Rigveda (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Rigveda" in English language version.

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archive.org

See Rigveda Samhita.
See Rigveda Samhita.
*Original Sanskrit: Rigveda 10.129 Archived 25 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine Wikisource;
- Translation 1: F. Max Müller (1859). A History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature. Williams and Norgate, London. pp. 559–565.
- Witzel 2003, pp. 68–69. "The Vedic texts were orally composed and transmitted, without the use of script, in an unbroken line of transmission from teacher to student that was formalized early on. This ensured an impeccable textual transmission superior to the classical texts of other cultures; it is, in fact, something like a tape-recording of ca. 1500–500 BCE. Not just the actual words, but even the long-lost musical (tonal) accent (as in old Greek or in Japanese) has been preserved up to the present. On the other hand, the Vedas have been written down only during the early second millennium CE, while some sections such as a collection of the Upanishads were perhaps written down at the middle of the first millennium, while some early, unsuccessful attempts (indicated by certain Smriti rules forbidding to write down the Vedas) may have been made around the end of the first millennium BCE". Witzel, Michael (2003). "Vedas and Upanisads". In Flood, Gavin (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-631-21535-6.
- Keith, Arthur Berriedale (1920). Rigveda Brahmanas: the Aitareya and Kauṣītaki Brāhmaṇas of the Rigveda. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. p. 44.
- A history of Sanskrit Literature, Arthur MacDonell, Oxford University Press/Appleton & Co, p. 56
- Witzel 2003, p. 69. "The RV has been transmitted in one recension (the śākhā of Śākalya) while others (such as the Bāṣkala text) have been lost or are only rumored about so far." Witzel, Michael (2003). "Vedas and Upanisads". In Flood, Gavin (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-631-21535-6.
- Julius Eggeling (1887). Vedic manuscripts (Catalogue of the Sanskrit manuscripts in the library of the India office: Part 1 of 7). India Office, London. OCLC 492009385.
- Arthur Coke Burnell (1869). Catalogue of a Collection of Sanskrit Manuscripts. Trübner. pp. 5–8.
- Robert Hume, Mundaka Upanishad, Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pp. 374–375
- F. Max Müller (1884), The Upanishads, Part 2, Mundaka Upanishad, Oxford University Press, pp. 38–40
- Witzel 2003, pp. 69–70. Witzel, Michael (2003). "Vedas and Upanisads". In Flood, Gavin (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-631-21535-6.
- Witzel 2003, p. 71. Witzel, Michael (2003). "Vedas and Upanisads". In Flood, Gavin (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-631-21535-6.

archive.today

C Chatterjee (1995), Values in the Indian Ethos: An Overview, Journal of Human Values, Vol 1, No 1, pp. 3–12;
Original text translated in English: The Rig Veda, Mandala 10, Hymn 117, Ralph T. H. Griffith (Translator);

bl.uk

"Collection Items – Rig-veda-Sanhita". British Library. Archived from the original on 10 September 2021. Retrieved 10 September 2021.

