Roman numerals (English Wikipedia)

Martelli, Alex; Ascher, David (2002). Python Cookbook. O'Reilly Media Inc. ISBN 978-0-596-00167-4.
Reynolds, Joyce Maire; Spawforth, Anthony J. S. (1996). "numbers, Roman". In Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Anthony (eds.). Oxford Classical Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-866172-X.
Adams, Cecil; Zotti, Ed (1988). More of the straight dope. Ballantine Books. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-345-35145-6.
Sulpicius à Munscrod, Raphael (1621). Vera Ac Germana Detecto Clandestinarvm Deliberationvm (in Latin). p. 16.
Page 16, line 1: "repertum Originale Subdatum IIIXXX Aug. A. C. MDC.IIXX".
Page 41, upper right corner: "Decemb. A. C. MDC.IIXX". Page 42, upper left corner: "Febr. A. C. MDC.XIX". Page 70: "IIXX. die Maij sequentia in consilio noua ex Bohemia allata....".
Page 71: "XIX. Maij.
Kennedy, Benjamin H. (1879). Latin grammar. London: Longmans, Green, and Co. p. 150. ISBN 9781177808293. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Capelli, Adriano (1912). "Numerazione romana". Lexicon abbreviaturarum : dizionario di abbreviature Latine ed Italiane (in Italian). Ulrico Hoepli. pp. 413–421. Retrieved 21 March 2025.
Boethius (1867) [6th century AD]. De Institutione Arithmetica, libri duo (PDF). B.G.Teubner. p. 42. Retrieved 18 January 2023.
Pliny (1961) [1st century AD]. Natural History. Loeb Classical Library. Vol. L352. Harvard University Press. Book VI, XXVI, 100 (pp 414-415).
Bastedo, Walter A. Materia Medica: Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Prescription Writing for Students and Practitioners, 2nd ed. (Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders, 1919) p582. Retrieved 15 March 2010.
Gordon, Arthur E. (1983). Illustrated Introduction to Latin Epigraphy. University of California Press. p. 44. ISBN 9780520038981. Retrieved 3 October 2015.

archiwa.gov.pl (Global: low place; English: low place)

agad.archiwa.gov.pl

"Example of superscript 'o' used as an ordinal indicator". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 25 January 2014.

arvindguptatoys.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Asimov, Isaac (1966). Asimov on Numbers (PDF). Pocket Books, a division of Simon & Schuster, Inc. p. 12.

bnf.fr (Global: 124^th place; English: 544^th place)

