Russo-Circassian War (English Wikipedia)

Kaya, Yalçın. Çerkesler 2. Kitap: Kafkasya Savaşları Tarihi [Circassians - 2 - History of the Caucasus Wars] (in Turkish). p. 124-127-128-129-130-131-137.

aheku.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

Pollock, Sean (2004). A New Line in Russian Strategic Thinking and in North Caucasia (PDF). Russian and East European Historians’ Workshop, Harvard University.
"The Russo-Circassian War". Адыгэ Хэку (in Russian). 21 February 2009. Retrieved 27 March 2025.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

King 2008. King, Charles (2008). The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus. New York City: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517775-6.
King 2008, p. 96. King, Charles (2008). The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus. New York City: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517775-6.
Бутков, Петр Григорьевич (1869). Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Части II [Materials for a new history of the Caucasus, from 1722 to 1803. Part II] (in Russian). pp. 52–60-602-603.
ГЛАШЕВА, З.Ж. (2022). РУССКО-КАБАРДИНСКИЕ ОТНОШЕНИЯ В 60–70-Е ГГ. XVIII В.: ИСТОРИОГРАФИЯ КОНФЛИКТА [RUSSIAN-KABARDIAN RELATIONS IN THE 60–70-S XVIII CENTURY: HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE CONFLICT] (in Russian). Nalchik: Институт гуманитарных исследований – филиал КБНЦ РАН. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2025.
King 2008, p. 43. King, Charles (2008). The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus. New York City: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517775-6.
King 2008, p. 47. King, Charles (2008). The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus. New York City: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517775-6.
King 2008, pp. 47–49: Quote on p.48: "This, in turn, demanded...above all the stomach to carry the war to the highlanders themselves, including putting aside any scruples about destroying, forests, and any other place where raiding parties might seek refuge... Targeted assassinations, kidnappings, the killing of entire families and the disproportionate use of force became central to Russian operations..." King, Charles (2008). The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus. New York City: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517775-6.
King 2008, p. 74. King, Charles (2008). The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus. New York City: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517775-6.
King 2008, p. 93-94. King, Charles (2008). The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus. New York City: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517775-6.
King 2008, pp. 74–75: "The hills, forests and uptown villages where highland horsemen were most at home were cleared, rearranged or destroyed... to shift the advantage to the regular army of the empire. |quote2=Into these spaces Russian settlers could be moved or "pacified" highlanders resettled." King, Charles (2008). The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus. New York City: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517775-6.
King 2008, p. 93–94. King, Charles (2008). The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus. New York City: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517775-6.
King 2008, p. 92–93. King, Charles (2008). The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus. New York City: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517775-6.
King 2008, p. 94: "In a policy memorandum in 1857, Dmitri Milyutin, chief-of-staff to Bariatinskii, summarized the new thinking on dealing with the northwestern highlanders. The idea, Milyutin argued, was not to clear the highlands and coastal areas of Circassians so that these regions could be settled by productive farmers...[but] Rather, eliminating the Circassians was to be an end in itself – to cleanse the land of hostile elements. Tsar Alexander II formally approved the resettlement plan...Milyutin, who would eventually become minister of war, was to see his plans realized in the early 1860s." King, Charles (2008). The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus. New York City: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517775-6.
Neumann 1840. Neumann, Karl Friedrich (1840). Russland und die Tscherkessen (pdf) (in German). Stuttgart und Tübingen: J. G. Cotta – via Internet Archive.

ausisjournal.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Messenger 2023: "The corroboration between both Turkish and Russian documents puts the number of Circassian deaths by military operations and pre-planned massacres between 1.5 – 2 million; ..." Messenger, Evan (6 December 2023). "The Circassian Genocide: The Forgotten Tragedy of the First Modern Genocide". American University: Journal of International Service. Archived from the original on 23 February 2024.
Messenger 2023 Messenger, Evan (6 December 2023). "The Circassian Genocide: The Forgotten Tragedy of the First Modern Genocide". American University: Journal of International Service. Archived from the original on 23 February 2024.
Messenger 2023: "Karl Freidrick Neuman, a German orientalist, cites Ottoman correspondence claiming that 1.5 million Circassians attempted to sail to Turkey, with 500,000 dying in route. An additional 500,000 Circassians died of disease in the camps on Turkish shores, and 200,000 people fled voluntarily to Turkey in 1858 before the deportations." Messenger, Evan (6 December 2023). "The Circassian Genocide: The Forgotten Tragedy of the First Modern Genocide". American University: Journal of International Service. Archived from the original on 23 February 2024.

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"Bianet :: Çerkeslerden Rusya'ya: Kolonyalist politikalarınız nefret ekiyor". m.bianet.org. Retrieved 13 January 2021.

