Running (English Wikipedia)

Rubenson, Jonas; Heliams, Denham B.; Lloyd, David G.; Fournier, Paul A. (22 May 2004). "Gait selection in the ostrich: mechanical and metabolic characteristics of walking and running with and without an aerial phase". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 271 (1543): 1091–1099. Bibcode:2004PBioS.271.1091R. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2702. PMC 1691699. PMID 15293864.
Louis Liebenberg (December 2006). "Persistence Hunting by Modern Hunter-Gatherers". Current Anthropology. 47 (6). Current Anthropology & The University of Chicago Press: 1017–1026. Bibcode:2006CurrA..47.1017L. doi:10.1086/508695. JSTOR 10.1086/508695. S2CID 224793846.
David R. Carrier, A. K. Kapoor, Tasuku Kimura, Martin K. Nickels, Satwanti, Eugenie C. Scott, Joseph K. So and Erik Trinkaus (1984). "The Energetic Paradox of Human Running and Hominid Evolution and Comments and Reply". Current Anthropology. 25 (4). The University of Chicago Press: 483–495. Bibcode:1984CurrA..25..483C. doi:10.1086/203165. JSTOR 2742907. S2CID 15432016.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Lieberman, D. (2010). "Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runners". Nature. 463 (7280): 531–535. Bibcode:2010Natur.463..531L. doi:10.1038/nature08723. PMID 20111000. S2CID 216420.
Barton, J.; Pretty, J. (2010). "What is the Best Dose of Nature and Green Exercise for Improving Mental Health? A Multi-Study Analysis". Environmental Science & Technology. 44 (10): 3947–3955. Bibcode:2010EnST...44.3947B. doi:10.1021/es903183r. PMID 20337470. S2CID 1443095.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Michael Yessis (2000). Explosive Running (1st ed.). McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. ISBN 978-0-8092-9899-0.

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11^th place; English: 10^th place)

news.bbc.co.uk

"Health - Exercise 'can reverse ageing'". bbc.co.uk.
Superb Bolt storms to 150m record . BBC Sport (17 May 2009). Retrieved 26 March 2010.

bbc.co.uk

Instone, Stephen (15 November 2009). The Olympics: Ancient versus Modern. BBC. Retrieved 23 March 2010.

bmj.com (Global: 1,341^st place; English: 1,425^th place)

bjsm.bmj.com

Nielsen, Rasmus Oestergaard; Buist, Ida; Parner, Erik Thorlund; Nohr, Ellen Aagaard; Sørensen, Henrik; Lind, Martin; Rasmussen, Sten (2013). "Foot pronation is not associated with increased injury risk in novice runners wearing a neutral shoe: a 1-year prospective cohort study". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 48 (6): 440–447. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2013-092202. PMID 23766439. S2CID 9880090.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Edward Seldon Sears (22 December 2008). Running Through the Ages. McFarland, 2001. ISBN 9780786450770. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
Alan Walker; Richard Leakey (16 July 1996). The Nariokotome Homo Erectus Skeleton. Springer, 1993. p. 414. ISBN 9783540563013. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
Matthews, Peter (2012). Historical Dictionary of Track and Field. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6781-9.
Spivey, Nigel (2006). The Ancient Olympics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280604-8.
Holland, Tom (September 2007). "Unilateral Strength". Running Times: 14–16. Retrieved 26 July 2025.
Holland, Tom (September 2007). "Unilateral Strength". Running Times: 14–16. Retrieved 26 July 2025.

britannica.com (Global: 37^th place; English: 64^th place)

Middle-distance running. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 5 April 2010.

clevelandclinic.org (Global: 4,153^rd place; English: 2,922^nd place)

health.clevelandclinic.org

"52 Foods High In Iron". Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved 26 March 2026.

competitor.com (Global: 7,990^th place; English: 4,986^th place)

running.competitor.com

"How Many Calories Does Running Burn? | Competitor.com". 2 March 2015. Archived from the original on 22 July 2016. Retrieved 2 August 2016.