books.google.com

Stephanie W. Jamison (tr.) & Joel P. Brereton (tr.) 2014, p. 3. Stephanie W. Jamison (tr.); Joel P. Brereton (tr.) (2014). The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of India. 3-volume set. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-937018-4. Archived from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
Bryant, Edwin F. (2015). The Yoga Sutras of Patañjali: A New Edition, Translation, and Commentary. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. 565–566. ISBN 978-1-4299-9598-6. Archived from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
Polomé, Edgar (2010). Per Sture Ureland (ed.). Entstehung von Sprachen und Völkern: glotto- und ethnogenetische Aspekte europäischer Sprachen. Walter de Gruyter. p. 51. ISBN 978-3-11-163373-2. Archived from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
Stephanie W. Jamison (tr.) & Joel P. Brereton (tr.) 2014, pp. 4, 7–9. Stephanie W. Jamison (tr.); Joel P. Brereton (tr.) (2014). The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of India. 3-volume set. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-937018-4. Archived from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
Examples:
Verse 1.164.34, "What is the ultimate limit of the earth?", "What is the center of the universe?", "What is the semen of the cosmic horse?", "What is the ultimate source of human speech?"
Verse 1.164.34, "Who gave blood, soul, spirit to the earth?", "How could the unstructured universe give origin to this structured world?"
Verse 1.164.5, "Where does the sun hide in the night?", "Where do gods live?"
Verse 1.164.6, "What, where is the unborn support for the born universe?";
Verse 1.164.20 (a hymn that is widely cited in the Upanishads as the parable of the Body and the Soul): "Two birds with fair wings, inseparable companions; Have found refuge in the same sheltering tree. One incessantly eats from the fig tree; the other, not eating, just looks on.";
Rigveda Book 1, Hymn 164 Wikisource;
See translations of these verses: Stephanie W. Jamison (tr.) & Joel P. Brereton (tr.) (2014) Stephanie W. Jamison (tr.); Joel P. Brereton (tr.) (2014). The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of India. 3-volume set. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-937018-4. Archived from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
Klaus Klostermaier (1984). Mythologies and Philosophies of Salvation in the Theistic Traditions of India. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-88920-158-3. Archived from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 3 February 2016.
Stephanie W. Jamison (tr.) & Joel P. Brereton (tr.) 2014, pp. 5–6. Stephanie W. Jamison (tr.); Joel P. Brereton (tr.) (2014). The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of India. 3-volume set. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-937018-4. Archived from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
Thapar, Romila (1 June 2015). The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300. Penguin Books Limited. ISBN 978-93-5214-118-0.
Stephanie W. Jamison (tr.) & Joel P. Brereton (tr.) 2014, p. 5. Stephanie W. Jamison (tr.); Joel P. Brereton (tr.) (2014). The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of India. 3-volume set. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-937018-4. Archived from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
Parpola, Asko (2015). The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization. Oxford University Press. p. 149. ISBN 978-0-19-022693-0.
Stephanie W. Jamison (tr.) & Joel P. Brereton (tr.) 2014, pp. 57–59. Stephanie W. Jamison (tr.); Joel P. Brereton (tr.) (2014). The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of India. 3-volume set. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-937018-4. Archived from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
Stephanie W. Jamison (tr.) & Joel P. Brereton (tr.) 2014, pp. 6–7. Stephanie W. Jamison (tr.); Joel P. Brereton (tr.) (2014). The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of India. 3-volume set. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-937018-4. Archived from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
Stephanie W. Jamison (tr.) & Joel P. Brereton (tr.) 2014, pp. 40, 180, 1150, 1162. Stephanie W. Jamison (tr.); Joel P. Brereton (tr.) (2014). The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of India. 3-volume set. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-937018-4. Archived from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
Stephanie W. Jamison (tr.) & Joel P. Brereton (tr.) 2014, p. 744. Stephanie W. Jamison (tr.); Joel P. Brereton (tr.) (2014). The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of India. 3-volume set. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-937018-4. Archived from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
Stephanie W. Jamison (tr.) & Joel P. Brereton (tr.) 2014, pp. 50–57. Stephanie W. Jamison (tr.); Joel P. Brereton (tr.) (2014). The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of India. 3-volume set. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-937018-4. Archived from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
Frits Staal (2008). Discovering the Vedas: Origins, Mantras, Rituals, Insights. Penguin. pp. 23–24. ISBN 978-0-14-309986-4. Archived from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2019.
