Rose (English Wikipedia)

"ADC Commercialisation bulletin #4: Fresh cut roses" (PDF). FOODNET Uganda 2009. 14 May 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 June 2012. Retrieved 13 March 2013.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Satterlee, J.W.; et al. (2024). "Convergent evolution of plant prickles by repeated gene co-option over deep time". Science. 385 (6708) eado1663. doi:10.1126/science.ado1663. hdl:10141/623273.
Jackson, Gemma (October 1934). "The morphology of the flowers of Rosa and certain cloesly related genera". American Journal of Botany. 21 (8): 453–466. Bibcode:1934AmJB...21..453J. doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1934.tb04973.x. Archived from the original on 26 February 2025. Retrieved 26 February 2025.
DeVore, M. L.; Pigg, K. B. (July 2007). "A brief review of the fossil history of the family Rosaceae with a focus on the Eocene Okanogan Highlands of eastern Washington State, USA, and British Columbia, Canada". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 266 (1–2): 45–57. Bibcode:2007PSyEv.266...45D. doi:10.1007/s00606-007-0540-3. ISSN 0378-2697. S2CID 10169419.
Kellner, A.; Benner, M.; Walther, H.; Kunzmann, L.; Wissemann, V.; Ritz, C. M. (March 2012). "Leaf Architecture of Extant Species of Rosa L. and the Paleogene Species Rosa lignitum Heer (Rosaceae)". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 173 (3): 239–250. Bibcode:2012IJPlS.173..239K. doi:10.1086/663965. ISSN 1058-5893. S2CID 83909271. Archived from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
Tan, Jiongrui; Wang, Jing; Luo, Le; Yu, Chao; Xu, Tingliang; Wu, Yuying; Cheng, Tangren; Wang, Jia; Pan, Huitang; Zhang, Qixiang (2017). "Genetic relationships and evolution of old Chinese garden roses based on SSRs and chromosome diversity – Scientific Reports". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 15437. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-15815-6. PMC 5684293. PMID 29133839.
Li S, Zhong M, Dong X, Jiang X, Xu Y, Sun Y, Cheng F, Li DZ, Tang K, Wang S, Dai S, Hu JY (December 2018). "Comparative transcriptomics identifies patterns of selection in roses". BMC Plant Biol. 18 (1) 371. Bibcode:2018BMCPB..18..371L. doi:10.1186/s12870-018-1585-x. PMC 6303930. PMID 30579326.
Leus, Leen; Van Laere, Katrijn; De Riek, Jan; Van Huylenbroeck, Johan (2018). "Rose". In Van Huylenbroeck, Johan (ed.). Ornamental Crops. Handbook of Plant Breeding. Vol. 11. Springer. pp. 719–767 See p. 720. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-90698-0_27. ISBN 978-3-319-90697-3. Archived from the original on 1 July 2024. Retrieved 1 July 2024.
Bendahmane, Mohammed; Dubois, Annick; Raymond, Olivier; Bris, Manuel Le (2013). "Genetics and genomics of flower initiation and development in roses". Journal of Experimental Botany. 64 (4): 847–857. doi:10.1093/jxb/ers387. PMC 3594942. PMID 23364936.
Nikbakht, Ali; Kafi, M.A. (January 2004). "A study on the relationships between Iranian people and Damask rose (Rosa damascena) and its therapeutic and healing properties". Acta Horticulturae. 790 (790): 251–4. doi:10.17660/ActaHortic.2008.790.36. The origin of Damask rose is the Middle East and it is the national flower of Iran. Rose oil usage dates back to ancient civilization of Persia. Avicenna, the 10th century Persian physician, distilled its petals for medical purposes and commercial distillery existed in 1612 in Shiraz, Persia.

ecfr.gov (Global: 5,707^th place; English: 2,982^nd place)

"Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (eCFR)". Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (eCFR). Archived from the original on 12 October 2012. Retrieved 5 March 2021.