credoreference.com (Global: 7,256^th place; English: 4,942^nd place)

search.credoreference.com

"Running | the Gale Encyclopedia of Fitness - Credo Reference".
"The science of exercise shows benefits beyond weight loss | Harvard Medical School Commentaries on Health - Credo Reference". search.credoreference.com. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 21 August 2025.
Alic, M. (2012). Mental health and exercise. In J. L. Longe, The Gale encyclopedia of fitness. Farmington, MI: Gale. Retrieved from https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/galefit/mental_health_and_exercise/0
Rothfeld, G. S., & Romaine, D. S. (2017). jogger's knee. In G. S. Rothfeld, & D. Baker, Facts on File library of health and living: The encyclopedia of men's health (2nd ed.). New, NY: Facts on File. Retrieved from https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/fofmens/jogger_s_knee/0
Dupler, D., & Ferguson, D. (2016). Knee injuries. In Gale (Ed.), Gale encyclopedia of children's health: Infancy through adolescence (3rd ed.). Farmington, MI: Gale. Retrieved from https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/galegchita/knee_injuries/0
Newton, D. E. (2012). Running. In J. L. Longe, The Gale encyclopedia of fitness. Farmington, MI: Gale. Retrieved from https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/galefit/running/0
shinsplints. (2017). In G. S. Rothfeld, & D. Baker, Facts on File library of health and living: The encyclopedia of men's health (2nd ed.). New, NY: Facts on File. Retrieved from https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/fofmens/shinsplints/0
Shin splints. (2017). In Harvard Medical School (Ed.), Health reference series: Harvard Medical School health topics A-Z. Boston, MA: Harvard Health Publications. Retrieved from https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/hhphealth/shin_splints/0

discovermagazine.com (Global: 3,982^nd place; English: 2,975^th place)

"Born To Run – Humans can outrun nearly every other animal on the planet over long distances". Discover Magazine. 2006. p. 3. Retrieved 1 April 2026.
Ingfei Chen (May 2006). "Born To Run". Discover. Archived from the original on 8 January 2019. Retrieved 26 June 2010.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

