing."^{[ISBN missing]}
Festus Ugboaja Ohaegbulam, Towards and Understanding of the African Experience (1990), p. 161:"The role of Christian missionaries are a private interest group in European colonial occupation of Africa was a significant one...Collectively their activities promoted division within traditional African societies into rival factions...the picture denigrated African culture and religion..."^{[ISBN missing]}
Toyin Falola et al., Hot Spot: Sub-Saharan Africa: Sub-Saharan Africa (2010), p. 7:"A religion of Middle Eastern origin, Islam reached Africa via the northern region of the continent by means of conquest. The Islamic wars of conquest that would lead to the Islamization of North Africa occurred first in Egypt, when in about 642 CE the country fell to the invading Muslim forces from Arabia. Over the next centuries, the rest of the Maghreb would succumb to Jihadist armies...The notion of religion [sic?] conversion, whether by force or peaceful means, is foreign to indigenous African beliefs...Islam, however, did not become a religion of the masses by peaceful means. Forced conversion was an indispensable element of proselytization."^{[ISBN missing]}
Wise, Christopher (23 March 2017). Sorcery, Totem, and Jihad in African Philosophy. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-350-01310-0.
Laursen, John Christian; Nederman, Cary J. (1997). Beyond the Persecuting Society: Religious Toleration Before the Enlightenment. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 142. ISBN 978-0-8122-1567-0.
Elsie, Robert (2001). A Dictionary of Albanian Religion, Mythology and Folk Culture. C. Hurst. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-85065-570-1.
Diana Lary (1974). Region and nation: the Kwangsi clique in Chinese politics, 1925–1937. Cambridge University Press. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-521-20204-6. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
David S. G. Goodman (2004). China's campaign to "Open up the West": national, provincial, and local perspectives. Cambridge University Press. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-521-61349-1. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
William M. Johnston (2000). Encyclopedia of Monasticism: A-L. Routledge. p. 335. ISBN 978-1-57958-090-2.
Eraly, Abraham (April 2015). The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate. Penguin UK. ISBN 9789351186588.
The Holy Land Reborn: Pilgrimage and the Tibetan Reinvention of Buddhist India. University of Chicago Press. 15 September 2008. ISBN 9780226356501.
Goddard, Hugh (2000). A History of Christian–Muslim Relations. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 71. ISBN 1566633400.
John Joseph Saunders (11 March 2002). A History of Medieval Islam. Routledge. p. 109. ISBN 978-1-134-93005-0.
Marina Rustow (3 October 2014). Heresy and the Politics of Community: The Jews of the Fatimid Caliphate. Cornell University Press. p. 219. ISBN 978-0-8014-5529-2.
Teule, Herman G. B. (2013). "Introduction: Constantinople and Granada, Christian-Muslim Interaction 1350-1516". In Thomas, David; Mallett, Alex (eds.). Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History, Volume 5 (1350–1500). Brill. p. 10. ISBN 9789004252783.
Knox, Zoe (2018). "Politics". Jehovah's Witnesses and the Secular World: From the 1870s to the Present. Histories of the Sacred and Secular, 1700–2000. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 61–106. doi:10.1057/978-1-137-39605-1_3. ISBN 978-1-137-39604-4.
Abu-Izzeddin, Nejla M. (1993) [1984]. "Al-Ḥākim Bi-Amr Allāh". The Druzes: A New Study of Their History, Faith, and Society. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 74–86. doi:10.1163/9789004450349_011. ISBN 978-90-04-45034-9.
Hitti, Philip Khūri (1924). Origins of the Druze People and Religion. Forgotten Books. ISBN 978-1-60506-068-2. Retrieved 4 April 2012. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Farahnaz Ispahani (2017). Purifying the Land of the Pure: A History of Pakistan's Religious Minorities. Oxford University Press. pp. 165–171. ISBN 978-0-19-062165-0.
Bert B. Lockwood (2006). Women's Rights: A Human Rights Quarterly Reader. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 227–235. ISBN 978-0-8018-8373-6.
Javaid Rehman (2000). The Weaknesses in the International Protection of Minority Rights. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 158–159. ISBN 90-411-1350-9.