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fda.gov (Global: 470^th place; English: 329^th place)

"Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS)". Food and Drug Administration. 6 September 2019. Archived from the original on 23 March 2013.

ftd.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Rose Flower Meaning and Symbolism". 20 July 2016.

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ilpiccolo.gelocal.it

Ugo Salvini "La rarissima Rosa di Trieste spezza l’oblio e rispunta a sorpresa sulle colline di Muggia" In: Il Piccolo 27 January 2021, La Rosa Archived 26 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine.

gnosis.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Robinson, James M. (2007) [1st publ. 1978]. "On the Origin of the World". The Nag Hammadi Scriptures. HarperCollins. ISBN 9780060523787. Archived from the original on 21 August 2022. Retrieved 26 August 2022.

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hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

Satterlee, J.W.; et al. (2024). "Convergent evolution of plant prickles by repeated gene co-option over deep time". Science. 385 (6708) eado1663. doi:10.1126/science.ado1663. hdl:10141/623273.

herbwisdom.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Rose Hip Benefits". Herbwisdom.com. Archived from the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2017.

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"The History of Roses — Our Rose Garden". University of Illinois Extension. Archived from the original on 24 August 2023. Retrieved 26 February 2021.

ipni.org (Global: 1,260^th place; English: 1,313^th place)

"Rosa L." International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 7 January 2025.
"Rosa cinnamomea L." International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 7 January 2025.

iranicaonline.org (Global: 320^th place; English: 308^th place)

"GOL". Encyclopaedia Iranica. 9 February 2012 [15 December 2001]. Archived from the original on 17 May 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2013.

kew.org (Global: 100^th place; English: 140^th place)

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"Rosa L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 20 January 2024.

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nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

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Tan, Jiongrui; Wang, Jing; Luo, Le; Yu, Chao; Xu, Tingliang; Wu, Yuying; Cheng, Tangren; Wang, Jia; Pan, Huitang; Zhang, Qixiang (2017). "Genetic relationships and evolution of old Chinese garden roses based on SSRs and chromosome diversity – Scientific Reports". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 15437. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-15815-6. PMC 5684293. PMID 29133839.
Li S, Zhong M, Dong X, Jiang X, Xu Y, Sun Y, Cheng F, Li DZ, Tang K, Wang S, Dai S, Hu JY (December 2018). "Comparative transcriptomics identifies patterns of selection in roses". BMC Plant Biol. 18 (1) 371. Bibcode:2018BMCPB..18..371L. doi:10.1186/s12870-018-1585-x. PMC 6303930. PMID 30579326.
Bendahmane, Mohammed; Dubois, Annick; Raymond, Olivier; Bris, Manuel Le (2013). "Genetics and genomics of flower initiation and development in roses". Journal of Experimental Botany. 64 (4): 847–857. doi:10.1093/jxb/ers387. PMC 3594942. PMID 23364936.

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Tan, Jiongrui; Wang, Jing; Luo, Le; Yu, Chao; Xu, Tingliang; Wu, Yuying; Cheng, Tangren; Wang, Jia; Pan, Huitang; Zhang, Qixiang (2017). "Genetic relationships and evolution of old Chinese garden roses based on SSRs and chromosome diversity – Scientific Reports". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 15437. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-15815-6. PMC 5684293. PMID 29133839.
Li S, Zhong M, Dong X, Jiang X, Xu Y, Sun Y, Cheng F, Li DZ, Tang K, Wang S, Dai S, Hu JY (December 2018). "Comparative transcriptomics identifies patterns of selection in roses". BMC Plant Biol. 18 (1) 371. Bibcode:2018BMCPB..18..371L. doi:10.1186/s12870-018-1585-x. PMC 6303930. PMID 30579326.
Bendahmane, Mohammed; Dubois, Annick; Raymond, Olivier; Bris, Manuel Le (2013). "Genetics and genomics of flower initiation and development in roses". Journal of Experimental Botany. 64 (4): 847–857. doi:10.1093/jxb/ers387. PMC 3594942. PMID 23364936.

