Running (English Wikipedia)

Rubenson, Jonas; Heliams, Denham B.; Lloyd, David G.; Fournier, Paul A. (22 May 2004). "Gait selection in the ostrich: mechanical and metabolic characteristics of walking and running with and without an aerial phase". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 271 (1543): 1091–1099. Bibcode:2004PBioS.271.1091R. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2702. PMC 1691699. PMID 15293864.
Louis Liebenberg (December 2006). "Persistence Hunting by Modern Hunter-Gatherers". Current Anthropology. 47 (6). Current Anthropology & The University of Chicago Press: 1017–1026. Bibcode:2006CurrA..47.1017L. doi:10.1086/508695. JSTOR 10.1086/508695.
David R. Carrier, A. K. Kapoor, Tasuku Kimura, Martin K. Nickels, Satwanti, Eugenie C. Scott, Joseph K. So and Erik Trinkaus (1984). "The Energetic Paradox of Human Running and Hominid Evolution and Comments and Reply". Current Anthropology. 25 (4). The University of Chicago Press: 483–495. Bibcode:1984CurrA..25..483C. doi:10.1086/203165. JSTOR 2742907.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Lieberman, D. (2010). "Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runners". Nature. 463 (7280): 531–535. Bibcode:2010Natur.463..531L. doi:10.1038/nature08723. PMID 20111000.
Barton, J.; Pretty, J. (2010). "What is the Best Dose of Nature and Green Exercise for Improving Mental Health? A Multi-Study Analysis". Environmental Science & Technology. 44 (10): 3947–3955. Bibcode:2010EnST...44.3947B. doi:10.1021/es903183r. PMID 20337470.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Michael Yessis (2000). Explosive Running (1st ed.). McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. ISBN 978-0-8092-9899-0.

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11^th place; English: 10^th place)

news.bbc.co.uk

"Health - Exercise 'can reverse ageing'". bbc.co.uk.
Superb Bolt storms to 150m record . BBC Sport (17 May 2009). Retrieved 26 March 2010.

bbc.co.uk

Instone, Stephen (15 November 2009). The Olympics: Ancient versus Modern. BBC. Retrieved 23 March 2010.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Matthews, Peter (2012). Historical Dictionary of Track and Field. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6781-9.
Spivey, Nigel (2006). The Ancient Olympics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280604-8.
Holland, Tom (September 2007). "Unilateral Strength". Running Times: 14–16. Retrieved 26 July 2025.
Holland, Tom (September 2007). "Unilateral Strength". Running Times: 14–16. Retrieved 26 July 2025.

britannica.com (Global: 37^th place; English: 64^th place)

Middle-distance running. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 5 April 2010.

clevelandclinic.org (Global: 4,153^rd place; English: 2,922^nd place)

health.clevelandclinic.org

"52 Foods High In Iron". Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved 26 March 2026.

competitor.com (Global: 7,990^th place; English: 4,986^th place)

running.competitor.com

"How Many Calories Does Running Burn? | Competitor.com". 2 March 2015. Archived from the original on 22 July 2016. Retrieved 2 August 2016.

credoreference.com (Global: 7,256^th place; English: 4,942^nd place)

search.credoreference.com

"The science of exercise shows benefits beyond weight loss" (PDF). Harvard Medical School Commentaries on Health (1 ed.). Boston, MA: Harvard Health Publications. 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 21 August 2025 – via Credo Reference.
Alic, M. (2017). "Mental Health and Exercise" (PDF). In Moy, Tracie (ed.). The Gale Encyclopedia of Fitness (2 ed.). Farmington, MI: Gale. ISBN 9781410379764. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 April 2023 – via Credo Reference.
Rothfeld, G. S.; Romaine, D. S. (2017). "jogger's knee" (PDF). In Baker, Deb (ed.). Library of Health and Living: The Encyclopedia of Men's Health (2 ed.). New York, NY: Facts On File. ISBN 9781438147185. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 April 2023 – via Credo Reference.
Baker, Deb (2017). "shinsplints" (PDF). Library of Health and Living: The Encyclopedia of Men's Health (2 ed.). New York, NY: Facts On File. ISBN 9781438147185. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 April 2023 – via Credo Reference.

discovermagazine.com (Global: 3,982^nd place; English: 2,975^th place)