Arora, Balveer (2010). "Republic of India". In Moreno, Luis; Colino, César (eds.). Diversity and Unity in Federal Countries. McGill-Queen's Press. pp. 200–226. ISBN 978-0-7735-9087-8.
Singh, Pashaura; Fenech, Louis E. (2014). The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies. Oxford University Press. pp. 236–238. ISBN 978-0-19-969930-8.
Prasad, Sri Nandan; Pal, Dharm (1 January 1987). Operations in Jammu & Kashmir, 1947–48. History Division, Ministry of Defence, Government of India. pp. 49–50.
Singh, Vijay Kumar (2005). Leadership in the Indian Army: Biographies of Twelve Soldiers. SAGE Publications. p. 160. ISBN 978-0-7619-3322-9.
D.P. Ramachandran (2008). Empire's First Soldiers. Lancer Publishers. p. 171. ISBN 978-0-9796174-7-8.
Gupta, Jyoti Bhusan Das (6 December 2012). Jammu and Kashmir. Springer. p. 97. ISBN 9789401192316.
Snedden, Christopher (15 September 2015). Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris. Oxford University Press. p. 167. ISBN 9781849046213.
Puri, Luv (21 February 2012). Across the Line of Control: Inside Azad Kashmir. Columbia University Press. pp. 28–30. ISBN 9780231800846.
Madhok, Balraj (1 January 1972). A Story of Bungling in Kashmir. Young Asia Publications. p. 67.
Hasan, Khalid (2013) [2007]. "Mirpur 1947". In Gupta, Bal K. (ed.). Forgotten Atrocities: Memoirs of a Survivor of the 1947 Partition of India. Lulu.com. pp. 141–144. ISBN 978-1-257-91419-7.
Charny, Israel W. (1999). Encyclopaedia of genocide. ABC-CLIO. pp. 516–517. ISBN 978-0-87436-928-1. Retrieved 21 February 2011.
Acikyildiz, Birgul (20 August 2014). The Yezidis: The History of a Community, Culture and Religion. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-78453-216-1.
Price, Massoume (2005), Iran's diverse peoples: a reference sourcebook (Illustrated ed.), ABC-CLIO, p. 205, ISBN 9781576079935
Scruton, Roger (2002). Spinoza: A Very Short Introduction. OUP Oxford. pp. 21, 144. ISBN 978-0-19-280316-0.
- Nadler, Steven M. (2001). Spinoza: A Life. Cambridge University Press. pp. 2, 7, 120. ISBN 978-0-521-00293-6.
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  "Status of Global Christianity, 2017, in the Context of 1900–2050" (PDF). Center for the Study of Global Christianity. 2017.
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- Grim, Brian J.; Finke, Roger (August 2007). "Religious Persecution in Cross-National Context: Clashing Civilizations or Regulated Religious Economies?". American Sociological Review. 72 (4): 633–658. doi:10.1177/000312240707200407. S2CID 145734744.
- Grim, BJ; Finke, R. (2007). "Religious Persecution in Cross-National Context: Clashing Civilizations or Regulated Religious Economies?". American Sociological Review. 72 (4): 633–658. doi:10.1177/000312240707200407. S2CID 145734744.
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  Cited in Simonsohn, Uri (2017). "Conversion, Exemption, and Manipulation: Social Benefits and Conversion to Islam in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages" (PDF). Medieval Worlds. No. 6. pp. 196–216. doi:10.1553/medievalworlds_no6_2017s196. pp. 201–202: ʿUmar is depicted as having ordered that "the poll-tax should be taken from all men who would not become Muslims"
- Chu, Jolene (September 2004). "God's things and Caesar's: Jehovah's Witnesses and political neutrality". Journal of Genocide Research. 6 (3). Taylor & Francis: 319–342. doi:10.1080/1462352042000265837. S2CID 71908533.
- Wrobel, Johannes S. (August 2006). "Jehovah's Witnesses in National Socialist concentration camps, 1933–45" (PDF). Religion, State & Society. 34 (2). Taylor & Francis: 89–125. doi:10.1080/09637490600624691. S2CID 145110013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 May 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
- Knox, Zoe (2018). "Politics". Jehovah's Witnesses and the Secular World: From the 1870s to the Present. Histories of the Sacred and Secular, 1700–2000. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 61–106. doi:10.1057/978-1-137-39605-1_3. ISBN 978-1-137-39604-4.