doi.org

Rubenson, Jonas; Heliams, Denham B.; Lloyd, David G.; Fournier, Paul A. (22 May 2004). "Gait selection in the ostrich: mechanical and metabolic characteristics of walking and running with and without an aerial phase". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 271 (1543): 1091–1099. Bibcode:2004PBioS.271.1091R. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2702. PMC 1691699. PMID 15293864.
Cavagna, G. A.; Saibene, F. P.; Margaria, R. (1964). "Mechanical Work in Running". Journal of Applied Physiology. 19 (2): 249–256. doi:10.1152/jappl.1964.19.2.249. PMID 14155290.
Pedisic, Zeljko; Shrestha, Nipun; Kovalchik, Stephanie; Stamatakis, Emmanuel; Liangruenrom, Nucharapon; Grgic, Jozo; Titze, Sylvia; Biddle, Stuart JH; Bauman, Adrian E; Oja, Pekka (4 November 2019). "Is running associated with a lower risk of all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality, and is the more the better? A systematic review and meta-analysis" (PDF). British Journal of Sports Medicine. 54 (15): bjsports–2018–100493. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2018-100493. PMID 31685526. S2CID 207895264. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2021.
Louis Liebenberg (December 2006). "Persistence Hunting by Modern Hunter-Gatherers". Current Anthropology. 47 (6). Current Anthropology & The University of Chicago Press: 1017–1026. Bibcode:2006CurrA..47.1017L. doi:10.1086/508695. JSTOR 10.1086/508695. S2CID 224793846.
David R. Carrier, A. K. Kapoor, Tasuku Kimura, Martin K. Nickels, Satwanti, Eugenie C. Scott, Joseph K. So and Erik Trinkaus (1984). "The Energetic Paradox of Human Running and Hominid Evolution and Comments and Reply". Current Anthropology. 25 (4). The University of Chicago Press: 483–495. Bibcode:1984CurrA..25..483C. doi:10.1086/203165. JSTOR 2742907. S2CID 15432016.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Anderson, T (1996). "Biomechanics and Running Economy". Sports Medicine. 22 (2): 76–89. doi:10.2165/00007256-199622020-00003. PMID 8857704. S2CID 22159220.
Nicola, T. L.; Jewison, D. J. (2012). "The Anatomy and Biomechanics of Running". Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine. 31 (2): 187–201. doi:10.1016/j.csm.2011.10.001. PMID 22341011.
Novacheck, T.F. (1998). "The biomechanics of running". Gait & Posture. 7 (1): 77–95. doi:10.1016/s0966-6362(97)00038-6. PMID 10200378. S2CID 2057865.
Schache, A.G. (1999). "The coordinated movement of the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex during running: a literature review". Gait & Posture. 10 (1): 30–47. doi:10.1016/s0966-6362(99)00025-9. PMID 10469939.
Daoud, A.I. (2012). "Foot Strike and Injury Rates in Endurance Runners: a retrospective study". Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 44 (7): 1325–1334. doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3182465115. PMID 22217561. S2CID 14642908.
Larson, P (2011). "Foot strike patterns of recreational and sub-elite runners in a long-distance road race". Journal of Sports Sciences. 29 (15): 1665–1673. doi:10.1080/02640414.2011.610347. PMID 22092253. S2CID 12239202.
Smeathers, J.E. (1989). "Transient Vibrations Caused by Heel Strike". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine. 203 (4): 181–186. doi:10.1243/PIME_PROC_1989_203_036_01. PMID 2701953. S2CID 36483935.
T. van Oeveren, Ben; J. de Ruiter, Cornelis; J. Beek, Peter; H. van Dieën, Jaap (2024). "The biomechanics of running and running styles: a synthesis". Sports Biomechanics. 23 (4): 516–554. doi:10.1080/14763141.2021.1873411. hdl:1871.1/91308071-d9c6-4634-a3ed-019c4c3a8005. Retrieved 9 July 2026.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Hammer, S.R. (2010). "Muscle contributions to propulsion and support during running". Journal of Biomechanics. 43 (14): 2709–2716. doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.06.025. PMC 2973845. PMID 20691972.
T. van Oeveren, Ben; J. de Ruiter, Cornelis; J. Beek, Peter; H. van Dieën, Jaap (2024). "The biomechanics of running and running styles: a synthesis". Sports Biomechanics. 23 (4): 516–554. doi:10.1080/14763141.2021.1873411. hdl:1871.1/91308071-d9c6-4634-a3ed-019c4c3a8005. Retrieved 9 July 2026.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Ardigo, L.P. (2008). "Metabolic and mechanical aspects of foot landing type, forefoot, and rearfoot strike, in human running". Acta Physiologica Scandinavica. 155 (1): 17–22. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1995.tb09943.x. PMID 8553873.
Bergmann, G. (2000). "Influence of shoes and heel strike on the loading of the hip joint". Journal of Biomechanics. 28 (7): 817–827. doi:10.1016/0021-9290(94)00129-r. PMID 7657680.
Lieberman, D. (2010). "Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runners". Nature. 463 (7280): 531–535. Bibcode:2010Natur.463..531L. doi:10.1038/nature08723. PMID 20111000. S2CID 216420.
Williams, D.S. (2000). "Lower Extremity Mechanics in Runners with a Converted Forefoot Strike Pattern". Journal of Applied Biomechanics. 16 (2): 210–218. doi:10.1123/jab.16.2.210.
Kubo, K. (2000). "Elastic properties of muscle-tendon complex in long-distance runners". European Journal of Applied Physiology. 81 (3): 181–187. doi:10.1007/s004210050028. PMID 10638375. S2CID 10044650.
Thys, H. (1975). "The role played by elasticity in an exercise involving movements of small amplitude". European Journal of Physiology. 354 (3): 281–286. doi:10.1007/bf00584651. PMID 1167681. S2CID 21309186.
