Roman Republic (English Wikipedia)

Temin, Peter (2006). "The economy of the early Roman empire". Journal of Economic Perspectives. 20 (1): 145. doi:10.1257/089533006776526148. ISSN 0895-3309. Temin notes Cicero's discussion in Pro Lege Manilia of how the Mithridatic Wars negatively affected many Roman financiers' solvency, causing a credit crunch.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Roller 2010, p. 175. Roller, Duane W. (2010). Cleopatra: a biography. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-195-36553-5.
Taylor 1966, p. 7. Taylor, Lily Ross (1966). Roman Voting Assemblies: From the Hannibalic War to the Dictatorship of Caesar. The University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-08125-7.
Smith, D. J. (1983). "Mosaics". In Martin Henig (ed.). A Handbook of Roman Art. Phaidon. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-714-82214-3.

beniculturali.it (Global: 1,142^nd place; English: 4,440^th place)

archeobologna.beniculturali.it

"Reggio Emilia, Mito e realtà nella battaglia della Silva Litana" (in Italian). Retrieved 12 August 2023.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

The traditional date for the first secession is given by Livy as 494; many other dates have been suggested, and several such events probably took place. See Cornell 1995, pp. 215–218, 256–261, 266. Cornell, Tim (1995). The beginnings of Rome. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-01596-7.
For a discussion of the duties and legal status of plebeian tribunes and aediles, see Lintott, Violence 1999, pp. 92–101 Lintott, Andrew (1999). Violence in Republican Rome (Paperback and 2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-198-15282-8.
The plebeian involved in such a marriage would likely have been wealthy: see Cornell 1995, p. 255 Cornell, Tim (1995). The beginnings of Rome. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-01596-7.
Cornell 1995, pp. 215–218. Cornell offers a summary of "Livy's prose narrative" and derived literary works relating to the expulsion of the kings. Cornell, Tim (1995). The beginnings of Rome. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-01596-7.
Cornell 1995, pp. 226–228. Cornell, Tim (1995). The beginnings of Rome. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-01596-7.
Cornell 1995, pp. 215–218, 377–378; Drummond 1989, p. 178. Cornell, Tim (1995). The beginnings of Rome. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-01596-7. Drummond, A. "Rome in the fifth century I: the social and economic framework". In CAH² 7.2 (1989), pp. 113–171.
Cornell 1995, pp. 215–217. Cornell, Tim (1995). The beginnings of Rome. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-01596-7.
Cornell 1995, pp. 289–291. Cornell, Tim (1995). The beginnings of Rome. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-01596-7.
Cornell 1995, pp. 256–259. Plebs ("the mass") was originally a disparaging term, but was adopted as a badge of pride by those whom it was meant to insult. It might not have referred to wealthier commoners. Cornell, Tim (1995). The beginnings of Rome. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-01596-7.
Cornell 1995, pp. 317–18, noting "the physical damage to the city does not seem to have been nearly as extensive as tradition would have us believe... Gauls were interested in movable booty... no archaeological trace of the Gallic disaster has yet been positively identified... the strongest argument for a 'minimalist' interpretation of the Gallic disaster is the speed and vigour of the Roman recovery in the following years"; Treves 2012. Cornell, Tim (1995). The beginnings of Rome. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-01596-7. Treves, Piero. "Brennus (1), Gallic chieftain". In OCD⁴ (2012).
Cornell 1995, p. 342. Cornell, Tim (1995). The beginnings of Rome. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-01596-7.
Eckstein 2012, p. 42. Eckstein, Arthur M. (2012). Rome Enters the Greek East: From Anarchy to Hierarchy in the Hellenistic Mediterranean, 230–170 BC. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-118-25536-0. LCCN 2007037809.
Eckstein 2012, p. 43. Eckstein, Arthur M. (2012). Rome Enters the Greek East: From Anarchy to Hierarchy in the Hellenistic Mediterranean, 230–170 BC. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-118-25536-0. LCCN 2007037809.