- Zartman, Jonathan K., ed. (2023) [2020]. "Minorities". Conflict in the Modern Middle East: An Encyclopedia of Civil War, Revolutions, and Regime Change. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio. pp. 198–200. doi:10.5040/9798400630415-0003417. ISBN 979-8-2160-6477-0. Historically, Islam classified Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians as protected "People of the Book", a secondary status subject to payment of a poll tax. Nevertheless, Zoroastrians suffered significant persecution. Other religions such as the Alawites, Alevis, and Druze often suffered more.
- Layish, Aharon (2022) [1982]. "Introduction". Marriage, Divorce, and Succession in the Druze Family: A Study Based on Decisions of Druze Arbitrators and Religious Courts in Israel and the Golan Heights. Social, Economic, and Political Studies of the Middle East and Asia. Vol. 31. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. pp. 1–24. doi:10.1163/9789004491199_004. ISBN 978-90-04-49119-9. ISSN 1385-3376. the Druze religion, though originating from the Isma'lliyya, an extreme branch of the Shia, seceded completely from Islam and has, therefore, experienced periods of persecution by the latter.
- Timani, Hussam S. (2021). "The Druze". In Cusack, Carole M.; Upal, M. Afzal (eds.). Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 21. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. pp. 724–742. doi:10.1163/9789004435544_038. ISBN 978-9004435544. ISSN 1874-6691.
- Firro, Kais M. (2012). "Nationalism and Confessionalism: Shiʿis, Druzes, and Alawis in Syria and Lebanon". In Roald, Anne S.; Longva, Anh N. (eds.). Religious Minorities in the Middle East: Domination, Self-Empowerment, Accommodation. Social, Economic, and Political Studies of the Middle East and Asia. Vol. 108. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. pp. 254–265. doi:10.1163/9789004216846_012. ISBN 978-90-04-21684-6. ISSN 1385-3376.
- Abu-Izzeddin, Nejla M. (1993) [1984]. "Al-Ḥākim Bi-Amr Allāh". The Druzes: A New Study of Their History, Faith, and Society. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 74–86. doi:10.1163/9789004450349_011. ISBN 978-90-04-45034-9.
- Emadi, Hafizullah (2014). "Minorities and marginality: pertinacity of Hindus and Sikhs in a repressive environment in Afghanistan". Nationalities Papers. 42 (2). Cambridge University Press: 307–320. doi:10.1080/00905992.2013.858313. S2CID 153662810., Quote: "The situation of Hindus and Sikhs as a persecuted minority is a little-studied topic in literature dealing with ethno-sectarian conflict in Afghanistan. (...) the breakdown of state structure and the ensuing civil conflicts and targeted persecution in the 1990s that led to their mass exodus out of the country. A combination of structural failure and rising Islamic fundamentalist ideology in the post-Soviet era led to a war of ethnic cleansing as fundamentalists suffered a crisis of legitimation and resorted to violence as a means to establish their authority. Hindus and Sikhs found themselves in an uphill battle to preserve their culture and religious traditions in a hostile political environment in the post-Taliban period. The international community and Kabul failed in their moral obligation to protect and defend the rights of minorities and oppressed communities."
- Emadi, Hafizullah (2014). "Minorities and marginality: pertinacity of Hindus and Sikhs in a repressive environment in Afghanistan". Nationalities Papers. 42 (2). Cambridge University Press: 315–317. doi:10.1080/00905992.2013.858313. S2CID 153662810.
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- Fenech, Louis E. (1997). "Martyrdom and the Sikh Tradition". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 117 (4): 623–642. doi:10.2307/606445. JSTOR 606445.
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blogs.wsj.com
- Fitch, Asa (16 February 2015). "Five Things to Know About Egypt's Coptic Christians". Wall Street Journal (blog).
wustl.edu (Global: 3,400^th place; English: 2,101^st place)
polisci.wustl.edu
- Gibson, James L. (25 March 2019). "James L. Gibson". Department of Political Science. Washington University in St.Louis Arts and Sciences. Sidney W. Souers Professor of Government

Religious persecution (English Wikipedia)

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