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Baddeley 1908. Baddeley, John F. (1908). The Russian conquest of the Caucasus. London: Longmans, Green and Co. ISBN 0-7007-0634-8. OL 3428695M. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Richmond 2013a Richmond, Walter (9 April 2013a). The Circassian Genocide. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-6068-7.
Richmond 2013a, back cover Richmond, Walter (9 April 2013a). The Circassian Genocide. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-6068-7.
Ahmed 2013, p. 161 Ahmed, Akbar (2013). The Thistle and the Drone: How America's War on Terror Became a Global War on Tribal Islam. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 978-0-8157-2379-0.
Geçmişten günümüze Kafkasların trajedisi: uluslararası konferans, 21 Mayıs 2005 [The tragedy of the Caucasus from past to present: international conference, 21 May 2005] (in Turkish). Kafkas Vakfı Yayınları. 2006. ISBN 978-975-00909-0-5.
Shenfield 1999, p. 150. Shenfield, Stephen D. (1999). "The Circassians: A Forgotten Genocide?". In Levene, Mark; Roberts, Penny (eds.). The Massacre in History. New York: Berghahn Books. pp. 149–162. ISBN 978-1-57181-935-2.
Geçmişten günümüze Kafkasların trajedisi: uluslararası konferans, 21 Mayıs 2005 (in Turkish). Kafkas Vakfı Yayınları. 2006. ISBN 978-975-00909-0-5.
Richmond 2013a, p. 132: "... between 95 percent and 97 percent of all Circassians were killed outright, died during Evdokimov's campaign, or were deported" Richmond, Walter (9 April 2013a). The Circassian Genocide. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-6068-7.
Shenfield 1999 Shenfield, Stephen D. (1999). "The Circassians: A Forgotten Genocide?". In Levene, Mark; Roberts, Penny (eds.). The Massacre in History. New York: Berghahn Books. pp. 149–162. ISBN 978-1-57181-935-2.
Richmond 2013a, p. 63 Richmond, Walter (9 April 2013a). The Circassian Genocide. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-6068-7.
Richmond 2013a, p. 96, chapter 4: 1864. Richmond, Walter (9 April 2013a). The Circassian Genocide. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-6068-7.
Shenfield 1999, p. 150. Shenfield, Stephen D. (1999). "The Circassians: A Forgotten Genocide?". In Levene, Mark; Roberts, Penny (eds.). The Massacre in History. New York: Berghahn Books. pp. 149–162. ISBN 978-1-57181-935-2.
Baddeley 1908, preface. Baddeley, John F. (1908). The Russian conquest of the Caucasus. London: Longmans, Green and Co. ISBN 0-7007-0634-8. OL 3428695M. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Baddeley 1908, p. 49. Baddeley, John F. (1908). The Russian conquest of the Caucasus. London: Longmans, Green and Co. ISBN 0-7007-0634-8. OL 3428695M. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Baddeley 1908, p. 73. Baddeley, John F. (1908). The Russian conquest of the Caucasus. London: Longmans, Green and Co. ISBN 0-7007-0634-8. OL 3428695M. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Richmond 2013a, p. 56. Richmond, Walter (9 April 2013a). The Circassian Genocide. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-6068-7.
Baddeley 1908, p. 135. Baddeley, John F. (1908). The Russian conquest of the Caucasus. London: Longmans, Green and Co. ISBN 0-7007-0634-8. OL 3428695M. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Baddeley 1908, p. 313. Baddeley, John F. (1908). The Russian conquest of the Caucasus. London: Longmans, Green and Co. ISBN 0-7007-0634-8. OL 3428695M. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Richmond 2013a, p. 72. Richmond, Walter (9 April 2013a). The Circassian Genocide. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-6068-7.
Shenfield 1999, p. 151. Shenfield, Stephen D. (1999). "The Circassians: A Forgotten Genocide?". In Levene, Mark; Roberts, Penny (eds.). The Massacre in History. New York: Berghahn Books. pp. 149–162. ISBN 978-1-57181-935-2.
Jones, Adam (16 December 2016). Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction. Taylor & Francis. p. 109. ISBN 978-1-317-53386-3.
Ahmed 2013, p. 357: "In the 1860s Russia killed 1.5 million Circassians, half of their population, and expelled the other half from their lands." Ahmed, Akbar (2013). The Thistle and the Drone: How America's War on Terror Became a Global War on Tribal Islam. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 978-0-8157-2379-0.
Shenfield 1999, p. 154: "The number who died in the Circassian catastrophe of the 1860s could hardly, therefore, be less than one million, and may well have been closer to one-and-a-half million". Shenfield, Stephen D. (1999). "The Circassians: A Forgotten Genocide?". In Levene, Mark; Roberts, Penny (eds.). The Massacre in History. New York: Berghahn Books. pp. 149–162. ISBN 978-1-57181-935-2.
Ahmed 2013, p. 357. Ahmed, Akbar (2013). The Thistle and the Drone: How America's War on Terror Became a Global War on Tribal Islam. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 978-0-8157-2379-0.