Chen, Ingfei (28 May 2006). "Born To Run". Discover Magazine.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Rubenson, Jonas; Heliams, Denham B.; Lloyd, David G.; Fournier, Paul A. (22 May 2004). "Gait selection in the ostrich: mechanical and metabolic characteristics of walking and running with and without an aerial phase". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 271 (1543): 1091–1099. Bibcode:2004PBioS.271.1091R. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2702. PMC 1691699. PMID 15293864.
Cavagna, G. A.; Saibene, F. P.; Margaria, R. (1964). "Mechanical Work in Running". Journal of Applied Physiology. 19 (2): 249–256. doi:10.1152/jappl.1964.19.2.249. PMID 14155290.
Pedisic, Zeljko; Shrestha, Nipun; Kovalchik, Stephanie; Stamatakis, Emmanuel; Liangruenrom, Nucharapon; Grgic, Jozo; Titze, Sylvia; Biddle, Stuart JH; Bauman, Adrian E; Oja, Pekka (August 2020). "Is running associated with a lower risk of all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality, and is the more the better? A systematic review and meta-analysis". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 54 (15): 898–905. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2018-100493. PMID 31685526.
Louis Liebenberg (December 2006). "Persistence Hunting by Modern Hunter-Gatherers". Current Anthropology. 47 (6). Current Anthropology & The University of Chicago Press: 1017–1026. Bibcode:2006CurrA..47.1017L. doi:10.1086/508695. JSTOR 10.1086/508695.
David R. Carrier, A. K. Kapoor, Tasuku Kimura, Martin K. Nickels, Satwanti, Eugenie C. Scott, Joseph K. So and Erik Trinkaus (1984). "The Energetic Paradox of Human Running and Hominid Evolution and Comments and Reply". Current Anthropology. 25 (4). The University of Chicago Press: 483–495. Bibcode:1984CurrA..25..483C. doi:10.1086/203165. JSTOR 2742907.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Anderson, T (1996). "Biomechanics and Running Economy". Sports Medicine. 22 (2): 76–89. doi:10.2165/00007256-199622020-00003. PMID 8857704.
Nicola, T. L.; Jewison, D. J. (2012). "The Anatomy and Biomechanics of Running". Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine. 31 (2): 187–201. doi:10.1016/j.csm.2011.10.001. PMID 22341011.
Novacheck, T.F. (1998). "The biomechanics of running". Gait & Posture. 7 (1): 77–95. doi:10.1016/s0966-6362(97)00038-6. PMID 10200378.
Schache, A.G. (1999). "The coordinated movement of the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex during running: a literature review". Gait & Posture. 10 (1): 30–47. doi:10.1016/s0966-6362(99)00025-9. PMID 10469939.
Daoud, A.I. (2012). "Foot Strike and Injury Rates in Endurance Runners: a retrospective study". Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 44 (7): 1325–1334. doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3182465115. PMID 22217561.
Larson, P (2011). "Foot strike patterns of recreational and sub-elite runners in a long-distance road race". Journal of Sports Sciences. 29 (15): 1665–1673. doi:10.1080/02640414.2011.610347. PMID 22092253.
Smeathers, J.E. (1989). "Transient Vibrations Caused by Heel Strike". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine. 203 (4): 181–186. doi:10.1243/PIME_PROC_1989_203_036_01. PMID 2701953.
van Oeveren, Ben T.; de Ruiter, Cornelis J.; Beek, Peter J.; van Dieën, Jaap H. (2 April 2024). "The biomechanics of running and running styles: a synthesis". Sports Biomechanics. 23 (4): 516–554. doi:10.1080/14763141.2021.1873411. hdl:1871.1/91308071-d9c6-4634-a3ed-019c4c3a8005. PMID 33663325.
Hammer, S.R. (2010). "Muscle contributions to propulsion and support during running". Journal of Biomechanics. 43 (14): 2709–2716. doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.06.025. PMC 2973845. PMID 20691972.
Ardigo, L.P. (2008). "Metabolic and mechanical aspects of foot landing type, forefoot, and rearfoot strike, in human running". Acta Physiologica Scandinavica. 155 (1): 17–22. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1995.tb09943.x. PMID 8553873.
Bergmann, G. (2000). "Influence of shoes and heel strike on the loading of the hip joint". Journal of Biomechanics. 28 (7): 817–827. doi:10.1016/0021-9290(94)00129-r. PMID 7657680.
Lieberman, D. (2010). "Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runners". Nature. 463 (7280): 531–535. Bibcode:2010Natur.463..531L. doi:10.1038/nature08723. PMID 20111000.
Williams, D.S. (2000). "Lower Extremity Mechanics in Runners with a Converted Forefoot Strike Pattern". Journal of Applied Biomechanics. 16 (2): 210–218. doi:10.1123/jab.16.2.210.
Kubo, K. (2000). "Elastic properties of muscle-tendon complex in long-distance runners". European Journal of Applied Physiology. 81 (3): 181–187. doi:10.1007/s004210050028. PMID 10638375.
Thys, H. (1975). "The role played by elasticity in an exercise involving movements of small amplitude". European Journal of Physiology. 354 (3): 281–286. doi:10.1007/bf00584651. PMID 1167681.
Verdini, F. (2005). "Identification and characterization of heel strike transient". Gait & Posture. 24 (1): 77–84. doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2005.07.008. hdl:11566/25362. PMID 16263287.
Walter, N.E. (1977). "Stress fractures in young athletes". The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 5 (4): 165–170. doi:10.1177/036354657700500405. PMID 883588.