Verdini, F. (2005). "Identification and characterization of heel strike transient". Gait & Posture. 24 (1): 77–84. doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2005.07.008. hdl:11566/25362. PMID 16263287.
Walter, N.E. (1977). "Stress fractures in young athletes". The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 5 (4): 165–170. doi:10.1177/036354657700500405. PMID 883588. S2CID 39643507.
Perl, D.P (2012). "Effects of Footwear and Strike Type of Running Economy". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 44 (7): 1335–1343. doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e318247989e. PMID 22217565. S2CID 449934.
Hasegawa, H. (2007). "Foot Strike Patterns of Runners at the 15-km Point During Elite-Level Half Marathon". Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 21 (3): 888–893. doi:10.1519/00124278-200708000-00040. PMID 17685722.
Larson, P. (2011). "Foot strike patterns of recreational and sub-elite runners in a long-distance road race". Journal of Sports Sciences. 29 (15): 1665–1673. doi:10.1080/02640414.2011.610347. PMID 22092253. S2CID 12239202.
Pink, M. (1994). "Lower Extremity Range of Motion in the Recreational Sport Runner". American Journal of Sports Medicine. 22 (4): 541–549. doi:10.1177/036354659402200418. PMID 7943522. S2CID 1744981.
Weyand, P.G. (2010). "Faster top running speeds are achieved with greater ground forces not more rapid leg movements". Journal of Applied Physiology. 89 (5): 1991–1999. doi:10.1152/jappl.2000.89.5.1991. PMID 11053354. S2CID 2448066.
Mercer, J.A. (2003). "Individual Effects of Stride Length and Frequency on Shock Attenuation during Running". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 35 (2): 307–313. doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000048837.81430.e7. PMID 12569221. S2CID 23896334.
Mercer, J.A. (2002). "Relationship between shock attenuation and stride length during running at different velocities". European Journal of Applied Physiology. 87 (4–5): 403–408. doi:10.1007/s00421-002-0646-9. PMID 12172880. S2CID 26016865.
Leskinen, A. (2009). "Comparison of running kinematics between elite and national-standard 1500-m runners". Sports Biomechanics. 8 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1080/14763140802632382. PMID 19391490. S2CID 25422801.
Lafortune, M.A. (2006). "Dominant role of interface over knee angle for cushioning impact loading and regulating initial leg stiffness". Journal of Biomechanics. 29 (12): 1523–1529. doi:10.1016/s0021-9290(96)80003-0. PMID 8945650.
Maćkała, Krzysztof; Michalski, Ryszard; Ćoh, Milan (2010). "Asymmetry of Step Length in Relationship to Leg Strength in 200 meters Sprint of different Performance Levels". Journal of Human Kinetics. 25 (2010): 106. doi:10.2478/v10078-010-0037-y.
T. van Oeveren, Ben; J. de Ruiter, Cornelis; J. Beek, Peter; H. van Dieën, Jaap (2024). "The biomechanics of running and running styles: a synthesis". Sports Biomechanics. 23 (4): 516–554. doi:10.1080/14763141.2021.1873411. hdl:1871.1/91308071-d9c6-4634-a3ed-019c4c3a8005. Retrieved 9 July 2026.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Lavie, Carl J.; Lee, Duck-Chul; Sui, Xuemei; Arena, Ross; O'Keefe, James H.; Church, Timothy S.; Milani, Richard V.; Blair, Steven N. (2015). "Effects of Running on Chronic Diseases and Cardiovascular and All-Cause Mortality". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 90 (11): 1541–1552. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.08.001. PMID 26362561.
Boecker, H.; Sprenger, T.; Spilker, M. E.; Henriksen, G.; Koppenhoefer, M.; Wagner, K. J.; Valet, M.; Berthele, A.; Tolle, T. R. (2008). "The Runner's High: Opioidergic Mechanisms in the Human Brain" (PDF). Cerebral Cortex. 18 (11): 2523–2531. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhn013. PMID 18296435.^{[permanent dead link]}
Barton, J.; Pretty, J. (2010). "What is the Best Dose of Nature and Green Exercise for Improving Mental Health? A Multi-Study Analysis". Environmental Science & Technology. 44 (10): 3947–3955. Bibcode:2010EnST...44.3947B. doi:10.1021/es903183r. PMID 20337470. S2CID 1443095.
van Praag H, Kempermann G, Gage FH (March 1999). "Running increases cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the adult mouse dentate gyrus". Nat. Neurosci. 2 (3): 266–270. doi:10.1038/6368. PMID 10195220. S2CID 7170664.
Kalak, Nadeem (2012). "Daily morning running for 3 weeks improved sleep and psychological functioning in healthy adolescents compared with controls". Journal of Adolescent Health. 51 (6): 615–622. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.02.020. PMID 23174473.
Greist, John (1979). "Running as treatment for depression". Comprehensive Psychiatry. 20 (1): 41–54. doi:10.1016/0010-440X(79)90058-0. PMID 759100.
Morris, Paul; Scott, Helen (3 July 2019). "Not just a run in the park: a qualitative exploration of parkrun and mental health". Advances in Mental Health. 17 (2): 110–123. doi:10.1080/18387357.2018.1509011. ISSN 1838-7357.
Nielsen, Rasmus Oestergaard; Buist, Ida; Parner, Erik Thorlund; Nohr, Ellen Aagaard; Sørensen, Henrik; Lind, Martin; Rasmussen, Sten (2013). "Foot pronation is not associated with increased injury risk in novice runners wearing a neutral shoe: a 1-year prospective cohort study". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 48 (6): 440–447. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2013-092202. PMID 23766439. S2CID 9880090.
Hill, A. V. (1928). "The air-resistance to a runner". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Containing Papers of a Biological Character. 102 (718). The Royal Society: 380–385. doi:10.1098/rspb.1928.0012. ISSN 0950-1193.