gallica.bnf.fr

L' Atre périlleux et Yvain, le chevalier au lion . 1301–1350 – via Gallica.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Reddy, Indra K.; Khan, Mansoor A. (2003). "1 (Working with Arabic and Roman numerals)". Essential Math and Calculations for Pharmacy Technicians. CRC Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-203-49534-6. Table 1-1 Roman and Arabic numerals (table very similar to the table here, apart from inclusion of Vinculum notation.
Hazewinkel, Michiel, ed. (1990). "Numbers, Representations of". Encyclopaedia of Mathematics. Vol. 6. Springer. p. 502. ISBN 9781556080050. 546 pages.
Dela Cruz, M. L. P.; Torres, H. D. (2009). Number Smart Quest for Mastery: Teacher's Edition. Rex Bookstore, Inc. ISBN 9789712352164.
Pickover, Clifford A. (2003). Wonders of Numbers: Adventures in Mathematics, Mind, and Meaning. Oxford University Press. p. 282. ISBN 978-0-19-534800-2.
Lundorphio, Michaele Gaspar (1621). Acta publica inter invictissimos gloriosissimosque&c. ... et Ferdinandum II. Romanorum Imperatores... (in Latin). Ian-Friderici Weissii. p. 123.
Page 123: "Sub Dato Pragæ IIIXX Decemb. A. C. M. DC. IIXX".
Page 126, end of the same document: "Dabantur Pragæ 17 Decemb. M. DC. IIXX".
Tentzel, Wilhelm Ernst (1699). Als Ihre Königl. Majestät in Pohlen und ... (in German). p. 39.
Page 39: "... und der Umschrifft: LITHUANIA ASSERTA M. DC. IIIC [1699]."
Posner, Johann Caspar (1698). Mvndvs ante mvndvm sive De Chao Orbis Primordio (in Latin).
Title page: "Ad diem jvlii A. O. R. M DC IIC".
Tentzel, Wilhelm Ernst (1700). Saxonia Nvmismatica: Das ist: Die Historie Des Durchlauchtigsten... (in German). p. 26.
Page 26: "Die Revers hat eine feine Inscription: SERENISSIMO DN.DN... SENATUS.QVERNF. A. M DC IIC D. 18 OCT [year 1698 day 18 oct]."
Piccolomini, Enea Silvio (1698). Opera Geographica et Historica (in Latin) (1st ed.). Helmstadt: J. M. Sustermann. Title page of first edition: "Bibliopolæ ibid. M DC IC".
Salter, Herbert Edward (1923). Registrum Annalium Collegii Mertonensis 1483–1521. Vol. 76. Oxford Historical Society. 544 pages. Page 184 has the computation in pounds:shillings:pence (li:s:d) x:iii:iiii + xxi:viii:viii + xlv:xiiii:i = iii^xxxvii:vi:i, i.e. 10:3:4 + 21:8:8 + 45:14:1 = 77:6:1.
de Wailly; Delisle (1865) [1301]. "E Duo Codicibus Ceratis Johannis de Sancto Justo" [From Two Texts in Wax by John of St Just]. Recueil des historiens des Gaules et de la France. Par Martin Bouquet: Contenant la deuxieme livraison des monumens des regnes de saint Louis, de Philippe le Hardi, de Philippe le bel, de Louis X, de Philippe V et de Charles IV ... Jusqu'en MCCCXXVIII. Tome Vingt-Deuxième. Recueil des Historiens des Gaules et de la France (in Latin). Vol. 22. p. 530: SUMMA totalis, XIII. M. V. C. III. XX. XIII. l. III s. XI d. [Sum total, 13 thousand 5 hundred 3 score 13 livres, 3 sous, 11 deniers.]
Reddy, Indra K.; Khan, Mansoor A. (2003). Essential Math and Calculations for Pharmacy Technicians. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-203-49534-6.

cairn.info (Global: 879^th place; English: 3,323^rd place)

Van Heems, Gilles (2009). "Nombre, chiffre, lettre: Formes et réformes. Des notations chiffrées de l'étrusque" [Between Numbers and Letters: About Etruscan Notations of Numeral Sequences]. Revue de philologie, de littérature et d'histoire anciennes (in French). 83 (1): 103–130. ISSN 0035-1652.

clarahost.co.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

web40571.clarahost.co.uk

"Paul Lewis". Roman Numerals...How they work. 13 November 2021.

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chart.copyrightdata.com

Hayes, David P. "Guide to Roman Numerals". Copyright Registration and Renewal Information Chart and Web Site.

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std.dkuug.dk

Perry, David J. "Proposal to Add Additional Ancient Roman Characters to UCS" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 June 2011..