Perl, D.P (2012). "Effects of Footwear and Strike Type of Running Economy". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 44 (7): 1335–1343. doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e318247989e. PMID 22217565.
Hasegawa, H. (2007). "Foot Strike Patterns of Runners at the 15-km Point During Elite-Level Half Marathon". Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 21 (3): 888–893. doi:10.1519/00124278-200708000-00040. PMID 17685722.
Larson, P. (2011). "Foot strike patterns of recreational and sub-elite runners in a long-distance road race". Journal of Sports Sciences. 29 (15): 1665–1673. doi:10.1080/02640414.2011.610347. PMID 22092253.
Pink, M. (1994). "Lower Extremity Range of Motion in the Recreational Sport Runner". American Journal of Sports Medicine. 22 (4): 541–549. doi:10.1177/036354659402200418. PMID 7943522.
Weyand, P.G. (2010). "Faster top running speeds are achieved with greater ground forces not more rapid leg movements". Journal of Applied Physiology. 89 (5): 1991–1999. doi:10.1152/jappl.2000.89.5.1991. PMID 11053354.
Mercer, J.A. (2003). "Individual Effects of Stride Length and Frequency on Shock Attenuation during Running". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 35 (2): 307–313. doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000048837.81430.e7. PMID 12569221.
Mercer, J.A. (2002). "Relationship between shock attenuation and stride length during running at different velocities". European Journal of Applied Physiology. 87 (4–5): 403–408. doi:10.1007/s00421-002-0646-9. PMID 12172880.
Leskinen, A. (2009). "Comparison of running kinematics between elite and national-standard 1500-m runners". Sports Biomechanics. 8 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1080/14763140802632382. PMID 19391490.
Lafortune, M.A. (2006). "Dominant role of interface over knee angle for cushioning impact loading and regulating initial leg stiffness". Journal of Biomechanics. 29 (12): 1523–1529. doi:10.1016/s0021-9290(96)80003-0. PMID 8945650.
Maćkała, Krzysztof; Michalski, Ryszard; Ćoh, Milan (2010). "Asymmetry of Step Length in Relationship to Leg Strength in 200 meters Sprint of different Performance Levels". Journal of Human Kinetics. 25 (2010): 106. doi:10.2478/v10078-010-0037-y.
Carpes, Felipe P.; Mota, Carlos B.; Faria, Irvin E. (November 2010). "On the bilateral asymmetry during running and cycling – A review considering leg preference". Physical Therapy in Sport. 11 (4): 136–142. doi:10.1016/j.ptsp.2010.06.005. PMID 21055708.
Lavie, Carl J.; Lee, Duck-Chul; Sui, Xuemei; Arena, Ross; O'Keefe, James H.; Church, Timothy S.; Milani, Richard V.; Blair, Steven N. (2015). "Effects of Running on Chronic Diseases and Cardiovascular and All-Cause Mortality". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 90 (11): 1541–1552. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.08.001. PMID 26362561.
Boecker, H.; Sprenger, T.; Spilker, M. E.; Henriksen, G.; Koppenhoefer, M.; Wagner, K. J.; Valet, M.; Berthele, A.; Tolle, T. R. (2008). "The Runner's High: Opioidergic Mechanisms in the Human Brain" (PDF). Cerebral Cortex. 18 (11): 2523–2531. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhn013. PMID 18296435.^{[permanent dead link]}
Barton, J.; Pretty, J. (2010). "What is the Best Dose of Nature and Green Exercise for Improving Mental Health? A Multi-Study Analysis". Environmental Science & Technology. 44 (10): 3947–3955. Bibcode:2010EnST...44.3947B. doi:10.1021/es903183r. PMID 20337470.
van Praag, Henriette; Kempermann, Gerd; Gage, Fred H. (March 1999). "Running increases cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the adult mouse dentate gyrus". Nature Neuroscience. 2 (3): 266–270. doi:10.1038/6368. PMID 10195220.
Kalak, Nadeem; Gerber, Markus; Kirov, Roumen; Mikoteit, Thorsten; Yordanova, Juliana; Pühse, Uwe; Holsboer-Trachsler, Edith; Brand, Serge (December 2012). "Daily Morning Running for 3 Weeks Improved Sleep and Psychological Functioning in Healthy Adolescents Compared With Controls". Journal of Adolescent Health. 51 (6): 615–622. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.02.020. PMID 23174473.
Greist, John H.; Klein, Marjorie H.; Eischens, Roger R.; Faris, John; Gurman, Alan S.; Morgan, William P. (January 1979). "Running as treatment for depression". Comprehensive Psychiatry. 20 (1): 41–54. doi:10.1016/0010-440x(79)90058-0. PMID 759100.
Morris, Paul; Scott, Helen (3 July 2019). "Not just a run in the park: a qualitative exploration of parkrun and mental health". Advances in Mental Health. 17 (2): 110–123. doi:10.1080/18387357.2018.1509011.
Nielsen, Rasmus Oestergaard; Buist, Ida; Parner, Erik Thorlund; Nohr, Ellen Aagaard; Sørensen, Henrik; Lind, Martin; Rasmussen, Sten (March 2014). "Foot pronation is not associated with increased injury risk in novice runners wearing a neutral shoe: a 1-year prospective cohort study". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 48 (6): 440–447. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2013-092202. PMID 23766439.
Hill, A. V. (1928). "The air-resistance to a runner". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Containing Papers of a Biological Character. 102 (718). The Royal Society: 380–385. doi:10.1098/rspb.1928.0012.