Michael Witzel (2012). George Erdosy (ed.). The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 98–110 with footnotes. ISBN 978-3-11-081643-3., Quote (p. 99): "Although the Middle/Late Vedic periods are the earliest for which we can reconstruct a linguistic map, the situation even at the time of the Indua Civilisation and certainly during the time of the earliest texts of the Rigveda, cannot have been very different. There are clear indications that the speakers of Rigvedic Sanskrit knew, and interacted with, Dravidian and Munda speakers."
George Erdosy 1995, pp. 68–69. George Erdosy (1995). The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-014447-5.
Stephanie W. Jamison (tr.) & Joel P. Brereton (tr.) 2014, pp. 10–11. Stephanie W. Jamison (tr.); Joel P. Brereton (tr.) (2014). The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of India. 3-volume set. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-937018-4. Archived from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
Barbara A. Holdrege (2012). Veda and Torah: Transcending the Textuality of Scripture. State University of New York Press. pp. 229–230. ISBN 978-1-4384-0695-4.
George Erdosy 1995, pp. 68–69, 180–189. George Erdosy (1995). The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-014447-5.
Kireet Joshi (1991). The Veda and Indian Culture: An Introductory Essay. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 101–102. ISBN 978-81-208-0889-8.
Stephanie W. Jamison (tr.) & Joel P. Brereton (tr.) 2014, p. 74. Stephanie W. Jamison (tr.); Joel P. Brereton (tr.) (2014). The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of India. 3-volume set. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-937018-4. Archived from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
F. Max Müller (1891). Physical Religion. Longmans & Green. pp. 373–379. Archived from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
Stephanie W. Jamison (tr.) & Joel P. Brereton (tr.) 2014, p. 18. Stephanie W. Jamison (tr.); Joel P. Brereton (tr.) (2014). The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of India. 3-volume set. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-937018-4. Archived from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
Stephanie W. Jamison (tr.) & Joel P. Brereton (tr.) 2014, p. 16. Stephanie W. Jamison (tr.); Joel P. Brereton (tr.) (2014). The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of India. 3-volume set. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-937018-4. Archived from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
Stephanie W. Jamison (tr.) & Joel P. Brereton (tr.) 2014, pp. 13–14. Stephanie W. Jamison (tr.); Joel P. Brereton (tr.) (2014). The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of India. 3-volume set. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-937018-4. Archived from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
Barbara A. West (2010). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. Infobase. p. 282. ISBN 978-1-4381-1913-7. Archived from the original on 27 July 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2016.
Michael McDowell; Nathan Robert Brown (2009). World Religions at Your Fingertips. Penguin. p. 208. ISBN 978-1-101-01469-1. Archived from the original on 20 January 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2016.
John Collinson Nesfield (1893). A Catalogue of Sanscrit MSS.: Existing in Oudh Discovered Oct.-Dec. 1874, Jan.-Sept. 1875, 1876, 1877, 1879–1885, 1887–1890. pp. 1–27. Archived from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
A B Keith (1920). Rigveda Brahmanas, Harvard Oriental Series, Vol 25. Harvard University Press. p. 103. Archived from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
Colin Mackenzie; Horace Hayman Wilson (1828). Mackenzie Collection: A Descriptive Catalogue of the Oriental Manuscripts and Other Articles Illustrative of the Literature, History, Statistics and Antiquities of the South of India. Asiatic Press. pp. 1–3.
James Hastings, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics at Google Books, Vol. 7, Harvard Divinity School, TT Clark, pp. 51–56
Edmund Gosse, Short histories of the literatures of the world, p. 181, at Google Books, New York: Appleton, p. 181
Nadkarni, M.V. (2014). Ethics for our Times: Essays in Gandhian Perspective (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 205–206. ISBN 978-0-19-908935-2. Archived from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
Stephanie W. Jamison (tr.) & Joel P. Brereton (tr.) 2014, pp. 1586–1587. Stephanie W. Jamison (tr.); Joel P. Brereton (tr.) (2014). The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of India. 3-volume set. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-937018-4. Archived from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
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Axel Michaels (2004), Hinduism: Past and Present, Princeton University Press, p.18 Archived 4 May 2023 at the Wayback Machine; see also Julius Lipner (2012), Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, Routledge, p.77 Archived 4 May 2023 at the Wayback Machine; and Brian K. Smith (2008), Hinduism, p.101 Archived 13 May 2023 at the Wayback Machine, in Jacob Neusner (ed.), Sacred Texts and Authority, Wipf and Stock Publishers.
Stephanie W. Jamison (tr.) & Joel P. Brereton (tr.) 2014, pp. 3, 76. Stephanie W. Jamison (tr.); Joel P. Brereton (tr.) (2014). The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of India. 3-volume set. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-937018-4. Archived from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
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cam.ac.uk

cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk

A copy of the Rigveda samhita Books 1 to 3 in Tamil-Grantha script is preserved at the Cambridge University Sanskrit Manuscript Library (MS Or.2366). This talapatra palm leaf manuscript was likely copied sometime between mid-18th and late-19th-century. Ṛgveda Saṃhitā (MS Or.2366) Archived 7 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine, University of Cambridge, UK

doi.org

Franklin C Southworth (2016). Hock, Hans Henrich; Bashir, Elena (eds.). The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia. pp. 241–374. doi:10.1515/9783110423303-004. ISBN 978-3-11-042330-3.
Pincott, Frederic (1887). "The First Maṇḍala of the Ṛig-Veda". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 19 (4). Cambridge University Press: 598–624. doi:10.1017/s0035869x00019717. S2CID 163189831. Archived from the original on 6 September 2019. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
Nadkarni, M.V. (2011). "Ethics in Hinduism". Ethics For Our Times: Essays in Gandhian Perspective. Oxford University Press. pp. 211–239. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198073864.003.0010. ISBN 978-0-19-807386-4.

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Witzel 1997, pp. 259–264. Witzel, Michael (1997), "The Development of the Vedic Canon and its Schools: The Social and Political Milieu" (PDF), in Michael Witzel (ed.), Inside the Texts, Beyond the Texts: New Approaches to the Study of the Vedas, Harvard Oriental Series, Opera Minora, vol. 2, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, pp. 257–348, archived (PDF) from the original on 4 August 2020, retrieved 22 September 2015
Witzel 1997, p. 262. Witzel, Michael (1997), "The Development of the Vedic Canon and its Schools: The Social and Political Milieu" (PDF), in Michael Witzel (ed.), Inside the Texts, Beyond the Texts: New Approaches to the Study of the Vedas, Harvard Oriental Series, Opera Minora, vol. 2, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, pp. 257–348, archived (PDF) from the original on 4 August 2020, retrieved 22 September 2015
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See [1]
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"As a possible date ad quem for the RV one usually adduces the Hittite-Mitanni agreement of the middle of the 14th cent. B.C. which mentions four of the major Rgvedic gods: mitra, varuNa, indra and the nAsatya azvin)" M. Witzel, Early Sanskritization – Origin and development of the Kuru state Archived 5 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine
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Karen Thomson (2009). "A still undeciphered text: how the scientific approach to the Rigveda would open up Indo-European studies" (PDF). Journal of Indo-European Studies. 37: 1–47. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 30 January 2022.

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Pincott, Frederic (1887). "The First Maṇḍala of the Ṛig-Veda". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 19 (4). Cambridge University Press: 598–624. doi:10.1017/s0035869x00019717. S2CID 163189831. Archived from the original on 6 September 2019. Retrieved 12 March 2020.

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unesco.org

Rigvedasamhita, Rigvedasamhita-Padapatha and Rigvedasamhitabhashya Archived 13 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Memory of the World Register, UNESCO (2006), page 2, Quote: "One manuscript written on birch bark is in the ancient Sharada script and the remaining 29 manuscripts are written in the Devanagari script. All the manuscripts are in Sanskrit language."
Rigvedasamhita, Rigvedasamhita-Padapatha and Rigvedasamhitabhashya Archived 13 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Memory of the World Register, UNESCO (2006), page 3, Quote: "A particularly important manuscript in this collection is the one from Kashmir, written on birch bark, in the Sharada script (No. 5/1875-76)."

