Russian Civil War (English Wikipedia)

Llewellyn, Jennifer; McConnell, Michael; Thompson, Steve (11 August 2019). "The Red Terror". Russian Revolution. Alpha History. Retrieved 4 August 2021.

amazon.com

Anatol Lieven, The Baltic revolution: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and the path to independence (Yale UP, 1993) pp. 54–61. excerpt Archived 16 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine

archive.org

Mawdsley 2007, pp. 3, 230. Mawdsley, Evan (2007). The Russian Civil War. New York: Pegasus. ISBN 978-1-681-77009-3.
Leggett 1981, p. 184; Service 2000, p. 402; Read 2005, p. 206. Leggett, George (1981). The Cheka: Lenin's Political Police. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-198-22552-2. Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9. ——— (2005). Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20649-5.
Mawdsley 2007, p. 287. Mawdsley, Evan (2007). The Russian Civil War. New York: Pegasus. ISBN 978-1-681-77009-3.
Deutscher, Isaac (1954). The Prophet Armed Trotsky 1879-1921 (1954). Oxford University Press. pp. 330–336.
Liebman, Marcel (1975). Leninism under Lenin. London : J. Cape. p. 237. ISBN 978-0-224-01072-6.
Williams, Beryl, The Russian Revolution 1917–1921, Blackwell Publishing Ltd. (1987), ISBN 978-0-631-15083-1: Typically, men of military age (17 to 40 years old) in a village would vanish when Red Army draft-units approached. The taking of hostages and a few summary executions usually brought the men back.
Overy 2004, p. 446 By the end of the civil war, one-third of all Red Army officers were ex-Tsarist voenspetsy" Overy, Richard (2004). The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia. New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-02030-4.
Carr 1985, pp. 111–112. Carr, E. H. (1985). The Bolshevik Revolution 1917–1923. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-30195-3.
Carr 1985, pp. 113–115. Carr, E. H. (1985). The Bolshevik Revolution 1917–1923. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-30195-3.
Carr 1985, p. 115. Carr, E. H. (1985). The Bolshevik Revolution 1917–1923. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-30195-3.
Carr 1985, pp. 115–116. Carr, E. H. (1985). The Bolshevik Revolution 1917–1923. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-30195-3.
Carr 1985, pp. 120–121. Carr, E. H. (1985). The Bolshevik Revolution 1917–1923. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-30195-3.
Carr 1985, pp. 161–164. Carr, E. H. (1985). The Bolshevik Revolution 1917–1923. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-30195-3.
Mawdsley 2007, p. 27. Mawdsley, Evan (2007). The Russian Civil War. New York: Pegasus. ISBN 978-1-681-77009-3.
Coates & Coates 1951, p. 72. Coates, W. P.; Coates, Zelda K. (1951). Soviets in Central Asia. New York: Philosophical Library. OCLC 1533874.
Coates & Coates 1951, p. 70. Coates, W. P.; Coates, Zelda K. (1951). Soviets in Central Asia. New York: Philosophical Library. OCLC 1533874.
Coates & Coates 1951, pp. 68–69. Coates, W. P.; Coates, Zelda K. (1951). Soviets in Central Asia. New York: Philosophical Library. OCLC 1533874.
Coates & Coates 1951, p. 74. Coates, W. P.; Coates, Zelda K. (1951). Soviets in Central Asia. New York: Philosophical Library. OCLC 1533874.
Allworth 1967, p. 226. Allworth, Edward (1967). Central Asia: A Century of Russian Rule. New York: Columbia University Press. OCLC 396652.