freediets.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Health benefits of running". Free Diets. Archived from the original on 27 July 2009. Retrieved 16 October 2008.

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

van Oeveren, Ben T.; de Ruiter, Cornelis J.; Beek, Peter J.; van Dieën, Jaap H. (2 April 2024). "The biomechanics of running and running styles: a synthesis". Sports Biomechanics. 23 (4): 516–554. doi:10.1080/14763141.2021.1873411. hdl:1871.1/91308071-d9c6-4634-a3ed-019c4c3a8005. PMID 33663325.
Verdini, F. (2005). "Identification and characterization of heel strike transient". Gait & Posture. 24 (1): 77–84. doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2005.07.008. hdl:11566/25362. PMID 16263287.

healthandfitnesshistory.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"History of Running". Health and Fitness History. 23 November 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2018.

iaaf.org (Global: 381^st place; English: 369^th place)

iaaf.org

100 m – Introduction. IAAF. Retrieved 26 March 2010.
200 m Introduction. IAAF. Retrieved 26 March 2010.
400 m Introduction. IAAF. Retrieved 26 March 2010.
100 m – For the Expert. IAAF. Retrieved 26 March 2010.
200 m For the Expert. IAAF. Retrieved 26 March 2010.
800 m – Introduction. IAAF. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
1500 m – Introduction. IAAF. Retrieved 5 April 2010.

berlin.iaaf.org

IAAF (International Association of Athletics Federations) Biomechanical Research Project: Berlin 2009. Archived 14 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