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Stephanie W. Jamison (tr.) & Joel P. Brereton (tr.) 2014, p. 3. Stephanie W. Jamison (tr.); Joel P. Brereton (tr.) (2014). The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of India. 3-volume set. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-937018-4. Archived from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
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*Original Sanskrit: Rigveda 10.129 Archived 25 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine Wikisource;
- Translation 1: F. Max Müller (1859). A History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature. Williams and Norgate, London. pp. 559–565.
- Examples:
  Verse 1.164.34, "What is the ultimate limit of the earth?", "What is the center of the universe?", "What is the semen of the cosmic horse?", "What is the ultimate source of human speech?"
  Verse 1.164.34, "Who gave blood, soul, spirit to the earth?", "How could the unstructured universe give origin to this structured world?"
  Verse 1.164.5, "Where does the sun hide in the night?", "Where do gods live?"
  Verse 1.164.6, "What, where is the unborn support for the born universe?";
  Verse 1.164.20 (a hymn that is widely cited in the Upanishads as the parable of the Body and the Soul): "Two birds with fair wings, inseparable companions; Have found refuge in the same sheltering tree. One incessantly eats from the fig tree; the other, not eating, just looks on.";
  Rigveda Book 1, Hymn 164 Wikisource;
  See translations of these verses: Stephanie W. Jamison (tr.) & Joel P. Brereton (tr.) (2014) Stephanie W. Jamison (tr.); Joel P. Brereton (tr.) (2014). The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of India. 3-volume set. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-937018-4. Archived from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
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- Stephanie W. Jamison (tr.) & Joel P. Brereton (tr.) 2014, pp. 5–6. Stephanie W. Jamison (tr.); Joel P. Brereton (tr.) (2014). The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of India. 3-volume set. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-937018-4. Archived from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
- "As a possible date ad quem for the RV one usually adduces the Hittite-Mitanni agreement of the middle of the 14th cent. B.C. which mentions four of the major Rgvedic gods: mitra, varuNa, indra and the nAsatya azvin)" M. Witzel, Early Sanskritization – Origin and development of the Kuru state Archived 5 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine
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- Stephanie W. Jamison (tr.) & Joel P. Brereton (tr.) 2014, pp. 57–59. Stephanie W. Jamison (tr.); Joel P. Brereton (tr.) (2014). The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of India. 3-volume set. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-937018-4. Archived from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
- Stephanie W. Jamison (tr.) & Joel P. Brereton (tr.) 2014, pp. 6–7. Stephanie W. Jamison (tr.); Joel P. Brereton (tr.) (2014). The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of India. 3-volume set. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-937018-4. Archived from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
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- Witzel 1997, p. 263. Witzel, Michael (1997), "The Development of the Vedic Canon and its Schools: The Social and Political Milieu" (PDF), in Michael Witzel (ed.), Inside the Texts, Beyond the Texts: New Approaches to the Study of the Vedas, Harvard Oriental Series, Opera Minora, vol. 2, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, pp. 257–348, archived (PDF) from the original on 4 August 2020, retrieved 22 September 2015
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- Witzel 1997, p. 265. Witzel, Michael (1997), "The Development of the Vedic Canon and its Schools: The Social and Political Milieu" (PDF), in Michael Witzel (ed.), Inside the Texts, Beyond the Texts: New Approaches to the Study of the Vedas, Harvard Oriental Series, Opera Minora, vol. 2, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, pp. 257–348, archived (PDF) from the original on 4 August 2020, retrieved 22 September 2015
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- Stephanie W. Jamison (tr.) & Joel P. Brereton (tr.) 2014, pp. 10–11. Stephanie W. Jamison (tr.); Joel P. Brereton (tr.) (2014). The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of India. 3-volume set. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-937018-4. Archived from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
- Stephanie W. Jamison (tr.) & Joel P. Brereton (tr.) 2014, p. 74. Stephanie W. Jamison (tr.); Joel P. Brereton (tr.) (2014). The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of India. 3-volume set. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-937018-4. Archived from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
- F. Max Müller (1891). Physical Religion. Longmans & Green. pp. 373–379. Archived from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
- Witzel 1997, p. 259, footnote 7. Witzel, Michael (1997), "The Development of the Vedic Canon and its Schools: The Social and Political Milieu" (PDF), in Michael Witzel (ed.), Inside the Texts, Beyond the Texts: New Approaches to the Study of the Vedas, Harvard Oriental Series, Opera Minora, vol. 2, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, pp. 257–348, archived (PDF) from the original on 4 August 2020, retrieved 22 September 2015
- Stephanie W. Jamison (tr.) & Joel P. Brereton (tr.) 2014, p. 18. Stephanie W. Jamison (tr.); Joel P. Brereton (tr.) (2014). The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of India. 3-volume set. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-937018-4. Archived from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
- Stephanie W. Jamison (tr.) & Joel P. Brereton (tr.) 2014, p. 16. Stephanie W. Jamison (tr.); Joel P. Brereton (tr.) (2014). The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of India. 3-volume set. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-937018-4. Archived from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
- Stephanie W. Jamison (tr.) & Joel P. Brereton (tr.) 2014, pp. 13–14. Stephanie W. Jamison (tr.); Joel P. Brereton (tr.) (2014). The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of India. 3-volume set. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-937018-4. Archived from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
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- Stephanie W. Jamison (tr.) & Joel P. Brereton (tr.) 2014, pp. 3, 76. Stephanie W. Jamison (tr.); Joel P. Brereton (tr.) (2014). The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of India. 3-volume set. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-937018-4. Archived from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
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wikisource.org