dx.doi.org

Greist, John (1979). "Running as treatment for depression". Comprehensive Psychiatry. 20 (1): 41–54. doi:10.1016/0010-440X(79)90058-0. PMID 759100.

freediets.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Health benefits of running". Free Diets. Archived from the original on 27 July 2009. Retrieved 16 October 2008.

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

T. van Oeveren, Ben; J. de Ruiter, Cornelis; J. Beek, Peter; H. van Dieën, Jaap (2024). "The biomechanics of running and running styles: a synthesis". Sports Biomechanics. 23 (4): 516–554. doi:10.1080/14763141.2021.1873411. hdl:1871.1/91308071-d9c6-4634-a3ed-019c4c3a8005. Retrieved 9 July 2026.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
T. van Oeveren, Ben; J. de Ruiter, Cornelis; J. Beek, Peter; H. van Dieën, Jaap (2024). "The biomechanics of running and running styles: a synthesis". Sports Biomechanics. 23 (4): 516–554. doi:10.1080/14763141.2021.1873411. hdl:1871.1/91308071-d9c6-4634-a3ed-019c4c3a8005. Retrieved 9 July 2026.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Verdini, F. (2005). "Identification and characterization of heel strike transient". Gait & Posture. 24 (1): 77–84. doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2005.07.008. hdl:11566/25362. PMID 16263287.
T. van Oeveren, Ben; J. de Ruiter, Cornelis; J. Beek, Peter; H. van Dieën, Jaap (2024). "The biomechanics of running and running styles: a synthesis". Sports Biomechanics. 23 (4): 516–554. doi:10.1080/14763141.2021.1873411. hdl:1871.1/91308071-d9c6-4634-a3ed-019c4c3a8005. Retrieved 9 July 2026.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

healthandfitnesshistory.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"History of Running". Health and Fitness History. 23 November 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2018.

iaaf.org (Global: 381^st place; English: 369^th place)

iaaf.org

100 m – Introduction. IAAF. Retrieved 26 March 2010.
200 m Introduction. IAAF. Retrieved 26 March 2010.
400 m Introduction. IAAF. Retrieved 26 March 2010.
100 m – For the Expert. IAAF. Retrieved 26 March 2010.
200 m For the Expert. IAAF. Retrieved 26 March 2010.
800 m – Introduction. IAAF. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
1500 m – Introduction. IAAF. Retrieved 5 April 2010.

berlin.iaaf.org

IAAF (International Association of Athletics Federations) Biomechanical Research Project: Berlin 2009. Archived 14 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine

jssm.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Kong, Pui W. & de Heer, Hendrick (2008). "Anthropometric, Gait and Strength Characteristics of Kenyan Distance Runners". Journal of Sports Science and Medicine. 7 (7): 499–504. PMC 3761913. PMID 24149957. Retrieved 26 July 2025.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

Louis Liebenberg (December 2006). "Persistence Hunting by Modern Hunter-Gatherers". Current Anthropology. 47 (6). Current Anthropology & The University of Chicago Press: 1017–1026. Bibcode:2006CurrA..47.1017L. doi:10.1086/508695. JSTOR 10.1086/508695. S2CID 224793846.
David R. Carrier, A. K. Kapoor, Tasuku Kimura, Martin K. Nickels, Satwanti, Eugenie C. Scott, Joseph K. So and Erik Trinkaus (1984). "The Energetic Paradox of Human Running and Hominid Evolution and Comments and Reply". Current Anthropology. 25 (4). The University of Chicago Press: 483–495. Bibcode:1984CurrA..25..483C. doi:10.1086/203165. JSTOR 2742907. S2CID 15432016.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

mayoclinic.org (Global: 2,191^st place; English: 1,798^th place)