Eckstein 2012, p. 48. Eckstein, Arthur M. (2012). Rome Enters the Greek East: From Anarchy to Hierarchy in the Hellenistic Mediterranean, 230–170 BC. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-118-25536-0. LCCN 2007037809.
Eckstein 2012, p. 51. Eckstein, Arthur M. (2012). Rome Enters the Greek East: From Anarchy to Hierarchy in the Hellenistic Mediterranean, 230–170 BC. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-118-25536-0. LCCN 2007037809.
Eckstein 2012, p. 52. Eckstein, Arthur M. (2012). Rome Enters the Greek East: From Anarchy to Hierarchy in the Hellenistic Mediterranean, 230–170 BC. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-118-25536-0. LCCN 2007037809.
Eckstein 2012, p. 55. Eckstein, Arthur M. (2012). Rome Enters the Greek East: From Anarchy to Hierarchy in the Hellenistic Mediterranean, 230–170 BC. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-118-25536-0. LCCN 2007037809.
Santosuosso 2008, p. 58. Santosuosso, Antonio (2008). Storming the Heavens. Avalon Publishing. ISBN 978-0-786-74354-4.
Santosuosso 2008, p. 62. Santosuosso, Antonio (2008). Storming the Heavens. Avalon Publishing. ISBN 978-0-786-74354-4.
D. B. Saddington (2011) [2007]. "Classes: the Evolution of the Roman Imperial Fleets", in Paul Erdkamp (ed), A Companion to the Roman Army, 201–217. Malden, Oxford, Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-2153-8. Plate 12.2 on p. 204.
Santosuosso 2008, p. 18. Santosuosso, Antonio (2008). Storming the Heavens. Avalon Publishing. ISBN 978-0-786-74354-4.
Santosuosso 2008, p. 11. Santosuosso, Antonio (2008). Storming the Heavens. Avalon Publishing. ISBN 978-0-786-74354-4.
Santosuosso 2008, p. 29. Santosuosso, Antonio (2008). Storming the Heavens. Avalon Publishing. ISBN 978-0-786-74354-4.
Cornell 1995, pp. 215–216. Cornell, Tim (1995). The beginnings of Rome. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-01596-7.
Cornell 1995, pp. 238, 379–380, citing Livy, 9. 46. 13–14 for the poorest citizens as forensis facto... humillimi (the "lowest of the low") Cornell, Tim (1995). The beginnings of Rome. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-01596-7. Livy. History of Rome.
Alföldy 2014, p. 17. Alföldy, Geza (2014) [First published, in German, 1975]. The social history of Rome. Routledge Revivals. ISBN 978-1-317-66858-9.
Gardner 2008. Gardner, Jane F. (2008). Women in Roman Law and Society. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-93026-5.
MacLean 2018, p. 2. MacLean, Rose (2018). Freed Slaves and Roman Imperial Culture: Social Integration and the Transformation of Values. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-14292-3.
Cornell 1995, pp. 288–291. Cornell, Tim (1995). The beginnings of Rome. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-01596-7.
Kay, Philip (2018). "Financial institutions and structures in the late century of the Roman republic". In Wilson, Andrew; Bowman, Alan K (eds.). Trade, Commerce, and the State in the Roman World. Oxford University Press. pp. 133–35 (types of banks), 142–43 (property sale by sale of securities). ISBN 978-0-19-879066-2. LCCN 2017-935371.
Cornell 1995, p. 264. Cornell, Tim (1995). The beginnings of Rome. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-01596-7.
Rosenberger 2007, p. 299. Auctoritas ('authority') is etymologically linked to augur: See Cornell 1995, p. 341 Cornell, Tim (1995). The beginnings of Rome. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-01596-7.
Woolf 2007, p. 388. Woolf, Greg (2007). Ancient civilizations: the illustrated guide to belief, mythology, and art. Barnes & Noble. ISBN 978-1-435-10121-0.

britannica.com (Global: 37^th place; English: 64^th place)

Latin League. "Latin League". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
"Baiae, historic site, Italy". Encyclopedia Britannica. Accessed 6 June 2021.

bsz-bw.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

swbplus.bsz-bw.de

Edmondson & Keith 2008, pp. 28–30. Edmondson, JC; Keith, A., eds. (2008). Roman dress and the fabrics of Roman culture. University of Toronto Press. doi:10.3138/9781442689039. ISBN 978-1-442-61079-8.
Edmondson & Keith 2008, p. 33. Edmondson, JC; Keith, A., eds. (2008). Roman dress and the fabrics of Roman culture. University of Toronto Press. doi:10.3138/9781442689039. ISBN 978-1-442-61079-8.