Louis Liebenberg (December 2006). "Persistence Hunting by Modern Hunter-Gatherers". Current Anthropology. 47 (6). Current Anthropology & The University of Chicago Press: 1017–1026. Bibcode:2006CurrA..47.1017L. doi:10.1086/508695. JSTOR 10.1086/508695.
David R. Carrier, A. K. Kapoor, Tasuku Kimura, Martin K. Nickels, Satwanti, Eugenie C. Scott, Joseph K. So and Erik Trinkaus (1984). "The Energetic Paradox of Human Running and Hominid Evolution and Comments and Reply". Current Anthropology. 25 (4). The University of Chicago Press: 483–495. Bibcode:1984CurrA..25..483C. doi:10.1086/203165. JSTOR 2742907.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

mayoclinic.org (Global: 2,191^st place; English: 1,798^th place)

"Anemia - Diagnosis and treatment". Mayo Clinic.

medicalnewstoday.com (Global: 3,865^th place; English: 3,829^th place)

"Memory improved by protein released in response to running". Medical News Today. 24 June 2016.

mit.edu (Global: 476^th place; English: 340^th place)

classics.mit.edu

Plato (translated by B.Jowett) - Cratylus MIT [Retrieved 2015-3-28]

motleyhealth.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Health Benefits of Jogging and Running". MotleyHealth. 14 February 2026.^{[unreliable source?]}