"Anemia - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic". www.mayoclinic.org. Retrieved 26 March 2026.

medicalnewstoday.com (Global: 3,865^th place; English: 3,829^th place)

"Memory improved by protein released in response to running". Medical News Today. 24 June 2016.

mit.edu (Global: 476^th place; English: 340^th place)

classics.mit.edu

Plato (translated by B.Jowett) - Cratylus MIT [Retrieved 2015-3-28]

motleyhealth.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Health Benefits of Jogging and Running". MotleyHealth. 14 July 2020. Archived from the original on 3 April 2011. Retrieved 29 December 2010.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Rubenson, Jonas; Heliams, Denham B.; Lloyd, David G.; Fournier, Paul A. (22 May 2004). "Gait selection in the ostrich: mechanical and metabolic characteristics of walking and running with and without an aerial phase". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 271 (1543): 1091–1099. Bibcode:2004PBioS.271.1091R. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2702. PMC 1691699. PMID 15293864.
Cavagna, G. A.; Saibene, F. P.; Margaria, R. (1964). "Mechanical Work in Running". Journal of Applied Physiology. 19 (2): 249–256. doi:10.1152/jappl.1964.19.2.249. PMID 14155290.
Pedisic, Zeljko; Shrestha, Nipun; Kovalchik, Stephanie; Stamatakis, Emmanuel; Liangruenrom, Nucharapon; Grgic, Jozo; Titze, Sylvia; Biddle, Stuart JH; Bauman, Adrian E; Oja, Pekka (4 November 2019). "Is running associated with a lower risk of all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality, and is the more the better? A systematic review and meta-analysis" (PDF). British Journal of Sports Medicine. 54 (15): bjsports–2018–100493. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2018-100493. PMID 31685526. S2CID 207895264. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2021.
Anderson, T (1996). "Biomechanics and Running Economy". Sports Medicine. 22 (2): 76–89. doi:10.2165/00007256-199622020-00003. PMID 8857704. S2CID 22159220.
Nicola, T. L.; Jewison, D. J. (2012). "The Anatomy and Biomechanics of Running". Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine. 31 (2): 187–201. doi:10.1016/j.csm.2011.10.001. PMID 22341011.
Novacheck, T.F. (1998). "The biomechanics of running". Gait & Posture. 7 (1): 77–95. doi:10.1016/s0966-6362(97)00038-6. PMID 10200378. S2CID 2057865.
Schache, A.G. (1999). "The coordinated movement of the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex during running: a literature review". Gait & Posture. 10 (1): 30–47. doi:10.1016/s0966-6362(99)00025-9. PMID 10469939.
Daoud, A.I. (2012). "Foot Strike and Injury Rates in Endurance Runners: a retrospective study". Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 44 (7): 1325–1334. doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3182465115. PMID 22217561. S2CID 14642908.
Larson, P (2011). "Foot strike patterns of recreational and sub-elite runners in a long-distance road race". Journal of Sports Sciences. 29 (15): 1665–1673. doi:10.1080/02640414.2011.610347. PMID 22092253. S2CID 12239202.
Smeathers, J.E. (1989). "Transient Vibrations Caused by Heel Strike". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine. 203 (4): 181–186. doi:10.1243/PIME_PROC_1989_203_036_01. PMID 2701953. S2CID 36483935.
Hammer, S.R. (2010). "Muscle contributions to propulsion and support during running". Journal of Biomechanics. 43 (14): 2709–2716. doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.06.025. PMC 2973845. PMID 20691972.
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Kubo, K. (2000). "Elastic properties of muscle-tendon complex in long-distance runners". European Journal of Applied Physiology. 81 (3): 181–187. doi:10.1007/s004210050028. PMID 10638375. S2CID 10044650.
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Boecker, H.; Sprenger, T.; Spilker, M. E.; Henriksen, G.; Koppenhoefer, M.; Wagner, K. J.; Valet, M.; Berthele, A.; Tolle, T. R. (2008). "The Runner's High: Opioidergic Mechanisms in the Human Brain" (PDF). Cerebral Cortex. 18 (11): 2523–2531. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhn013. PMID 18296435.^{[permanent dead link]}
Barton, J.; Pretty, J. (2010). "What is the Best Dose of Nature and Green Exercise for Improving Mental Health? A Multi-Study Analysis". Environmental Science & Technology. 44 (10): 3947–3955. Bibcode:2010EnST...44.3947B. doi:10.1021/es903183r. PMID 20337470. S2CID 1443095.
van Praag H, Kempermann G, Gage FH (March 1999). "Running increases cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the adult mouse dentate gyrus". Nat. Neurosci. 2 (3): 266–270. doi:10.1038/6368. PMID 10195220. S2CID 7170664.
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ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