capitolivm.it (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Roma e Cartagine: lotta per la supremazia" (in Italian). 10 August 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2023.

core.ac.uk (Global: 1,383^rd place; English: 954^th place)

Culham 2004, p. 155. See also Beard 1980 and Parker 2004. Beard, Mary (1980). "The Sexual Status of Vestal Virgins". The Journal of Roman Studies. 70: 12–27. doi:10.2307/299553. JSTOR 299553. S2CID 162651935. Parker, Holt N. (2004). "Why Were the Vestals Virgins? Or, the Chastity of Women and the Safety of the Roman State" (PDF). American Journal of Philology. 125 (4): 563–601. doi:10.1353/ajp.2005.0009. S2CID 154436702.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

doi.org

Macrobius describes the woollen figurines (maniae) hung at crossroad shrines during the popular Compitalia festival as substitutions for ancient human sacrifice once held at the same festival and suppressed by Rome's first consul, L. Junius Brutus. Whatever the truth regarding this sacrifice and its abolition, the Junii celebrated their ancestor cult during Larentalia rather than the usual Parentalia even in the 1st century BC; see Taylor 1925, pp. 302ff. Taylor, Lily Ross (1925). "The Mother of the Lares". American Journal of Archaeology. 29 (3): 299–313. doi:10.2307/497560. JSTOR 497560. S2CID 192992171.
Appian's history of Rome finds its strife-torn Late Republic tottering at the edge of chaos; most seem to dress as they like, not as they ought: "For now the Roman people are much mixed with foreigners, there is equal citizenship for freedmen, and slaves dress like their masters. With the exception of the Senators, free citizens and slaves wear the same costume." See Rothfus 2010, p. 1 Rothfus, M. A. (2010). "The Gens Togata: Changing Styles and Changing Identities". American Journal of Philology. 131 (3): 425–452. doi:10.1353/ajp.2010.0009. S2CID 55972174.
Taagepera 1979. Taagepera, Rein (1979). "Size and duration of empires: growth-decline curves, 600 BC to 600 AD". Social Science History. 3 (3/4): 115–138. doi:10.2307/1170959. JSTOR 1170959.
Cornell 1995, pp. 317–18, noting "the physical damage to the city does not seem to have been nearly as extensive as tradition would have us believe... Gauls were interested in movable booty... no archaeological trace of the Gallic disaster has yet been positively identified... the strongest argument for a 'minimalist' interpretation of the Gallic disaster is the speed and vigour of the Roman recovery in the following years"; Treves 2012. Cornell, Tim (1995). The beginnings of Rome. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-01596-7. Treves, Piero. "Brennus (1), Gallic chieftain". In OCD⁴ (2012).
MacBain 1980. MacBain, Bruce (1980). "Appius Claudius Caecus and the via Appia". The Classical Quarterly. 30 (2): 356–372. doi:10.1017/S0009838800042294. JSTOR 638505. S2CID 170803863.
Develin 1978. Develin, R. (1978). ""Provocatio" and Plebiscites. Early Roman Legislation and the Historical Tradition". Mnemosyne. 31 (1): 45–60. doi:10.1163/156852578X00256. JSTOR 4430760.
Ziolkowski 1988, pp. 314ff, 316ff. Ziolkowski, Adam (1988). "Mummius' Temple of Hercules Victor and the Round Temple on the Tiber". Phoenix. 42 (4): 309–333. doi:10.2307/1088657. JSTOR 1088657.
Vervaet 2004. Vervaet, Frederik Juliaan (2004). "The lex Valeria and Sulla's empowerment as dictator (82-79 BCE)". Cahiers du Centre Gustave Glotz. 15: 37–84. doi:10.3406/ccgg.2004.858. ISSN 1016-9008. JSTOR 24359187.
Steel 2014. Steel, Catherine (2014). "The Roman senate and the post-Sullan "res publica"" (PDF). Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 63 (3): 323–339. doi:10.25162/historia-2014-0018. JSTOR 24432812. S2CID 151289863.
Ramsey, John T. (2016). "How and why was Pompey Made Sole Consul in 52 BC?". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 65 (3): 298–324. doi:10.25162/historia-2016-0017. ISSN 0018-2311. JSTOR 45019234.
Walker 2008. Walker, Susan (2008). "Cleopatra in Pompeii?". Papers of the British School at Rome. 76: 35–46 and 345–348 (pp. 35, 42–44). doi:10.1017/S0068246200000404.