dmaher.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Maher, David W.; Makowski, John F. (2011). "Literary Evidence for Roman Arithmetic with Fractions" (PDF). Classical Philology. 96 (4): 376–399. doi:10.1086/449557. S2CID 15162149. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 August 2013.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Maher, David W.; Makowski, John F. (2011). "Literary Evidence for Roman Arithmetic with Fractions" (PDF). Classical Philology. 96 (4): 376–399. doi:10.1086/449557. S2CID 15162149. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 August 2013.
Gachard, M. (1862). "II. Analectes historiques, neuvième série (n^os CCLXI-CCLXXXIV)". Bulletin de la Commission royale d'Historie. 31 (3): 345–554. doi:10.3406/bcrh.1862.3033.
Page 347: Lettre de Philippe le Beau aux échevins..., quote: "Escript en nostre ville de Gand, le XXIIII^me de febvrier, l'an IIII^XXXIX [quatre-vingt-dix-neuf = 99]."
Page 356: Lettre de l'achiduchesse Marguerite au conseil de Brabant..., quote: "... Escript à Bruxelles, le dernier jour de juing anno XV^cXIX [1519]."
Page 374: Letters patentes de la rémission ... de la ville de Bruxelles, quote: "... Op heden, tweentwintich ['twenty-two'] daegen in decembri, anno vyfthien hondert tweendertich ['fifteen hundred thirty-two'] ... Gegeven op ten vyfsten dach in deser jegewoirdige maent van decembri anno XV tweendertich [1532] vorschreven."
Page 419: Acte du duc de Parme portant approbation..., quote: "Faiet le XV^me de juillet XV^c huytante-six [1586].".
Keyser, Paul (1988). "The Origin of the Latin Numerals 1 to 1000". American Journal of Archaeology. 92 (4): 529–546. doi:10.2307/505248. JSTOR 505248. S2CID 193086234.
Fluck, E. (1988). "New Notations in the Periodic Table" (PDF). Pure Appl. Chem. 60 (3). IUPAC: 431–436. doi:10.1351/pac198860030431. S2CID 96704008. Retrieved 24 March 2012.

esotericarchives.com (Global: 4,967^th place; English: 3,088^th place)

Della Mirandola, Pico (1486). Conclusiones sive Theses DCCCC [Conclusions, or 900 Theses] (in Latin).

iupac.org (Global: 538^th place; English: 863^rd place)

Fluck, E. (1988). "New Notations in the Periodic Table" (PDF). Pure Appl. Chem. 60 (3). IUPAC: 431–436. doi:10.1351/pac198860030431. S2CID 96704008. Retrieved 24 March 2012.

jstor.org (Global: 26^th place; English: 20^th place)

Keyser, Paul (1988). "The Origin of the Latin Numerals 1 to 1000". American Journal of Archaeology. 92 (4): 529–546. doi:10.2307/505248. JSTOR 505248. S2CID 193086234.

legislation.gov.uk (Global: 809^th place; English: 536^th place)

"Introduction to Private and Personal Acts". legislation.gov.uk. p. 6. Listing, Numbering and Annotations of Acts. Retrieved 22 July 2024.

libretexts.org (Global: 3,627^th place; English: 2,467^th place)

math.libretexts.org

"2.1: Definition and Label Quadrants". Mathematics LibreTexts. 4 August 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2025.

lodz.pl (Global: 4,770^th place; English: low place)

poradnia-jezykowa.uni.lodz.pl

Burska, Katarzyna. "cyfry arabskie a zapis wieku" [Arabic digits when formatting centuries]. Poradnia językowa Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego (in Polish). University of Łódź.

merriam-webster.com (Global: 209^th place; English: 191^st place)

"Definition of Apostrophus". www.merriam-webster.com.

microsoft.com (Global: 153^rd place; English: 151^st place)

support.microsoft.com

"ROMAN function". Microsoft Support.

nasa.gov (Global: 75^th place; English: 83^rd place)

ssd.jpl.nasa.gov

"Planetary Satellite Discovery Circumstances". JPL Solar System Dynamics. NASA. 15 November 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2022.

nationalarchives.gov.uk (Global: 744^th place; English: 547^th place)

"Beginners latin". nationalarchives.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2013.

nfl.com (Global: 147^th place; English: 97^th place)

Rosenthal, Gregg (4 June 2014). "NFL won't use Roman numerals for Super Bowl 50". National Football League. Archived from the original on 1 December 2015. Retrieved 5 November 2014.