Mawdsley 2007, p. 35. Mawdsley, Evan (2007). The Russian Civil War. New York: Pegasus. ISBN 978-1-681-77009-3.
Figes 1997, p. 258 quotes such comments from the peasant soldiers during the first weeks of the war: We have talked it over among ourselves; if the Germans want payment, it would be better to pay ten roubles a head than to kill people. Or: Is it not all the same what Tsar we live under? It cannot be worse under the German one. Or: Let them go and fight themselves. Wait a while, we will settle accounts with you. Or: 'What devil has brought this war on us? We are butting into other people's business.' Figes, Orlando (1997). A People's Tragedy: A History of the Russian Revolution. New York: Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-85916-0.
Figes 1997, p. 419 "It was partly a case of the usual military failings: units had been sent into battle without machine-guns; untrained soldiers had been ordered to engage in complex maneuvers using hand grenades and ended up throwing them without first pulling the pins." Figes, Orlando (1997). A People's Tragedy: A History of the Russian Revolution. New York: Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-85916-0.
Figes 1997, p. 412 "This new civic patriotism did not extend beyond the urban middle classes, although the leaders of the Provisional Government deluded themselves that it did." Figes, Orlando (1997). A People's Tragedy: A History of the Russian Revolution. New York: Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-85916-0.
Mawdsley 2007, p. 42. Mawdsley, Evan (2007). The Russian Civil War. New York: Pegasus. ISBN 978-1-681-77009-3.
Mawdsley 2007, p. 29. Mawdsley, Evan (2007). The Russian Civil War. New York: Pegasus. ISBN 978-1-681-77009-3.
Mawdsley 2007, p. 287. Mawdsley, Evan (2007). The Russian Civil War. New York: Pegasus. ISBN 978-1-681-77009-3.
Rakowska-Harmstone 1970, p. 19. Rakowska-Harmstone, Teresa (1970). Russia and Nationalism in Central Asia: The Case of Tadzhikistan. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-801-81021-3.
Coates & Coates 1951, p. 75. Coates, W. P.; Coates, Zelda K. (1951). Soviets in Central Asia. New York: Philosophical Library. OCLC 1533874.
Allworth 1967, p. 232. Allworth, Edward (1967). Central Asia: A Century of Russian Rule. New York: Columbia University Press. OCLC 396652.
Allworth 1967, p. 231. Allworth, Edward (1967). Central Asia: A Century of Russian Rule. New York: Columbia University Press. OCLC 396652.
Coates & Coates 1951, p. 76. Coates, W. P.; Coates, Zelda K. (1951). Soviets in Central Asia. New York: Philosophical Library. OCLC 1533874.
Allworth 1967, pp. 232–233. Allworth, Edward (1967). Central Asia: A Century of Russian Rule. New York: Columbia University Press. OCLC 396652.
Figes 1997, p. 760. Figes, Orlando (1997). A People's Tragedy: A History of the Russian Revolution. New York: Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-85916-0.
Berkman, Alexander (1922). "The Kronstadt Rebellion". pp. 10–11.
Figes 1997, p. 767. Figes, Orlando (1997). A People's Tragedy: A History of the Russian Revolution. New York: Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-85916-0.
Mawdsley 2007, pp. 319–321. Mawdsley, Evan (2007). The Russian Civil War. New York: Pegasus. ISBN 978-1-681-77009-3.