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Rubenson, Jonas; Heliams, Denham B.; Lloyd, David G.; Fournier, Paul A. (22 May 2004). "Gait selection in the ostrich: mechanical and metabolic characteristics of walking and running with and without an aerial phase". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 271 (1543): 1091–1099. Bibcode:2004PBioS.271.1091R. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2702. PMC 1691699. PMID 15293864.
Cavagna, G. A.; Saibene, F. P.; Margaria, R. (1964). "Mechanical Work in Running". Journal of Applied Physiology. 19 (2): 249–256. doi:10.1152/jappl.1964.19.2.249. PMID 14155290.
Pedisic, Zeljko; Shrestha, Nipun; Kovalchik, Stephanie; Stamatakis, Emmanuel; Liangruenrom, Nucharapon; Grgic, Jozo; Titze, Sylvia; Biddle, Stuart JH; Bauman, Adrian E; Oja, Pekka (August 2020). "Is running associated with a lower risk of all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality, and is the more the better? A systematic review and meta-analysis". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 54 (15): 898–905. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2018-100493. PMID 31685526.
Anderson, T (1996). "Biomechanics and Running Economy". Sports Medicine. 22 (2): 76–89. doi:10.2165/00007256-199622020-00003. PMID 8857704.
Nicola, T. L.; Jewison, D. J. (2012). "The Anatomy and Biomechanics of Running". Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine. 31 (2): 187–201. doi:10.1016/j.csm.2011.10.001. PMID 22341011.
Novacheck, T.F. (1998). "The biomechanics of running". Gait & Posture. 7 (1): 77–95. doi:10.1016/s0966-6362(97)00038-6. PMID 10200378.
Schache, A.G. (1999). "The coordinated movement of the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex during running: a literature review". Gait & Posture. 10 (1): 30–47. doi:10.1016/s0966-6362(99)00025-9. PMID 10469939.
Daoud, A.I. (2012). "Foot Strike and Injury Rates in Endurance Runners: a retrospective study". Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 44 (7): 1325–1334. doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3182465115. PMID 22217561.
Larson, P (2011). "Foot strike patterns of recreational and sub-elite runners in a long-distance road race". Journal of Sports Sciences. 29 (15): 1665–1673. doi:10.1080/02640414.2011.610347. PMID 22092253.
Smeathers, J.E. (1989). "Transient Vibrations Caused by Heel Strike". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine. 203 (4): 181–186. doi:10.1243/PIME_PROC_1989_203_036_01. PMID 2701953.
van Oeveren, Ben T.; de Ruiter, Cornelis J.; Beek, Peter J.; van Dieën, Jaap H. (2 April 2024). "The biomechanics of running and running styles: a synthesis". Sports Biomechanics. 23 (4): 516–554. doi:10.1080/14763141.2021.1873411. hdl:1871.1/91308071-d9c6-4634-a3ed-019c4c3a8005. PMID 33663325.
Hammer, S.R. (2010). "Muscle contributions to propulsion and support during running". Journal of Biomechanics. 43 (14): 2709–2716. doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.06.025. PMC 2973845. PMID 20691972.
Ardigo, L.P. (2008). "Metabolic and mechanical aspects of foot landing type, forefoot, and rearfoot strike, in human running". Acta Physiologica Scandinavica. 155 (1): 17–22. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1995.tb09943.x. PMID 8553873.
Bergmann, G. (2000). "Influence of shoes and heel strike on the loading of the hip joint". Journal of Biomechanics. 28 (7): 817–827. doi:10.1016/0021-9290(94)00129-r. PMID 7657680.
Lieberman, D. (2010). "Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runners". Nature. 463 (7280): 531–535. Bibcode:2010Natur.463..531L. doi:10.1038/nature08723. PMID 20111000.
Kubo, K. (2000). "Elastic properties of muscle-tendon complex in long-distance runners". European Journal of Applied Physiology. 81 (3): 181–187. doi:10.1007/s004210050028. PMID 10638375.
Thys, H. (1975). "The role played by elasticity in an exercise involving movements of small amplitude". European Journal of Physiology. 354 (3): 281–286. doi:10.1007/bf00584651. PMID 1167681.
Verdini, F. (2005). "Identification and characterization of heel strike transient". Gait & Posture. 24 (1): 77–84. doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2005.07.008. hdl:11566/25362. PMID 16263287.
Walter, N.E. (1977). "Stress fractures in young athletes". The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 5 (4): 165–170. doi:10.1177/036354657700500405. PMID 883588.
Perl, D.P (2012). "Effects of Footwear and Strike Type of Running Economy". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 44 (7): 1335–1343. doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e318247989e. PMID 22217565.
Hasegawa, H. (2007). "Foot Strike Patterns of Runners at the 15-km Point During Elite-Level Half Marathon". Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 21 (3): 888–893. doi:10.1519/00124278-200708000-00040. PMID 17685722.
Larson, P. (2011). "Foot strike patterns of recreational and sub-elite runners in a long-distance road race". Journal of Sports Sciences. 29 (15): 1665–1673. doi:10.1080/02640414.2011.610347. PMID 22092253.
Pink, M. (1994). "Lower Extremity Range of Motion in the Recreational Sport Runner". American Journal of Sports Medicine. 22 (4): 541–549. doi:10.1177/036354659402200418. PMID 7943522.
Weyand, P.G. (2010). "Faster top running speeds are achieved with greater ground forces not more rapid leg movements". Journal of Applied Physiology. 89 (5): 1991–1999. doi:10.1152/jappl.2000.89.5.1991. PMID 11053354.
Mercer, J.A. (2003). "Individual Effects of Stride Length and Frequency on Shock Attenuation during Running". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 35 (2): 307–313. doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000048837.81430.e7. PMID 12569221.
Stergiou, N. (2003). "Subtalara and knee joint interaction during running at various stride lengths". Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 43 (3): 319–326. PMID 14625513.
Mercer, J.A. (2002). "Relationship between shock attenuation and stride length during running at different velocities". European Journal of Applied Physiology. 87 (4–5): 403–408. doi:10.1007/s00421-002-0646-9. PMID 12172880.
Leskinen, A. (2009). "Comparison of running kinematics between elite and national-standard 1500-m runners". Sports Biomechanics. 8 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1080/14763140802632382. PMID 19391490.
Lafortune, M.A. (2006). "Dominant role of interface over knee angle for cushioning impact loading and regulating initial leg stiffness". Journal of Biomechanics. 29 (12): 1523–1529. doi:10.1016/s0021-9290(96)80003-0. PMID 8945650.
Kong, Pui W.; de Heer, Hendrik (2008). "Anthropometric, gait and strength characteristics of kenyan distance runners". Journal of Sports Science & Medicine. 7 (4): 499–504. PMC 3761913. PMID 24149957.
Carpes, Felipe P.; Mota, Carlos B.; Faria, Irvin E. (November 2010). "On the bilateral asymmetry during running and cycling – A review considering leg preference". Physical Therapy in Sport. 11 (4): 136–142. doi:10.1016/j.ptsp.2010.06.005. PMID 21055708.
Lavie, Carl J.; Lee, Duck-Chul; Sui, Xuemei; Arena, Ross; O'Keefe, James H.; Church, Timothy S.; Milani, Richard V.; Blair, Steven N. (2015). "Effects of Running on Chronic Diseases and Cardiovascular and All-Cause Mortality". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 90 (11): 1541–1552. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.08.001. PMID 26362561.
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ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Rubenson, Jonas; Heliams, Denham B.; Lloyd, David G.; Fournier, Paul A. (22 May 2004). "Gait selection in the ostrich: mechanical and metabolic characteristics of walking and running with and without an aerial phase". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 271 (1543): 1091–1099. Bibcode:2004PBioS.271.1091R. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2702. PMC 1691699. PMID 15293864.
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nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