nottingham.ac.uk (Global: 4,422^nd place; English: 2,579^th place)

eprints.nottingham.ac.uk

Malone, Stephen James (August 2005). Legio XX Valeria Victrix: A Prosographical and Historical Study (PDF) (Thesis). Vol. 2. University of Nottingham.
On page 396 it discusses many coins with "Leg. IIXX" and notes that it must be Legion 22.
The footnote on that page says: "The form IIXX clearly reflecting the Latin duo et vicensima 'twenty-second': cf. X5398, legatus I[eg II] I et vicensim(ae) Pri[mi]g; VI 1551, legatus leg] IIXX Prj; III 14207.7, miles leg IIXX; and III 10471-3, a vexillation drawn from four German legions including 'XVIII PR' – surely here the stonecutter's hypercorrection for IIXX PR.

persee.fr (Global: 515^th place; English: 1,261^st place)

Gachard, M. (1862). "II. Analectes historiques, neuvième série (n^os CCLXI-CCLXXXIV)". Bulletin de la Commission royale d'Historie. 31 (3): 345–554. doi:10.3406/bcrh.1862.3033.
Page 347: Lettre de Philippe le Beau aux échevins..., quote: "Escript en nostre ville de Gand, le XXIIII^me de febvrier, l'an IIII^XXXIX [quatre-vingt-dix-neuf = 99]."
Page 356: Lettre de l'achiduchesse Marguerite au conseil de Brabant..., quote: "... Escript à Bruxelles, le dernier jour de juing anno XV^cXIX [1519]."
Page 374: Letters patentes de la rémission ... de la ville de Bruxelles, quote: "... Op heden, tweentwintich ['twenty-two'] daegen in decembri, anno vyfthien hondert tweendertich ['fifteen hundred thirty-two'] ... Gegeven op ten vyfsten dach in deser jegewoirdige maent van decembri anno XV tweendertich [1532] vorschreven."
Page 419: Acte du duc de Parme portant approbation..., quote: "Faiet le XV^me de juillet XV^c huytante-six [1586].".

romaninscriptionsofbritain.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"RIB 2208. Distance Slab of the Sixth Legion". Roman Inscriptions in Britain. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
"RIB 2208. Distance Slab of the Twentieth Legion". Roman Inscriptions in Britain. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
"RIB 2171. Building Inscription of the Second and Twentieth Legions". Roman Inscriptions in Britain. Retrieved 9 November 2020.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Maher, David W.; Makowski, John F. (2011). "Literary Evidence for Roman Arithmetic with Fractions" (PDF). Classical Philology. 96 (4): 376–399. doi:10.1086/449557. S2CID 15162149. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 August 2013.
Keyser, Paul (1988). "The Origin of the Latin Numerals 1 to 1000". American Journal of Archaeology. 92 (4): 529–546. doi:10.2307/505248. JSTOR 505248. S2CID 193086234.
Fluck, E. (1988). "New Notations in the Periodic Table" (PDF). Pure Appl. Chem. 60 (3). IUPAC: 431–436. doi:10.1351/pac198860030431. S2CID 96704008. Retrieved 24 March 2012.

slam.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Gallery: Museum's North Entrance (1910)". Saint Louis Art Museum. Archived from the original on 4 December 2010. Retrieved 10 January 2014. The inscription over the North Entrance to the Museum reads: "Dedicated to Art and Free to All MDCDIII." These roman numerals translate to 1903, indicating that the engraving was part of the original building designed for the 1904 World's Fair.

spcardmona.com.au (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Our Brand Story". SPC Ardmona. Retrieved 11 March 2014.

straightdope.com (Global: 2,317^th place; English: 1,763^rd place)

Adams, Cecil (23 February 1990). "What is the proper way to style Roman numerals for the 1990s?". The Straight Dope.

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turner.faculty.swau.edu

"Roman Arithmetic". Southwestern Adventist University. Archived from the original on 22 November 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2013.