ia804502.us.archive.org

Melgunov, Sergei Petrovich (2008) [1924]. Der rote Terror in Russland 1918–1923 (reprint of the 1924 Olga Diakow edition) (in German). Berlin: OEZ. p. 186, note 182. ISBN 9783940452474. An online English translation of the second edition of Melgunov's work is accessible at Internet Archive, whence the following translated text is drawn (p. 85, note n. 128): "Professor [Charles] Sarolea, who published a series of articles about Russia in Edinburgh newspaper “The Scotsman” touched upon the death statistics in an essay on terror (No. 7, November 1923.). He summarized the outcome of the Bolshevik massacre as follows: 28 bishops, 1219 clergy, 6000 professors and teachers, 9000 doctors, 54,000 officers, 260,000 soldiers, 70,000 policemen, 12,950 landowners, 355,250 professionals, 193,290 workers, 815,000 peasants. The author did not provide the sources of that data. Needless to say that the precise counts seem [too] fictional, but the author's [characterisation] of terror in Russia in general matches reality." The note is somewhat abbreviated in the 1925 English edition indicated in the bibliography: in particular, there is no mention of the imaginative nature of the data (p. 111, note n. 1).

archive.today

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Eidintas, Žalys & Senn 1999, p. 30. Eidintas, Alfonsas; Žalys, Vytautas; Senn, Alfred Erich (1999). Lithuania in European Politics: The Years of the First Republic, 1918–1940 (Paperback ed.). New York: St. Martin's. ISBN 0-312-22458-3.
Abramovitch, Raphael R. (1985). The Soviet Revolution, 1917-1939. International Universities Press. p. 130.
Calder 1976, p. 166 "[...] the Russian Army disintegrated after the failure of the Galician offensive in July 1917." Calder, Kenneth J. (1976). Britain and the Origins of the New Europe 1914–1918. International Studies. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-20897-0. Retrieved 6 October 2017.
Norman G. O. Pereira (1996). White Siberia: the politics of civil war. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-7735-1349-5.
Christopher Lazarski (2008). The lost opportunity: attempts at unification of the anti-Bolsheviks, 1917–1919 – Moscow, Kiev, Jassy, Odessa. Lanham: University Press of America. pp. 42–43. ISBN 978-0-7618-4120-3.
Vladimir N. Brovkin (1991). Dear comrades: Menshevik reports on the Bolshevik revolution and the civil war. Hoover Press. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-8179-8981-1.
Liebman, Marcel (1985). Leninism Under Lenin. Merlin Press. pp. 1–348. ISBN 978-0-85036-261-9.
Smith, Scott Baldwin (15 April 2011). Captives of Revolution: The Socialist Revolutionaries and the Bolshevik Dictatorship, 1918–1923. University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 68–70. ISBN 978-0-8229-7779-7.
Smith, Scott Baldwin (15 April 2011). Captives of Revolution: The Socialist Revolutionaries and the Bolshevik Dictatorship, 1918–1923. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-8229-7779-7.
Smith & Tucker 2014, pp. 554–555. Smith, David A.; Tucker, Spencer C. (2014). "Operation Faustschlag". World War I: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 554–555. ISBN 978-1-851-09965-8. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
Kenez 1977, p. ^{[page needed]}. Kenez, Peter (1977). Civil War in South Russia, 1919–1920: The Defeat of the Whites. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-03346-7.
- Kenez 1977, p. 44. Kenez, Peter (1977). Civil War in South Russia, 1919–1920: The Defeat of the Whites. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-03346-7.
  - Kenez 1977, p. 218. Kenez, Peter (1977). Civil War in South Russia, 1919–1920: The Defeat of the Whites. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-03346-7.
    - Melgunov, Sergei Petrovich (2008) [1924]. Der rote Terror in Russland 1918–1923 (reprint of the 1924 Olga Diakow edition) (in German). Berlin: OEZ. p. 186, note 182. ISBN 9783940452474. An online English translation of the second edition of Melgunov's work is accessible at Internet Archive, whence the following translated text is drawn (p. 85, note n. 128): "Professor [Charles] Sarolea, who published a series of articles about Russia in Edinburgh newspaper “The Scotsman” touched upon the death statistics in an essay on terror (No. 7, November 1923.). He summarized the outcome of the Bolshevik massacre as follows: 28 bishops, 1219 clergy, 6000 professors and teachers, 9000 doctors, 54,000 officers, 260,000 soldiers, 70,000 policemen, 12,950 landowners, 355,250 professionals, 193,290 workers, 815,000 peasants. The author did not provide the sources of that data. Needless to say that the precise counts seem [too] fictional, but the author's [characterisation] of terror in Russia in general matches reality." The note is somewhat abbreviated in the 1925 English edition indicated in the bibliography: in particular, there is no mention of the imaginative nature of the data (p. 111, note n. 1).
    - R. W. Davies; Mark Harrison; S. G. Wheatcroft (9 December 1993). The Economic Transformation of the Soviet Union, 1913–1945. Cambridge University Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-521-45770-5.

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Russian Civil War Archived 26 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine Encyclopædia Britannica Online 2012
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De facto deposed after the Bolshevik Coup of November 1917; formally abolished in January 1918 after the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly. The White movement then promised to convey a new constituent assembly and reestablish the state accordingly with its decisions.
Alter Litvin [ru] Красный и Белый террор в России в 1917—1922 годах [Red and White terror in Russia in 1917-1922] (in Russian), ISBN 5-87849-164-8.

it.wikipedia.org

In particular, they seem quite at odds with the demographic considerations elaborated by Italian historian and professor Andrea Graziosi [it] in the light of the good quality Tsarist and early Soviet statistics. According to him, the excess deaths between 1914 and 1922 were about 16 million, of which 4–5 were military, the rest civilian; the overwhelming majority of the latter resulted from "starvation, typhus, epidemics, the Spanish flu and the famine of 1921–22", the roughly number of "victims of the various kinds of terror, and red and white repressions" amounting to a few hundred thousand— which is indeed a dreadful number in itself, however.^[165]

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