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Hammer, S.R. (2010). "Muscle contributions to propulsion and support during running". Journal of Biomechanics. 43 (14): 2709–2716. doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.06.025. PMC 2973845. PMID 20691972.
Kong, Pui W. & de Heer, Hendrick (2008). "Anthropometric, Gait and Strength Characteristics of Kenyan Distance Runners". Journal of Sports Science and Medicine. 7 (7): 499–504. PMC 3761913. PMID 24149957. Retrieved 26 July 2025.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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Lieberman, D. (2010). "Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runners". Nature. 463 (7280): 531–535. Bibcode:2010Natur.463..531L. doi:10.1038/nature08723. PMID 20111000. S2CID 216420.
Kubo, K. (2000). "Elastic properties of muscle-tendon complex in long-distance runners". European Journal of Applied Physiology. 81 (3): 181–187. doi:10.1007/s004210050028. PMID 10638375. S2CID 10044650.
Thys, H. (1975). "The role played by elasticity in an exercise involving movements of small amplitude". European Journal of Physiology. 354 (3): 281–286. doi:10.1007/bf00584651. PMID 1167681. S2CID 21309186.
Walter, N.E. (1977). "Stress fractures in young athletes". The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 5 (4): 165–170. doi:10.1177/036354657700500405. PMID 883588. S2CID 39643507.
Perl, D.P (2012). "Effects of Footwear and Strike Type of Running Economy". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 44 (7): 1335–1343. doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e318247989e. PMID 22217565. S2CID 449934.
Larson, P. (2011). "Foot strike patterns of recreational and sub-elite runners in a long-distance road race". Journal of Sports Sciences. 29 (15): 1665–1673. doi:10.1080/02640414.2011.610347. PMID 22092253. S2CID 12239202.
Pink, M. (1994). "Lower Extremity Range of Motion in the Recreational Sport Runner". American Journal of Sports Medicine. 22 (4): 541–549. doi:10.1177/036354659402200418. PMID 7943522. S2CID 1744981.
Weyand, P.G. (2010). "Faster top running speeds are achieved with greater ground forces not more rapid leg movements". Journal of Applied Physiology. 89 (5): 1991–1999. doi:10.1152/jappl.2000.89.5.1991. PMID 11053354. S2CID 2448066.
Mercer, J.A. (2003). "Individual Effects of Stride Length and Frequency on Shock Attenuation during Running". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 35 (2): 307–313. doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000048837.81430.e7. PMID 12569221. S2CID 23896334.
Mercer, J.A. (2002). "Relationship between shock attenuation and stride length during running at different velocities". European Journal of Applied Physiology. 87 (4–5): 403–408. doi:10.1007/s00421-002-0646-9. PMID 12172880. S2CID 26016865.
Leskinen, A. (2009). "Comparison of running kinematics between elite and national-standard 1500-m runners". Sports Biomechanics. 8 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1080/14763140802632382. PMID 19391490. S2CID 25422801.
Barton, J.; Pretty, J. (2010). "What is the Best Dose of Nature and Green Exercise for Improving Mental Health? A Multi-Study Analysis". Environmental Science & Technology. 44 (10): 3947–3955. Bibcode:2010EnST...44.3947B. doi:10.1021/es903183r. PMID 20337470. S2CID 1443095.
van Praag H, Kempermann G, Gage FH (March 1999). "Running increases cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the adult mouse dentate gyrus". Nat. Neurosci. 2 (3): 266–270. doi:10.1038/6368. PMID 10195220. S2CID 7170664.
Nielsen, Rasmus Oestergaard; Buist, Ida; Parner, Erik Thorlund; Nohr, Ellen Aagaard; Sørensen, Henrik; Lind, Martin; Rasmussen, Sten (2013). "Foot pronation is not associated with increased injury risk in novice runners wearing a neutral shoe: a 1-year prospective cohort study". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 48 (6): 440–447. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2013-092202. PMID 23766439. S2CID 9880090.