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"Roman symbol". symbolonly.com.

threesixty360.wordpress.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"360:12 tables, 24 chairs, and plenty of chalk". Roman Numerals...not quite so simple. 2 January 2011.

unicode.org (Global: 311^th place; English: 239^th place)

"Unicode Number Forms" (PDF).
"The Unicode Standard, Version 6.0 – Electronic edition" (PDF). Unicode, Inc. 2011. p. 486.

washingtonpost.com (Global: 34^th place; English: 27^th place)

Judkins, Maura (4 November 2011). "Public clocks do a number on Roman numerals". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 15 November 2020. Retrieved 13 August 2019. Most clocks using Roman numerals traditionally use IIII instead of IV... One of the rare prominent clocks that uses the IV instead of IIII is Big Ben in London.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Judkins, Maura (4 November 2011). "Public clocks do a number on Roman numerals". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 15 November 2020. Retrieved 13 August 2019. Most clocks using Roman numerals traditionally use IIII instead of IV... One of the rare prominent clocks that uses the IV instead of IIII is Big Ben in London.
"Gallery: Museum's North Entrance (1910)". Saint Louis Art Museum. Archived from the original on 4 December 2010. Retrieved 10 January 2014. The inscription over the North Entrance to the Museum reads: "Dedicated to Art and Free to All MDCDIII." These roman numerals translate to 1903, indicating that the engraving was part of the original building designed for the 1904 World's Fair.
Maher, David W.; Makowski, John F. (2011). "Literary Evidence for Roman Arithmetic with Fractions" (PDF). Classical Philology. 96 (4): 376–399. doi:10.1086/449557. S2CID 15162149. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 August 2013.
Perry, David J. "Proposal to Add Additional Ancient Roman Characters to UCS" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 June 2011..
"Example of superscript 'o' used as an ordinal indicator". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
Rosenthal, Gregg (4 June 2014). "NFL won't use Roman numerals for Super Bowl 50". National Football League. Archived from the original on 1 December 2015. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
"Beginners latin". nationalarchives.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
"Roman Arithmetic". Southwestern Adventist University. Archived from the original on 22 November 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
"Roman Numerals History". Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2013.

wikisource.org (Global: 27^th place; English: 51^st place)

en.wikisource.org

Gaius Iulius Caesar. Commentarii de bello Gallico, Book II, Section 4 (in Latin) – via Wikisource.
Book II, Section 4: "... XV milia Atrebates, Ambianos X milia, Morinos XXV milia, Menapios VII milia, Caletos X milia, Veliocasses et Viromanduos totidem, Atuatucos XVIIII milia; ..."
Book II, Section 8: "... ab utroque latere eius collis transversam fossam obduxit circiter passuum CCCC et ad extremas fossas castella constituit..."
Book IV, Section 15: "Nostri ad unum omnes incolumes, perpaucis vulneratis, ex tanti belli timore, cum hostium numerus capitum CCCCXXX milium fuisset, se in castra receperunt."
Book VII, Section 4: "...in hiberna remissis ipse se recipit die XXXX Bibracte."
Gaius Plinius Secundus. Naturalis Historia, Book III (in Latin) – via Wikisource. Book III: "Saturni vocatur, Caesaream Mauretaniae urbem CCLXXXXVII p[assum]. traiectus. reliqua in ora flumen Tader ... ortus in Cantabris haut procul oppido Iuliobrica, per CCCCL p. fluens ..."
Book IV: "Epiri, Achaiae, Atticae, Thessalia in porrectum longitudo CCCCLXXXX traditur, latitudo CCLXXXXVII."
Book VI: "tam vicinum Arsaniae fluere eum in regione Arrhene Claudius Caesar auctor est, ut, cum intumuere, confluant nec tamen misceantur leviorque Arsanias innatet MMMM ferme spatio, mox divisus in Euphraten mergatur."

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Van Heems, Gilles (2009). "Nombre, chiffre, lettre: Formes et réformes. Des notations chiffrées de l'étrusque" [Between Numbers and Letters: About Etruscan Notations of Numeral Sequences]. Revue de philologie, de littérature et d'histoire anciennes (in French). 83 (1): 103–130. ISSN 0035-1652.

Roman numerals (English Wikipedia)

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