Momigliano & Lintott 2012; Golden 2013, p. 148. Momigliano, Arnaldo; Lintott, A. "senatus consultum ultimum". In OCD⁴ (2012). Golden, Gregory K. (2013). Crisis management during the Roman republic. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-05590-2. OCLC 842919750.
Eiland 2023, p. 31. Eiland, Murray (2023). Picturing Roman Belief Systems: The iconography of coins in the Republic and Empire. British Archaeological Reports. p. 31. doi:10.30861/9781407360713. ISBN 978-1-407-36071-3.
D'Arms 1980. D'Arms, J. B. (1980). "Senators' Involvement in Commerce in the Late Republic: Some Ciceronian Evidence". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36 (The Seaborne Commerce of Ancient Rome: Studies in Archaeology and History): 77–89. doi:10.2307/4238697. JSTOR 4238697.
Scheidel, Walter (2020). "Roman wealth and wealth inequality in comparative perspective". Journal of Roman Archaeology. 33: 341–353. doi:10.1017/S104775942000104X. ISSN 1047-7594.
Hin 2019. Hin, Saskia (2019). "population, Roman". In Hin, Saskia (ed.). Oxford Classical Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.5246. ISBN 978-0-19-938113-5.
Hin 2019. For middle count details: Launaro, Alessandro (2013). Classical Review. 63 (2): 525–527. doi:10.1017/S0009840X13001029. ISSN 0009-840X.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link) Hin, Saskia (2019). "population, Roman". In Hin, Saskia (ed.). Oxford Classical Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.5246. ISBN 978-0-19-938113-5.
Hin 2019, noting that estimates "range from 54 to 70 million... under the low count" scenario. Hin, Saskia (2019). "population, Roman". In Hin, Saskia (ed.). Oxford Classical Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.5246. ISBN 978-0-19-938113-5.
Rosenstein 2008, pp. 2–16. Rosenstein, Nathan (2008). "Aristocrats and Agriculture in the Middle and Late Republic". The Journal of Roman Studies. 98: 1–26. doi:10.3815/007543508786239238. JSTOR 20430663.
Temin, Peter (2006). "The economy of the early Roman empire". Journal of Economic Perspectives. 20 (1): 145. doi:10.1257/089533006776526148. ISSN 0895-3309. Temin notes Cicero's discussion in Pro Lege Manilia of how the Mithridatic Wars negatively affected many Roman financiers' solvency, causing a credit crunch.
Culham 2004, p. 155. See also Beard 1980 and Parker 2004. Beard, Mary (1980). "The Sexual Status of Vestal Virgins". The Journal of Roman Studies. 70: 12–27. doi:10.2307/299553. JSTOR 299553. S2CID 162651935. Parker, Holt N. (2004). "Why Were the Vestals Virgins? Or, the Chastity of Women and the Safety of the Roman State" (PDF). American Journal of Philology. 125 (4): 563–601. doi:10.1353/ajp.2005.0009. S2CID 154436702.
Greene 2000, p. 39. Greene, Kevin (2000). "Technological Innovation and Economic Progress in the Ancient World: M. I. Finley Re-Considered". The Economic History Review. New Series. 53 (1): 29–59. doi:10.1111/1468-0289.00151. hdl:10.1111/1468-0289.00151.
Vout 1996, p. 215. Vout, Caroline (1996). "The Myth of the Toga: Understanding the History of Roman Dress". Greece & Rome. 43 (2): 204–220. doi:10.1093/gr/43.2.204.
Edmondson & Keith 2008, pp. 28–30. Edmondson, JC; Keith, A., eds. (2008). Roman dress and the fabrics of Roman culture. University of Toronto Press. doi:10.3138/9781442689039. ISBN 978-1-442-61079-8.
Vout 1996, pp. 211–212. Vout, Caroline (1996). "The Myth of the Toga: Understanding the History of Roman Dress". Greece & Rome. 43 (2): 204–220. doi:10.1093/gr/43.2.204.
Edmondson & Keith 2008, p. 33. Edmondson, JC; Keith, A., eds. (2008). Roman dress and the fabrics of Roman culture. University of Toronto Press. doi:10.3138/9781442689039. ISBN 978-1-442-61079-8.
Garnsey 1998, pp. 237–238. Garnsey, Peter (1998). Scheidel, Walter (ed.). Cities, Peasants and Food in Classical Antiquity: Essays in Social and Economic History. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511585395. ISBN 978-0-521-59147-8.
Toynbee 1971. Toynbee, J. M. C. (1971). "Roman Art". The Classical Review. 21 (3): 439–442. doi:10.1017/S0009840X00221331. JSTOR 708631. S2CID 163488573.
Austin 1934. Austin, Roland (October 1934). "Roman Board Games". Greece & Rome. 4 (10): 24–34. doi:10.1017/S0017383500002941. ISSN 0017-3835. S2CID 162861940.