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

Zimmer, Carl (1 August 2024). "How Did Roses Get Their Thorns?". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 September 2024.
Chen, Stefanos; Grunwald, Adrienne (15 April 2024). "Roses Are Red, Love Is True. Here's Why This Bouquet Costs $72". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 17 February 2025. Retrieved 30 January 2025.

oed.com (Global: 743^rd place; English: 419^th place)

"dia-". Oxford English Dictionary (online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)

oszk.hu (Global: 896^th place; English: 2,407^th place)

epa.oszk.hu

Géczi, János (2006). "The roses of pederasty – trend toward desanctification" (PDF). The rose in ancient Greek culture. Practice and Theory in Systems of Education. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 August 2022. Retrieved 27 August 2022.

pfaf.org (Global: 4,278^th place; English: 4,332^nd place)

"Rosa chinensis China Rose PFAF Plant Database". Pfaf.org. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 13 March 2013.

researchgate.net (Global: 96^th place; English: 89^th place)

Nikbakht, Ali; Kafi, M.A. (January 2004). "A study on the relationships between Iranian people and Damask rose (Rosa damascena) and its therapeutic and healing properties". Acta Horticulturae. 790 (790): 251–4. doi:10.17660/ActaHortic.2008.790.36. The origin of Damask rose is the Middle East and it is the national flower of Iran. Rose oil usage dates back to ancient civilization of Persia. Avicenna, the 10th century Persian physician, distilled its petals for medical purposes and commercial distillery existed in 1612 in Shiraz, Persia.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

DeVore, M. L.; Pigg, K. B. (July 2007). "A brief review of the fossil history of the family Rosaceae with a focus on the Eocene Okanogan Highlands of eastern Washington State, USA, and British Columbia, Canada". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 266 (1–2): 45–57. Bibcode:2007PSyEv.266...45D. doi:10.1007/s00606-007-0540-3. ISSN 0378-2697. S2CID 10169419.
Kellner, A.; Benner, M.; Walther, H.; Kunzmann, L.; Wissemann, V.; Ritz, C. M. (March 2012). "Leaf Architecture of Extant Species of Rosa L. and the Paleogene Species Rosa lignitum Heer (Rosaceae)". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 173 (3): 239–250. Bibcode:2012IJPlS.173..239K. doi:10.1086/663965. ISSN 1058-5893. S2CID 83909271. Archived from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2021.

springer.com (Global: 182^nd place; English: 172^nd place)

link.springer.com

DeVore, M. L.; Pigg, K. B. (July 2007). "A brief review of the fossil history of the family Rosaceae with a focus on the Eocene Okanogan Highlands of eastern Washington State, USA, and British Columbia, Canada". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 266 (1–2): 45–57. Bibcode:2007PSyEv.266...45D. doi:10.1007/s00606-007-0540-3. ISSN 0378-2697. S2CID 10169419.
Leus, Leen; Van Laere, Katrijn; De Riek, Jan; Van Huylenbroeck, Johan (2018). "Rose". In Van Huylenbroeck, Johan (ed.). Ornamental Crops. Handbook of Plant Breeding. Vol. 11. Springer. pp. 719–767 See p. 720. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-90698-0_27. ISBN 978-3-319-90697-3. Archived from the original on 1 July 2024. Retrieved 1 July 2024.

statesymbolsusa.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"National Flower | The Rose". statesymbolsusa.org. 6 May 2014. Archived from the original on 16 March 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2021.

thefreedictionary.com (Global: 1,251^st place; English: 1,161^st place)

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thenationalnews.com (Global: 1,153^rd place; English: 616^th place)

Samanth Subramanian (27 April 2012). "Rooh Afza, the syrup that sweetens the subcontinent's summers". The National. Archived from the original on 23 September 2025. Retrieved 31 January 2026.

thetimes.com (Global: 221^st place; English: 110^th place)

Lewis, Leo; Teeman, Tim (12 October 2004). "Voice of gay Japan falls silent after 30 years in the pink". The Times. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 1 September 2009.

time.com (Global: 84^th place; English: 63^rd place)

"Giving Roses for Valentine's Day? Here's How the Flower Came to Symbolize Love". TIME. 13 February 2019. Retrieved 14 February 2024.