sportsscientists.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Tucker, Ross (26 June 2008). Who is the fastest man in the world? Archived 23 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine. The Science of Sport. Retrieved 26 March 2010.

tandfonline.com (Global: 286^th place; English: 209^th place)

Morris, Paul; Scott, Helen (3 July 2019). "Not just a run in the park: a qualitative exploration of parkrun and mental health". Advances in Mental Health. 17 (2): 110–123. doi:10.1080/18387357.2018.1509011. ISSN 1838-7357.

tum.de (Global: 6,595^th place; English: 8,480^th place)

mediatum.ub.tum.de

Boecker, H.; Sprenger, T.; Spilker, M. E.; Henriksen, G.; Koppenhoefer, M.; Wagner, K. J.; Valet, M.; Berthele, A.; Tolle, T. R. (2008). "The Runner's High: Opioidergic Mechanisms in the Human Brain" (PDF). Cerebral Cortex. 18 (11): 2523–2531. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhn013. PMID 18296435.^{[permanent dead link]}

usatf.org (Global: 4,054^th place; English: 2,210^th place)

USA Track & Field (2003). "Long Distance Running – State of the Sport." Archived 11 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine

vu.edu.au (Global: low place; English: low place)

vuir.vu.edu.au

Pedisic, Zeljko; Shrestha, Nipun; Kovalchik, Stephanie; Stamatakis, Emmanuel; Liangruenrom, Nucharapon; Grgic, Jozo; Titze, Sylvia; Biddle, Stuart JH; Bauman, Adrian E; Oja, Pekka (4 November 2019). "Is running associated with a lower risk of all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality, and is the more the better? A systematic review and meta-analysis" (PDF). British Journal of Sports Medicine. 54 (15): bjsports–2018–100493. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2018-100493. PMID 31685526. S2CID 207895264. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2021.

washingtonpost.com (Global: 35^th place; English: 24^th place)

Rob Stein (29 January 2008). "Exercise Could Slow Aging of Body, Study Suggests". The Washington Post.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Pedisic, Zeljko; Shrestha, Nipun; Kovalchik, Stephanie; Stamatakis, Emmanuel; Liangruenrom, Nucharapon; Grgic, Jozo; Titze, Sylvia; Biddle, Stuart JH; Bauman, Adrian E; Oja, Pekka (4 November 2019). "Is running associated with a lower risk of all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality, and is the more the better? A systematic review and meta-analysis" (PDF). British Journal of Sports Medicine. 54 (15): bjsports–2018–100493. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2018-100493. PMID 31685526. S2CID 207895264. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2021.
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Tucker, Ross (26 June 2008). Who is the fastest man in the world? Archived 23 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine. The Science of Sport. Retrieved 26 March 2010.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Morris, Paul; Scott, Helen (3 July 2019). "Not just a run in the park: a qualitative exploration of parkrun and mental health". Advances in Mental Health. 17 (2): 110–123. doi:10.1080/18387357.2018.1509011. ISSN 1838-7357.
Hill, A. V. (1928). "The air-resistance to a runner". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Containing Papers of a Biological Character. 102 (718). The Royal Society: 380–385. doi:10.1098/rspb.1928.0012. ISSN 0950-1193.
Hopkins, Jessica (17 July 2025). "Marathon world record-holder Ruth Chepngetich provisionally suspended over doping violation". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 26 March 2026.

Running (English Wikipedia)

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mit.edu (Global: 476^th place; English: 340^th place)

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nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

post-gazette.com (Global: 819^th place; English: 433^rd place)

researchgate.net (Global: 96^th place; English: 89^th place)

runnersworld.com (Global: 5,080^th place; English: 2,965^th place)

sciencedirect.com (Global: 137^th place; English: 146^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

tandfonline.com (Global: 286^th place; English: 209^th place)

tum.de (Global: 6,595^th place; English: 8,480^th place)

usatf.org (Global: 4,054^th place; English: 2,210^th place)

washingtonpost.com (Global: 35^th place; English: 24^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)