dx.doi.org

Eiland 2023, p. 31. Eiland, Murray (2023). Picturing Roman Belief Systems: The iconography of coins in the Republic and Empire. British Archaeological Reports. p. 31. doi:10.30861/9781407360713. ISBN 978-1-407-36071-3.

etymonline.com (Global: 669^th place; English: 670^th place)

"censorship". etymonline. Archived from the original on 12 October 2023.

gla.ac.uk (Global: 2,504^th place; English: 1,408^th place)

eprints.gla.ac.uk

Steel 2014. Steel, Catherine (2014). "The Roman senate and the post-Sullan "res publica"" (PDF). Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 63 (3): 323–339. doi:10.25162/historia-2014-0018. JSTOR 24432812. S2CID 151289863.

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

Greene 2000, p. 39. Greene, Kevin (2000). "Technological Innovation and Economic Progress in the Ancient World: M. I. Finley Re-Considered". The Economic History Review. New Series. 53 (1): 29–59. doi:10.1111/1468-0289.00151. hdl:10.1111/1468-0289.00151.

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

Macrobius describes the woollen figurines (maniae) hung at crossroad shrines during the popular Compitalia festival as substitutions for ancient human sacrifice once held at the same festival and suppressed by Rome's first consul, L. Junius Brutus. Whatever the truth regarding this sacrifice and its abolition, the Junii celebrated their ancestor cult during Larentalia rather than the usual Parentalia even in the 1st century BC; see Taylor 1925, pp. 302ff. Taylor, Lily Ross (1925). "The Mother of the Lares". American Journal of Archaeology. 29 (3): 299–313. doi:10.2307/497560. JSTOR 497560. S2CID 192992171.
Taagepera 1979. Taagepera, Rein (1979). "Size and duration of empires: growth-decline curves, 600 BC to 600 AD". Social Science History. 3 (3/4): 115–138. doi:10.2307/1170959. JSTOR 1170959.
MacBain 1980. MacBain, Bruce (1980). "Appius Claudius Caecus and the via Appia". The Classical Quarterly. 30 (2): 356–372. doi:10.1017/S0009838800042294. JSTOR 638505. S2CID 170803863.
Develin 1978. Develin, R. (1978). ""Provocatio" and Plebiscites. Early Roman Legislation and the Historical Tradition". Mnemosyne. 31 (1): 45–60. doi:10.1163/156852578X00256. JSTOR 4430760.
Ziolkowski 1988, pp. 314ff, 316ff. Ziolkowski, Adam (1988). "Mummius' Temple of Hercules Victor and the Round Temple on the Tiber". Phoenix. 42 (4): 309–333. doi:10.2307/1088657. JSTOR 1088657.
Vervaet 2004. Vervaet, Frederik Juliaan (2004). "The lex Valeria and Sulla's empowerment as dictator (82-79 BCE)". Cahiers du Centre Gustave Glotz. 15: 37–84. doi:10.3406/ccgg.2004.858. ISSN 1016-9008. JSTOR 24359187.
Steel 2014. Steel, Catherine (2014). "The Roman senate and the post-Sullan "res publica"" (PDF). Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 63 (3): 323–339. doi:10.25162/historia-2014-0018. JSTOR 24432812. S2CID 151289863.
Ramsey, John T. (2016). "How and why was Pompey Made Sole Consul in 52 BC?". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 65 (3): 298–324. doi:10.25162/historia-2016-0017. ISSN 0018-2311. JSTOR 45019234.