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Capobianco, Michael (13 October 2012). "Blood on the Shore: The Circassian Genocide". Caucasus Forum.

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"JEMBULAT BOLOTOKO: PRENSLERİN PRENSİ (PŞIXEM 'ARİPŞ*)". cherkessia.net. 2013. Retrieved 5 January 2021.

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Natho, Kadir (2005). "The Russo-Circassian War". Archived from the original on 12 May 2022. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
Henze 1992. Henze, Paul B. (1992). "Circassian resistance to Russia". In Bennigsen Broxup, Marie (ed.). The North Caucasus Barrier: The Russian Advance Towards The Muslim World (PDF). London: C Hurst & Co. pp. 266 (also New York: St. Martin's Press, 252 pp.). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 March 2007. Retrieved 11 March 2007.
Natho, Kadir. "The Russo-Circassian War". Archived from the original on 12 May 2022. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
Hatk, Isam (2009). "Russian-Circassian War of 1763–1864". Archived from the original on 16 August 2022. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
Leitzinger, Antero. "The Circassian Genocide". The Eurasian Politician, Issue 2 (October 2000), Available at circassianworld.com Archived 9 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved on 11 March 2007

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З. Ж., Глашева (2021). "ДОКУМЕНТЫ К ИСТОРИИ СЕМИМЕСЯЧНОЙ ВОЙНЫ В КАБАРДЕ 1778-1779 ГГ" [DOCUMENTS ON THE HISTORY OF THE SEVEN-MONTH WAR IN KABARDA 1778-1779]. Известия Кабардино-Балкарского научного центра РАН (in Russian). 1 (99): 70–81. ISSN 1991-6639.

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"Эльбрусоид :: Библиотека :: Карачай в Кавказской войне XIX века". www.elbrusoid.org. Retrieved 9 January 2025.

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ГЛАШЕВА, З.Ж. (2022). РУССКО-КАБАРДИНСКИЕ ОТНОШЕНИЯ В 60–70-Е ГГ. XVIII В.: ИСТОРИОГРАФИЯ КОНФЛИКТА [RUSSIAN-KABARDIAN RELATIONS IN THE 60–70-S XVIII CENTURY: HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE CONFLICT] (in Russian). Nalchik: Институт гуманитарных исследований – филиал КБНЦ РАН. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2025.

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Jones, Adam (2017). Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction (3rd ed.). 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA: Routledge. p. 110. ISBN 978-1-138-78043-9. LCCN 2016025350. Ninety-five to 97 percent of the entire Circassian population had been killed or deported in what contemporary Russian field reports referred to as an ochishchenie ("cleansing"){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)

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Baddeley 1908. Baddeley, John F. (1908). The Russian conquest of the Caucasus. London: Longmans, Green and Co. ISBN 0-7007-0634-8. OL 3428695M. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Baddeley 1908, preface. Baddeley, John F. (1908). The Russian conquest of the Caucasus. London: Longmans, Green and Co. ISBN 0-7007-0634-8. OL 3428695M. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Baddeley 1908, p. 49. Baddeley, John F. (1908). The Russian conquest of the Caucasus. London: Longmans, Green and Co. ISBN 0-7007-0634-8. OL 3428695M. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Baddeley 1908, p. 73. Baddeley, John F. (1908). The Russian conquest of the Caucasus. London: Longmans, Green and Co. ISBN 0-7007-0634-8. OL 3428695M. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Baddeley 1908, p. 135. Baddeley, John F. (1908). The Russian conquest of the Caucasus. London: Longmans, Green and Co. ISBN 0-7007-0634-8. OL 3428695M. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Baddeley 1908, p. 313. Baddeley, John F. (1908). The Russian conquest of the Caucasus. London: Longmans, Green and Co. ISBN 0-7007-0634-8. OL 3428695M. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)

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Richmond 2008. Richmond, Walter (2008). "Chapter 4 (excerpt)". The Northwest Caucasus: Past, Present, Future. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-77615-8. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007.
Richmond 2008, p. 79 Richmond, Walter (2008). "Chapter 4 (excerpt)". The Northwest Caucasus: Past, Present, Future. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-77615-8. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007.
Richmond 2008, p. 79: In his memoirs Milutin, who proposed deporting Circassians from the mountains as early as 1857, recalls: "the plan of action decided upon for 1860 was to cleanse [ochistit'] the mountain zone of its indigenous population." Richmond, Walter (2008). "Chapter 4 (excerpt)". The Northwest Caucasus: Past, Present, Future. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-77615-8. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007.