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Smith, William (1873). "Eros". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. London, UK. Archived from the original on 26 August 2022. Retrieved 26 August 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

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gaymanga.tumblr.com

Kolbeins, Graham (8 November 2014). "Is 'Bara' Problematic?". Gay Manga!. Archived from the original on 4 December 2018. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
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uchicago.edu (Global: 226^th place; English: 199^th place)

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Kellner, A.; Benner, M.; Walther, H.; Kunzmann, L.; Wissemann, V.; Ritz, C. M. (March 2012). "Leaf Architecture of Extant Species of Rosa L. and the Paleogene Species Rosa lignitum Heer (Rosaceae)". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 173 (3): 239–250. Bibcode:2012IJPlS.173..239K. doi:10.1086/663965. ISSN 1058-5893. S2CID 83909271. Archived from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2021.

perseus.uchicago.edu

Pausanias, Description of Greece 6.24.7 Archived 28 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

"Rose | Description, Species, Images, & Facts". Britannica. Archived from the original on 11 September 2025. Retrieved 24 February 2023.
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"GOL". Encyclopaedia Iranica. 9 February 2012 [15 December 2001]. Archived from the original on 17 May 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
Jackson, Gemma (October 1934). "The morphology of the flowers of Rosa and certain cloesly related genera". American Journal of Botany. 21 (8): 453–466. Bibcode:1934AmJB...21..453J. doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1934.tb04973.x. Archived from the original on 26 February 2025. Retrieved 26 February 2025.
Kellner, A.; Benner, M.; Walther, H.; Kunzmann, L.; Wissemann, V.; Ritz, C. M. (March 2012). "Leaf Architecture of Extant Species of Rosa L. and the Paleogene Species Rosa lignitum Heer (Rosaceae)". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 173 (3): 239–250. Bibcode:2012IJPlS.173..239K. doi:10.1086/663965. ISSN 1058-5893. S2CID 83909271. Archived from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
"The History of Roses — Our Rose Garden". University of Illinois Extension. Archived from the original on 24 August 2023. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
Leus, Leen; Van Laere, Katrijn; De Riek, Jan; Van Huylenbroeck, Johan (2018). "Rose". In Van Huylenbroeck, Johan (ed.). Ornamental Crops. Handbook of Plant Breeding. Vol. 11. Springer. pp. 719–767 See p. 720. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-90698-0_27. ISBN 978-3-319-90697-3. Archived from the original on 1 July 2024. Retrieved 1 July 2024.
Chen, Stefanos; Grunwald, Adrienne (15 April 2024). "Roses Are Red, Love Is True. Here's Why This Bouquet Costs $72". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 17 February 2025. Retrieved 30 January 2025.
"ADC Commercialisation bulletin #4: Fresh cut roses" (PDF). FOODNET Uganda 2009. 14 May 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 June 2012. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
"Rosa chinensis China Rose PFAF Plant Database". Pfaf.org. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
"Rose Hip Benefits". Herbwisdom.com. Archived from the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
"Rosewater recipes – BBC Food". Bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 11 January 2021. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
"Rose Flavored Ice Cream with Rose Petals". eCurry. Archived from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2014.
Samanth Subramanian (27 April 2012). "Rooh Afza, the syrup that sweetens the subcontinent's summers". The National. Archived from the original on 23 September 2025. Retrieved 31 January 2026.
"Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS)". Food and Drug Administration. 6 September 2019. Archived from the original on 23 March 2013.
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Iliad 23.185–187 Archived 10 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
Pausanias, Description of Greece 6.24.7 Archived 28 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine
Ugo Salvini "La rarissima Rosa di Trieste spezza l’oblio e rispunta a sorpresa sulle colline di Muggia" In: Il Piccolo 27 January 2021, La Rosa Archived 26 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine.
"National Flower | The Rose". statesymbolsusa.org. 6 May 2014. Archived from the original on 16 March 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
"National Flower of United States – Fresh from the Grower". Growerflowers.com. Archived from the original on 16 December 2010. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
Kolbeins, Graham (8 November 2014). "Is 'Bara' Problematic?". Gay Manga!. Archived from the original on 4 December 2018. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
Lewis, Leo; Teeman, Tim (12 October 2004). "Voice of gay Japan falls silent after 30 years in the pink". The Times. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 1 September 2009.
Kolbeins, Graham (20 May 2014). "The History of the Term 'Bara' (via Archive)". Gay Manga!. Archived from the original on 18 July 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
Smith, William (1873). "Eros". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. London, UK. Archived from the original on 26 August 2022. Retrieved 26 August 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Robinson, James M. (2007) [1st publ. 1978]. "On the Origin of the World". The Nag Hammadi Scriptures. HarperCollins. ISBN 9780060523787. Archived from the original on 21 August 2022. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
Géczi, János (2006). "The roses of pederasty – trend toward desanctification" (PDF). The rose in ancient Greek culture. Practice and Theory in Systems of Education. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 August 2022. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
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wiley.com (Global: 150^th place; English: 174^th place)

bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com

Jackson, Gemma (October 1934). "The morphology of the flowers of Rosa and certain cloesly related genera". American Journal of Botany. 21 (8): 453–466. Bibcode:1934AmJB...21..453J. doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1934.tb04973.x. Archived from the original on 26 February 2025. Retrieved 26 February 2025.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

DeVore, M. L.; Pigg, K. B. (July 2007). "A brief review of the fossil history of the family Rosaceae with a focus on the Eocene Okanogan Highlands of eastern Washington State, USA, and British Columbia, Canada". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 266 (1–2): 45–57. Bibcode:2007PSyEv.266...45D. doi:10.1007/s00606-007-0540-3. ISSN 0378-2697. S2CID 10169419.
Kellner, A.; Benner, M.; Walther, H.; Kunzmann, L.; Wissemann, V.; Ritz, C. M. (March 2012). "Leaf Architecture of Extant Species of Rosa L. and the Paleogene Species Rosa lignitum Heer (Rosaceae)". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 173 (3): 239–250. Bibcode:2012IJPlS.173..239K. doi:10.1086/663965. ISSN 1058-5893. S2CID 83909271. Archived from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
Goody, Jack (1993). The Culture of Flowers. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-41441-5. OCLC 1148849511.
Chen, Stefanos; Grunwald, Adrienne (15 April 2024). "Roses Are Red, Love Is True. Here's Why This Bouquet Costs $72". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 17 February 2025. Retrieved 30 January 2025.
Angier, Bradford (1974). Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books. p. 186. ISBN 0-8117-0616-8. OCLC 799792.
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Rose (English Wikipedia)

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kew.org (Global: 100^th place; English: 140^th place)

news.google.com (Global: 67^th place; English: 32^nd place)

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

oed.com (Global: 743^rd place; English: 419^th place)

oszk.hu (Global: 896^th place; English: 2,407^th place)

pfaf.org (Global: 4,278^th place; English: 4,332^nd place)

researchgate.net (Global: 96^th place; English: 89^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

springer.com (Global: 182^nd place; English: 172^nd place)

thefreedictionary.com (Global: 1,251^st place; English: 1,161^st place)

thenationalnews.com (Global: 1,153^rd place; English: 616^th place)

thetimes.com (Global: 221^st place; English: 110^th place)

time.com (Global: 84^th place; English: 63^rd place)

tufts.edu (Global: 192^nd place; English: 165^th place)

tumblr.com (Global: 1,119^th place; English: 796^th place)

uchicago.edu (Global: 226^th place; English: 199^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

wiley.com (Global: 150^th place; English: 174^th place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)