D'Arms 1980. D'Arms, J. B. (1980). "Senators' Involvement in Commerce in the Late Republic: Some Ciceronian Evidence". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36 (The Seaborne Commerce of Ancient Rome: Studies in Archaeology and History): 77–89. doi:10.2307/4238697. JSTOR 4238697.
Rosenstein 2008, pp. 2–16. Rosenstein, Nathan (2008). "Aristocrats and Agriculture in the Middle and Late Republic". The Journal of Roman Studies. 98: 1–26. doi:10.3815/007543508786239238. JSTOR 20430663.
Culham 2004, p. 155. See also Beard 1980 and Parker 2004. Beard, Mary (1980). "The Sexual Status of Vestal Virgins". The Journal of Roman Studies. 70: 12–27. doi:10.2307/299553. JSTOR 299553. S2CID 162651935. Parker, Holt N. (2004). "Why Were the Vestals Virgins? Or, the Chastity of Women and the Safety of the Roman State" (PDF). American Journal of Philology. 125 (4): 563–601. doi:10.1353/ajp.2005.0009. S2CID 154436702.
Toynbee 1971. Toynbee, J. M. C. (1971). "Roman Art". The Classical Review. 21 (3): 439–442. doi:10.1017/S0009840X00221331. JSTOR 708631. S2CID 163488573.

letture.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

""Gladiatori, carri e navi. Gli spettacoli nell'antica Roma" di Patrizia Arena" (in Italian). 24 March 2020. Retrieved 16 August 2023.

loc.gov (Global: 63^rd place; English: 47^th place)

lccn.loc.gov

Eckstein 2012, p. 42. Eckstein, Arthur M. (2012). Rome Enters the Greek East: From Anarchy to Hierarchy in the Hellenistic Mediterranean, 230–170 BC. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-118-25536-0. LCCN 2007037809.
Eckstein 2012, p. 43. Eckstein, Arthur M. (2012). Rome Enters the Greek East: From Anarchy to Hierarchy in the Hellenistic Mediterranean, 230–170 BC. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-118-25536-0. LCCN 2007037809.
Eckstein 2012, p. 48. Eckstein, Arthur M. (2012). Rome Enters the Greek East: From Anarchy to Hierarchy in the Hellenistic Mediterranean, 230–170 BC. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-118-25536-0. LCCN 2007037809.
Eckstein 2012, p. 51. Eckstein, Arthur M. (2012). Rome Enters the Greek East: From Anarchy to Hierarchy in the Hellenistic Mediterranean, 230–170 BC. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-118-25536-0. LCCN 2007037809.
Eckstein 2012, p. 52. Eckstein, Arthur M. (2012). Rome Enters the Greek East: From Anarchy to Hierarchy in the Hellenistic Mediterranean, 230–170 BC. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-118-25536-0. LCCN 2007037809.
Eckstein 2012, p. 55. Eckstein, Arthur M. (2012). Rome Enters the Greek East: From Anarchy to Hierarchy in the Hellenistic Mediterranean, 230–170 BC. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-118-25536-0. LCCN 2007037809.
Kay, Philip (2018). "Financial institutions and structures in the late century of the Roman republic". In Wilson, Andrew; Bowman, Alan K (eds.). Trade, Commerce, and the State in the Roman World. Oxford University Press. pp. 133–35 (types of banks), 142–43 (property sale by sale of securities). ISBN 978-0-19-879066-2. LCCN 2017-935371.

loescher.it (Global: low place; English: low place)

edusport.loescher.it

"Sport e gioco al tempo dei Romani" (in Italian). Retrieved 16 August 2023.