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"ЗАСС Григорий Христофорович фон (1797–1883), барон, генерал от кавалерии, герой Кавказской войны" [ZASS Grigory Khristoforovich von (1797–1883), baron, cavalry general, hero of the Caucasian War.]. enc.rusdeutsch.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 13 January 2021.

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Mackie 1856, p. 292. Mackie, John Milton (1856). Life of Schamyl: and narrative of the Circassian War of independence against Russia. ISBN 1-4255-2996-8. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Mackie 1856, p. 11 Mackie, John Milton (1856). Life of Schamyl: and narrative of the Circassian War of independence against Russia. ISBN 1-4255-2996-8. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Mackie 1856, p. 207. Mackie, John Milton (1856). Life of Schamyl: and narrative of the Circassian War of independence against Russia. ISBN 1-4255-2996-8. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Mackie 1856, p. 275. Mackie, John Milton (1856). Life of Schamyl: and narrative of the Circassian War of independence against Russia. ISBN 1-4255-2996-8. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)

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Richmond 2008. Richmond, Walter (2008). "Chapter 4 (excerpt)". The Northwest Caucasus: Past, Present, Future. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-77615-8. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007.
Natho, Kadir (2005). "The Russo-Circassian War". Archived from the original on 12 May 2022. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
Messenger 2023: "The corroboration between both Turkish and Russian documents puts the number of Circassian deaths by military operations and pre-planned massacres between 1.5 – 2 million; ..." Messenger, Evan (6 December 2023). "The Circassian Genocide: The Forgotten Tragedy of the First Modern Genocide". American University: Journal of International Service. Archived from the original on 23 February 2024.
Henze 1992. Henze, Paul B. (1992). "Circassian resistance to Russia". In Bennigsen Broxup, Marie (ed.). The North Caucasus Barrier: The Russian Advance Towards The Muslim World (PDF). London: C Hurst & Co. pp. 266 (also New York: St. Martin's Press, 252 pp.). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 March 2007. Retrieved 11 March 2007.
Richmond 2008, p. 79 Richmond, Walter (2008). "Chapter 4 (excerpt)". The Northwest Caucasus: Past, Present, Future. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-77615-8. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007.
Messenger 2023 Messenger, Evan (6 December 2023). "The Circassian Genocide: The Forgotten Tragedy of the First Modern Genocide". American University: Journal of International Service. Archived from the original on 23 February 2024.
Natho, Kadir. "The Russo-Circassian War". Archived from the original on 12 May 2022. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
Hatk, Isam (2009). "Russian-Circassian War of 1763–1864". Archived from the original on 16 August 2022. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
Circassia Archived 2 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Unrepresented Nations and People Organisation (UNPO) (16 April 1994). Retrieved on 4 April 2007
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Erer, Muammer. "Giranduko Berzeg". Kafkasevi. Archived from the original on 31 July 2019.
Richmond 2008, p. 79: In his memoirs Milutin, who proposed deporting Circassians from the mountains as early as 1857, recalls: "the plan of action decided upon for 1860 was to cleanse [ochistit'] the mountain zone of its indigenous population." Richmond, Walter (2008). "Chapter 4 (excerpt)". The Northwest Caucasus: Past, Present, Future. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-77615-8. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007.
Ruslan, Yemij (August 2011). Soçi Meclisi ve Çar II. Aleksandr ile Buluşma. Archived 12 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine
Prof.Dr. ĞIŞ Nuh (yazan), HAPİ Cevdet Yıldız (çeviren). Adigece'nin temel sorunları-1 Archived 20 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Адыгэ макъ,12/13 Şubat 2009
Messenger 2023: "Karl Freidrick Neuman, a German orientalist, cites Ottoman correspondence claiming that 1.5 million Circassians attempted to sail to Turkey, with 500,000 dying in route. An additional 500,000 Circassians died of disease in the camps on Turkish shores, and 200,000 people fled voluntarily to Turkey in 1858 before the deportations." Messenger, Evan (6 December 2023). "The Circassian Genocide: The Forgotten Tragedy of the First Modern Genocide". American University: Journal of International Service. Archived from the original on 23 February 2024.
Leitzinger, Antero. "The Circassian Genocide". The Eurasian Politician, Issue 2 (October 2000), Available at circassianworld.com Archived 9 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved on 11 March 2007

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З. Ж., Глашева (2021). "ДОКУМЕНТЫ К ИСТОРИИ СЕМИМЕСЯЧНОЙ ВОЙНЫ В КАБАРДЕ 1778-1779 ГГ" [DOCUMENTS ON THE HISTORY OF THE SEVEN-MONTH WAR IN KABARDA 1778-1779]. Известия Кабардино-Балкарского научного центра РАН (in Russian). 1 (99): 70–81. ISSN 1991-6639.

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