en.wikisource.org

C Chatterjee (1995), Values in the Indian Ethos: An Overview, Journal of Human Values, Vol 1, No 1, pp. 3–12;
Original text translated in English: The Rig Veda, Mandala 10, Hymn 117, Ralph T. H. Griffith (Translator);
Examples:
Verse 1.164.34, "What is the ultimate limit of the earth?", "What is the center of the universe?", "What is the semen of the cosmic horse?", "What is the ultimate source of human speech?"
Verse 1.164.34, "Who gave blood, soul, spirit to the earth?", "How could the unstructured universe give origin to this structured world?"
Verse 1.164.5, "Where does the sun hide in the night?", "Where do gods live?"
Verse 1.164.6, "What, where is the unborn support for the born universe?";
Verse 1.164.20 (a hymn that is widely cited in the Upanishads as the parable of the Body and the Soul): "Two birds with fair wings, inseparable companions; Have found refuge in the same sheltering tree. One incessantly eats from the fig tree; the other, not eating, just looks on.";
Rigveda Book 1, Hymn 164 Wikisource;
See translations of these verses: Stephanie W. Jamison (tr.) & Joel P. Brereton (tr.) (2014) Stephanie W. Jamison (tr.); Joel P. Brereton (tr.) (2014). The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of India. 3-volume set. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-937018-4. Archived from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
"The Rig Veda/Mandala 1/Hymn 164 – Wikisource, the free online library". En.wikisource.org. 14 April 2012. Archived from the original on 6 May 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2017.

sa.wikisource.org

*Original Sanskrit: Rigveda 10.129 Archived 25 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine Wikisource;
- Translation 1: F. Max Müller (1859). A History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature. Williams and Norgate, London. pp. 559–565.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Julius Eggeling (1887). Vedic manuscripts (Catalogue of the Sanskrit manuscripts in the library of the India office: Part 1 of 7). India Office, London. OCLC 492009385.

yale.edu

ehrafarchaeology.yale.edu

Kochhar, Rajesh (1997). The Vedic people: their history and geography. Orient Longman. ISBN 978-81-250-1384-6.

zenodo.org

Pincott, Frederic (1887). "The First Maṇḍala of the Ṛig-Veda". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 19 (4). Cambridge University Press: 598–624. doi:10.1017/s0035869x00019717. S2CID 163189831. Archived from the original on 6 September 2019. Retrieved 12 March 2020.