museociviltaromana.it (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Sala LIV: La caccia, la pesca e l'alimentazione" (in Italian). Retrieved 16 August 2023.

openedition.org (Global: 366^th place; English: 883^rd place)

books.openedition.org

Humm 2005, pp. 185–226. Humm, Michel (2005). Appius Claudius Caecus: la République accomplie. Bibliothèque des Écoles françaises d'Athènes et de Rome (in French). Publications de l'École française de Rome. ISBN 978-2-728-31026-5.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Macrobius describes the woollen figurines (maniae) hung at crossroad shrines during the popular Compitalia festival as substitutions for ancient human sacrifice once held at the same festival and suppressed by Rome's first consul, L. Junius Brutus. Whatever the truth regarding this sacrifice and its abolition, the Junii celebrated their ancestor cult during Larentalia rather than the usual Parentalia even in the 1st century BC; see Taylor 1925, pp. 302ff. Taylor, Lily Ross (1925). "The Mother of the Lares". American Journal of Archaeology. 29 (3): 299–313. doi:10.2307/497560. JSTOR 497560. S2CID 192992171.
Appian's history of Rome finds its strife-torn Late Republic tottering at the edge of chaos; most seem to dress as they like, not as they ought: "For now the Roman people are much mixed with foreigners, there is equal citizenship for freedmen, and slaves dress like their masters. With the exception of the Senators, free citizens and slaves wear the same costume." See Rothfus 2010, p. 1 Rothfus, M. A. (2010). "The Gens Togata: Changing Styles and Changing Identities". American Journal of Philology. 131 (3): 425–452. doi:10.1353/ajp.2010.0009. S2CID 55972174.
MacBain 1980. MacBain, Bruce (1980). "Appius Claudius Caecus and the via Appia". The Classical Quarterly. 30 (2): 356–372. doi:10.1017/S0009838800042294. JSTOR 638505. S2CID 170803863.
Steel 2014. Steel, Catherine (2014). "The Roman senate and the post-Sullan "res publica"" (PDF). Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 63 (3): 323–339. doi:10.25162/historia-2014-0018. JSTOR 24432812. S2CID 151289863.
Culham 2004, p. 155. See also Beard 1980 and Parker 2004. Beard, Mary (1980). "The Sexual Status of Vestal Virgins". The Journal of Roman Studies. 70: 12–27. doi:10.2307/299553. JSTOR 299553. S2CID 162651935. Parker, Holt N. (2004). "Why Were the Vestals Virgins? Or, the Chastity of Women and the Safety of the Roman State" (PDF). American Journal of Philology. 125 (4): 563–601. doi:10.1353/ajp.2005.0009. S2CID 154436702.
Toynbee 1971. Toynbee, J. M. C. (1971). "Roman Art". The Classical Review. 21 (3): 439–442. doi:10.1017/S0009840X00221331. JSTOR 708631. S2CID 163488573.
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Lott 2004, pp. 31, 35, citing Cato, On Agriculture, 5.3., and Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom., 4.14.2–4 Lott, John (2004). The Neighborhoods of Augustan Rome. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-52182-827-9. Dionysius of Halicarnassus. Antiquitates Romanae (Roman Antiquities) – via LacusCurtius.

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Momigliano & Lintott 2012; Golden 2013, p. 148. Momigliano, Arnaldo; Lintott, A. "senatus consultum ultimum". In OCD⁴ (2012). Golden, Gregory K. (2013). Crisis management during the Roman republic. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-05590-2. OCLC 842919750.
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Hin 2019. For middle count details: Launaro, Alessandro (2013). Classical Review. 63 (2): 525–527. doi:10.1017/S0009840X13001029. ISSN 0009-840X.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link) Hin, Saskia (2019). "population, Roman". In Hin, Saskia (ed.). Oxford Classical Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.5246. ISBN 978-0-19-938113-5.
Temin, Peter (2006). "The economy of the early Roman empire". Journal of Economic Perspectives. 20 (1): 145. doi:10.1257/089533006776526148. ISSN 0895-3309. Temin notes Cicero's discussion in Pro Lege Manilia of how the Mithridatic Wars negatively affected many Roman financiers' solvency, causing a credit crunch.
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