nytimes.com

Cortese, A (29 August 2009). "Wiggling Their Toes at the Shoe Giants". The New York Times.
Hopkins, Jessica (17 July 2025). "Marathon world record-holder Ruth Chepngetich provisionally suspended over doping violation". The New York Times.

well.blogs.nytimes.com

Gretchen Reynolds (4 November 2009). "Phys Ed: Why Doesn't Exercise Lead to Weight Loss?". The New York Times.

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"Pete Pfitzinger – Training Information for Runners – Optimal Marathon Training". Pfitzinger.com. Archived from the original on 7 February 2016. Retrieved 21 August 2012.

post-gazette.com (Global: 819^th place; English: 433^rd place)

Parker-Pope, T (6 June 2006). "Health Journal: Is barefoot better?". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 6 November 2011.

revelsports.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Revel Sports Pace Chart". revelsports.com. 25 November 2021.

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Henricks, Mark (December 2016). "Why you have one side stronger than the other and how to fix it". Runners World. Retrieved 26 July 2025.
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"The Evolution of Human Running: Training & Racing". runtheplanet.com. Archived from the original on 1 March 2012. Retrieved 26 June 2010.

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Brooks, Amanda (9 May 2022). "Runner's Anemia: What It Is and How to Diagnose and Treat It". RunToTheFinish. Retrieved 26 March 2026.

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Magness, S. (4 August 2010). "How to Run: Running with proper biomechanics". Retrieved 3 October 2012.

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Tucker, Ross (26 June 2008). Who is the fastest man in the world? Archived 23 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine. The Science of Sport. Retrieved 26 March 2010.

tum.de (Global: 6,595^th place; English: 8,480^th place)

mediatum.ub.tum.de

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usatf.org (Global: 4,054^th place; English: 2,210^th place)

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vu.edu.au (Global: low place; English: low place)

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"Pete Pfitzinger – Training Information for Runners – Optimal Marathon Training". Pfitzinger.com. Archived from the original on 7 February 2016. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
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Running (English Wikipedia)

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healthandfitnesshistory.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

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mit.edu (Global: 476th place; English: 340th place)

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pfitzinger.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

post-gazette.com (Global: 819th place; English: 433rd place)

revelsports.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

runnersworld.com (Global: 5,080th place; English: 2,965th place)

runtheplanet.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

runtothefinish.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

scienceofrunning.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

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tum.de (Global: 6,595th place; English: 8,480th place)

mediatum.ub.tum.de

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vu.edu.au (Global: low place; English: low place)

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washingtonpost.com (Global: 35th place; English: 24th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; English: 1st place)

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; English: 9^th place)

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11^th place; English: 10^th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

britannica.com (Global: 37^th place; English: 64^th place)

clevelandclinic.org (Global: 4,153^rd place; English: 2,922^nd place)

competitor.com (Global: 7,990^th place; English: 4,986^th place)

credoreference.com (Global: 7,256^th place; English: 4,942^nd place)

discovermagazine.com (Global: 3,982^nd place; English: 2,975^th place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

iaaf.org (Global: 381^st place; English: 369^th place)

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

mayoclinic.org (Global: 2,191^st place; English: 1,798^th place)

medicalnewstoday.com (Global: 3,865^th place; English: 3,829^th place)

mit.edu (Global: 476^th place; English: 340^th place)

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

post-gazette.com (Global: 819^th place; English: 433^rd place)

runnersworld.com (Global: 5,080^th place; English: 2,965^th place)

tum.de (Global: 6,595^th place; English: 8,480^th place)

usatf.org (Global: 4,054^th place; English: 2,210^th place)

washingtonpost.com (Global: 35^th place; English: 24^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)